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"The Nature Of Their Country": Florida's Environment And Military Learning The Second Seminole War, 1835-1842, Jacob Hagstrom
"The Nature Of Their Country": Florida's Environment And Military Learning The Second Seminole War, 1835-1842, Jacob Hagstrom
Florida Historical Quarterly
In the summer of 1839, after four years of inconclusive military campaigns, the army's adjutant in Washington asked Zachary Taylor why his troops had not yet removed all of the Seminoles from Florida. One of Taylor's opponents, Coacoochee, turned to nature as well to explain his ultimate failure to remain in Florida. Coacoochee's followers were among the last of about four thousand Seminoles to depart the peninsula for Indian Country in the west. The Indigenous resistance leader, sometimes known as Wild Cat, explained the reason for his surrender with reference to the densely wooded "hammocks" that dotted the Florida landscape. …
Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 100, No. 3, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 100, No. 3, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
No abstract provided.
"The Land We Live In Is Our Own": Indigenous Conceptions Of Space In Eighteenth-Century Florida, James Hill
"The Land We Live In Is Our Own": Indigenous Conceptions Of Space In Eighteenth-Century Florida, James Hill
Florida Historical Quarterly
In 1792, Okillissa Chupka, the mekko or headman of the town of Coweta Hitchiti, sent a message to Spanish King Carlos IV. Decyring Spanish officials' recent intereference in Coweta diplomacy, he asserted that "the Land we live in is our own & we are determined to have whom we wish in it." Statements like Okillissa Chupka's are not rare or uncommon in the documentary record. Indigenous leaders maintained the right to control who entered, left, or resided in their territory. All too frequently, scholars of Florida history have ignored the sovereign claims of Indigenous polities. However, Okillissa Chupka was one …
Charting A Path Toward An Indigenous History Of Florida, Denise I. Bossy
Charting A Path Toward An Indigenous History Of Florida, Denise I. Bossy
Florida Historical Quarterly
In 1743, with the naive belief that the Calusas were finally interested in Catholic conversion, two Jesuit missionaries traveled to South Florida from Havana, Cuba. For decades Europeans described the region-in documents and on maps-as all but devoid of human life and, in particular, its Indigenous populations as being virtually extinct. Instead, the Jesuits discovered that South Florida was very much still under Indigenous control. A number of distinct Native confederacies-including one that consisted of Calusas, Bocarratons, and "Key" Indians and another of what one Spaniard called Maymies, Santaluzos, and Mayacas-exerted not only territorial control but also control over the …
Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 100, No. 1, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 100, No. 1, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
No abstract provided.
The Hidden History Of The Florida-Born, Early Progressive Nurse Leader: Mary E. Macdonald Carter, Christine Ardalan
The Hidden History Of The Florida-Born, Early Progressive Nurse Leader: Mary E. Macdonald Carter, Christine Ardalan
Florida Historical Quarterly
The young women of Miami High School gathered in the auditorium on April 4, 1919, for a vocational hour to bear "a number of Miami's most brilliant and successful women [impart] a taste of what is to be accomplished by choosing the fitting vocation and getting a right start." The Rev. Mrs. Mecca Marie Varney (1873-1959), the organizer of the event, was well known in Miami with clout to draw the adept speakers together. Hailing from Iowa, the evangelical minister was a national leader in the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and a lecturer on the Chautauqua Circuit. Earning widespread …
Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 98, No. 3/4, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 98, No. 3/4, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
No abstract provided.
Amnesia, Anamnesis, And Myth-Making In Florida: A Case Study Of Chipco, Eric Hannel
Amnesia, Anamnesis, And Myth-Making In Florida: A Case Study Of Chipco, Eric Hannel
Florida Historical Quarterly
History often finds ways of retaining information deemed "valuable," while discarding information no longer of interest or importance to its scrivener. During this process, those who recount history intentionally or unintentionally forget some details while retaining others, perhaps even embellishing them for later generations. At the nexus of this amnesia and purposeful anamnesis (the way history is remembered), rests American mythmaking. Each layer of mythmaking connects with place or geography representing forgotten as well as recollected details, a reclamation of past events and altered memories that aggrandize, justify, and construct out of messy, complex, and often brutal reality, a sanitized …
Fugitives On The Front: Maroons In The Gulf Coast Borderlands War, 1812-1823, Justin Iverson
Fugitives On The Front: Maroons In The Gulf Coast Borderlands War, 1812-1823, Justin Iverson
Florida Historical Quarterly
In September 1812, a "large body of Negroes and Indians" ambushed the provision lines of two companies of militiamen under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Adams Smith in northern East Florida. The "merciless negroes" attacked the Georgia soldiers to drive them out of East Florida and prevent further American expansion into the Spanish colony during the Patriot War of 1812 to 1814. Black and Seminole soldiers also attacked Colonel David Newnan, Adjutant General of the Georgia militia, when he came to Smith's aid. Many black warriors living in the area fought for survival since they were runaway plantation slaves …
Men Of The West: Entrepreneurs And American Expansion In The East Florida Borderlands, 1812-1845, Matthew Saionz
Men Of The West: Entrepreneurs And American Expansion In The East Florida Borderlands, 1812-1845, Matthew Saionz
Florida Historical Quarterly
On July 16, 1844, Robert Christie, a London businessman, wrote to his distant relative, Floridian James Ormond III. "You men of the West," he observed, "certainly surprise the folk of the East by your perseverance and intrepidity of character."1 Although the particular nature of his relationship with Ormond is unclear, Christie's commentary on the character of "men of the West" stands out in a letter that, on the whole, consists of rather mundane personal matters. In this instance, Christie posits an interesting dichotomy that casts the decidedly more enterprising Americans (men of the West) opposite the British, or, more generally, …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
O'Donoghue, Water from Stone: Archaeology and Conservatfon at Florida's Springs. by Guy H. Means; Ivers, This Torrent of Indians: War on the Southern Frontier, 1715-1728. by Jason Herbert; Geier, Scott, and Babits, eds., From These Honored Dead: Historical Archaeology of the American Civil War. by Carl G. Drexler; Hurt, Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South. by Judith Gentry; Graham, Silent Films in St. Augustine. by Bruce Chadwick; Ingram, Dixie Highway: Road Building and the Making of the Modern South, 1900-1930. by Kevin Mitchell Mercer; Capo Jr., Welcome to Fairyland: Queer Miami Before 1940. …
To Conquer The Coast: Pensacola, The Gulf Of Mexico, And The Construction Of American Imperialism, 1820-1848, Maria Angela Diaz
To Conquer The Coast: Pensacola, The Gulf Of Mexico, And The Construction Of American Imperialism, 1820-1848, Maria Angela Diaz
Florida Historical Quarterly
Americans' dreams of empire appeared to become reality when the United States gained control over Florida in 1821. Yet although the U.S. controlled a significant portion of the Gulf Coast, the nation remained one among many foreign powers vying for dominance in the region, a fact that raised concerns about future expansion in the minds of many. As of 1821 the U.S. shared the coastline with a newly independent Mexico. At the same time, France, Britain, and Spain remained active in both the Gulf and the Caribbean.1 The combination of new republics and old colonial powers shaped the nature of …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Weatherford, They Dared to Dream: Florida Women Who Shaped History. by Thomas H. Appleton Jr.; Link, Brown, Ward, and Bone, eds., Creating Citizenship in the Nineteenth-Century South. by Robert Cassanello; Kvach, De Bow's Review: The Antebellum Vision of a New South. by Frank J. Byrne; Pickenpaugh, Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy. by David Carlson; Millner, The Allure of Immortality: An American Cult, a Florida Swamp, and a Renegade Prophet. by Katherine Marra; Bryan, Asylum Doctor: James Woods Babcock and the Red Plague of Pellagra. by Margaret Humphreys; Abreu, Rhythms of Race: Cuban Musicians and the …
"The Indians Are Scattering, I Fear": Mobility And Power In The Second Seminole War, Christine A. Rizzi
"The Indians Are Scattering, I Fear": Mobility And Power In The Second Seminole War, Christine A. Rizzi
Florida Historical Quarterly
Five days after Christmas in 1837, Brigadier General Thomas Sidney Jesup wrote a letter to Colonel Zachary Taylor on the subject of cypress canoes. The latter officer was fresh off an engagement against a large band of Seminole Indians. Taylor's force of 800 regular soldiers and volunteers engaged some 400 Seminole warriors and their black allies on the north shore of Lake Okeechobee.1 The Indian group, led by fabled leaders Sam Jones, Alligator, and Wild Cat, retreated across the lake after injuring and killing a significant number of Taylor's detachment.2 With the enemy withdrawing across the large, unfamiliar lake, and …
Interpreting Florida, Its Ninetenth-Century Literary Heritage, Maurice O'Sullivan
Interpreting Florida, Its Ninetenth-Century Literary Heritage, Maurice O'Sullivan
Florida Historical Quarterly
In January 1827, Ralph Waldo Emerson, a 23-year-old licensed but not yet ordained minister plagued by religious doubt and failing health, came to St. Augustine. As he wrote in a letter to his brother William, he found himself constantly bored during his two and a half months residence: "What is done here? Nothing .... I stroll on the sea-beach and drive a green orange over the sand with a stick. Sometimes I sail in a boat, sometimes I sit in a chair."1
Historiography Of Nineteenth-Century Florida, James G. Cusick
Historiography Of Nineteenth-Century Florida, James G. Cusick
Florida Historical Quarterly
When the nineteenth century began, Florida, or the two colonial territories that became the modern state, was still under Spanish rule, its residents untouched as yet by coming rebellion and war. When the century closed, Florida was part of the American Deep South, looking to northern financiers for its Gilded Age development while creating Jim Crow laws as a buttress against calls for racial equality.
Religion And Women's Rights In Florida: An Examination Of The Equal Rights Amendment Legislative Debates, 1972-1982, Laura E. Brock
Religion And Women's Rights In Florida: An Examination Of The Equal Rights Amendment Legislative Debates, 1972-1982, Laura E. Brock
Florida Historical Quarterly
Florida housewife Adele Kanter's letter was prototypical of religious women who were supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).3 Community activist and housewife Shirley Spellerberg's letter was representative of religious opponents of the ERA. Women were mobilized to enter the political arena, many for the first time, on both sides of the ERA conflict. Florida was the key battleground state where the ERA failed after an intense decade-long (1972-1982) political battle that was an intersection of religious, gender and social issues. Examining the history of Florida's ERA conflict is significant because religious and social themes recur in contemporary public policy …
Between Swamp And Sea: Bahamian Visitors In Southeast Florida Before Miami, Devin Leigh
Between Swamp And Sea: Bahamian Visitors In Southeast Florida Before Miami, Devin Leigh
Florida Historical Quarterly
In 1865, George Franklin Thompson, a representative of the Freedman's Bureau, wrote that southeast Florida could become the "garden of the United States," but only if the water levels of Lake Okeechobee could be lowered by at least six feet.2 In this assessment, Thompson epitomized the nineteenth-century, triumphalist belief that settlement in the region of present-day Miami would depend upon a severe manipulation of the natural environment. According to the Miami metropolitan narrative, this manipulation came in the year 1896, when a widowed heiress and "plucky" pioneer from Cleveland named Julia Tuttle capitalized on the Great Freeze of 1894-1895, and …
500 Years Of Florida History - The Eighteenth Century, Connie L. Lester
500 Years Of Florida History - The Eighteenth Century, Connie L. Lester
Florida Historical Quarterly
Upheaval characterized eighteenth-century Florida. European powers continued to fight for dominance in the region and Great Britain emerged as Spain's primary competitor, obtaining control of the peninsula and its environs, at least on paper, for two decades (1763-1783) before Spain again claimed ownership. Most native groups continued to decline in population due to disease, migration, warfare and enslavement while others, specifically the Seminoles, grew in numbers and regional influence for many of the same reasons. African Americans, both enslaved and free, expanded their presence in Florida, steadily asserting their autonomy militarily, socially and culturally. St. Augustine and Pensacola remained the …
The Historiography Of Eighteenth-Century Florida, Sherry Johnson
The Historiography Of Eighteenth-Century Florida, Sherry Johnson
Florida Historical Quarterly
Florida is the neglected stepchild of Spain's American empire, wrote Carl L. Swanson in his introduction to the reprint of Joyce Harman's Trade and Privateering in Spanish Florida, 1732-1763.1 Written in 2004, Swanson's observation decrying the limited number of books that dealt with early Florida was not too far from the mark. Like Jane Landers'observation on the difficulty in placing Florida into one historical tradition or another, such statements underscore the obstacles in crafting a cohesive article that overcomes the problems not encountered in writing historiographical essays for the other centuries of La Florida.2 The challenges begin when one realizes …
Wishing That Right May Prevail: Ethan Allen Hitchcock And The Florida War, C. S. Monaco
Wishing That Right May Prevail: Ethan Allen Hitchcock And The Florida War, C. S. Monaco
Florida Historical Quarterly
On a spring evening in 1841, Major Ethan A. Hitchcock (1798-1870), mindful of the rare privilege of spending a night alone in a "small neat house" overlooking Tampa bay, rather than encamped in the East Florida wilderness, opened a trunk containing his flute and some sheet music and proceeded to play a few pieces. Pausing for a moment, he put his instrument down and walked over to an open window where he "sat in the light of the moon." As the air blew gently, Hitchcock was overcome by a rush of feeling. "I could haye wept," he confided to his …
New Systems, Established Traditions: Governor James Grant's Indian Diplomacy And The Evolution Of British Colonial Policy, 1760-1771, James L. Hill
New Systems, Established Traditions: Governor James Grant's Indian Diplomacy And The Evolution Of British Colonial Policy, 1760-1771, James L. Hill
Florida Historical Quarterly
Grant, the first governor of the British province of East Florida, arrived at St. Augustine in 1763 with a determination to prioritize Indian diplomacy. He desperately wanted to avoid violence between settlers and the neighboring Creek Indians, as he feared that internecine warfare on the frontier would scare potential immigrants from moving to the colony. The governor sought peaceful relations, not as a humanitarian aim, but as a means of advancing his goal of developing East Florida. To this end, Grant devised what he called a "new system" for the management of Indian affairs. This "new system," actually relied on …
Perfectly Still No More: Unionists In Confederate Northeast Florida, T. W. Upchurch
Perfectly Still No More: Unionists In Confederate Northeast Florida, T. W. Upchurch
Florida Historical Quarterly
James William Allen's career as a Confederate soldier lasted only six months; he doubled over with a hernia and was discharged on the last day of 1861.2 His reaction to this medical condition is unknown since Allen left no letters,journal, or public pronouncement. Did he have dreams of military glory that were squashed by his rather inglorious medical condition? After all, Allen's unit, the St. Augustine Blues, had moved only 60 miles up the road to Fernandina.3 He had not left his home state nor, we assume, had he fired a weapon except to practice his marksmanship. However, judging by …
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Foster, Climate and Culture Change in North America AD 900-1600. by David McCally; Din, War on the Gulf Coast: The Spanish Fight against William Augustus Bowles. by Kristofer Ray; Millett, The Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World. by Jeffrey L. Fortney; Lawson, Jim Crow's Counterculture: The Blues and Black Southerners, 1890-1945. by Court Carney; Reid and Bennett, eds., Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction. by Dolita D. Cathcart; Boyd, Georgia Democrats, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Shaping of the New South. by Sarah H. Brown; De …
The Role Of Cattle Ranching In The 1656 Timucuan Rebellion: A Struggle For Land, Labor, And Chiefly Power, Justin B. Blanton
The Role Of Cattle Ranching In The 1656 Timucuan Rebellion: A Struggle For Land, Labor, And Chiefly Power, Justin B. Blanton
Florida Historical Quarterly
Late in the spring of 1656, the principle cacique of Timucua, Lucas Menendez, led a group of twenty Indians on an attack of the La Chua cattle ranch of north Florida.1 The raiding Indians murdered a Spanish soldier and two African slaves in addition to slaughtering all the cattle. Lucas Menendez spared the surprised ranch owner, Juan Menendez Marquez, but ordered him to abandon the ranch and leave Florida for Spain.2 These events, together with four other murders in the Western Timucua mission province, are known as the Timucuan rebellion.
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Book Reviews, Florida Historical Society
Florida Historical Quarterly
Jennings, New Worlds of Violence: Cultures and Conquests in the Early American Southeast. by David A. Nichols; Frank and Kilbride, eds, Southern Character: Essays in Honor of Bertram Wyatt-Broum. by Adam Tate; Carey, Sold Down the River: Slavery in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley of Alabama and Georgia. by Lauren K. Thompson; Bush, I Fear I Shall Never Leave This Island: Life in a Civil War Prison. by Steven J. Ramold; Barnes, ed., The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemanicipation Life. by Stacy Pratt McDermott; Way, Conerving Southern Longleaf: Herbert Stoddard and the Rise of Ecological Land Management. by Tom Okie; …
Colonialism On The Spanish Florida Frontier: Mission San Luis, 1656-1704, Bonnie G. Mcewan
Colonialism On The Spanish Florida Frontier: Mission San Luis, 1656-1704, Bonnie G. Mcewan
Florida Historical Quarterly
The status of indigenous chiefs in the Americas was acknowledged by Spaniards in 1492.1 This resulted in a hierarchical social order of republics, including "a Republic of Spaniards, a Republic of Indians, and a "third order" of free blacks and mixed bloods ... presumed to have an African taint."2 During the seventeenth century, this framework became an important element in structuring the Indies and other colonies such as La Florida.3 In exchange for allegiance and tribute obligations, chiefs received special privileges, immunities, honorific titles, and material gifts that reinforced their status. However, the recognition of native nobility and indigenous political …
The Historical Archaeology Of Seventeeth-Century La Florida, Bonnie G. Mcewan
The Historical Archaeology Of Seventeeth-Century La Florida, Bonnie G. Mcewan
Florida Historical Quarterly
At the beginning of the seventeenth century, St. Augustine was still recovering from Francis Drake's 1586 raid during which the town and fields were ravaged.1 Officials were also evaluating the fallout from the 1597 Guale Rebellion during which four of the five friars working among the native peoples were killed, and rebuilding the town following a devastating fire in 1599. If not for St. Augustine's strategic location and perceived progress in the religious conversion of natives, Florida might well have been abandoned at the turn of the century. As it turned out, the next century would be the period of …
"These People Are Not Conquered Like Those Of New Spain": Florida's Reciprocal Colonial Compact, Amy Turner Bushnell
"These People Are Not Conquered Like Those Of New Spain": Florida's Reciprocal Colonial Compact, Amy Turner Bushnell
Florida Historical Quarterly
In 1605, Pedro de Ybarra, Governor of Florida, sent a terse note to Fray Benito de Blasco, a missionary who had gone behind his back to send his own envoy to the wild coast south of St. Augustine. "These people are not conquered like those of New Spain," he warned him. "This is a new land."1 As the Spanish extended their influence over the New World, they encountered a broad range of environments and peoples, and how they related to them differed from place to place. The maritime periphery of Florida, which included parts of present-day South Carolina, Georgia, and …
500 Years Of Florida History--The Seventeenth Century, Connie L. Lester
500 Years Of Florida History--The Seventeenth Century, Connie L. Lester
Florida Historical Quarterly
Seventeenth-century Florida little resembled the region Ponce de Leon first visited in 1513. Various indigenous peoples still dominated the peninsula but their numbers had dramatically declined over the years due to disease, warfare, and migration. Thousands of Europeans visited the locale during the 1600s, many of them planning to stay permanently, few of them actually doing so, and most failing to realize their economic, religious or imperial goals there. Africans and African Americans also lived in the region and its hinterlands, though the majority did so under circumstances they would not have chosen. Partially as a result, by 1700 Florida …