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Impact Of Traditional (Non-Affirming) Black Church Affiliation On Exploration Of Sexual Identity For Black Assigned Female At Birth Lgbq+ Individuals And The Associated Mental Health Risk, Aurielle J. Sutton

Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation explored the impact of Black traditional church upbringing on the sexual and religious identity development, including the subsequent mental health risk, for Black assigned female at birth (AFAB) LGBQ+ individuals. Studies conducted on Black AFAB LGBQ+ individuals are limited, especially in terms of  assessing their experiences in sexual identity development based on religious upbringings. Studies have overlooked the experience of LGBQ+ Black AFAB individuals navigating sexual orientation development and religious and racial identities. Studies have greatly favored Black gay men and supported health risks such as HIV. In the present study, twelve Black AFAB Queer individuals participated in …

White, Heterosexual, Cisgender Male Experiences With Contemporary Masculinity Language, Marcus D. Kako

Doctoral Dissertations

Studies suggest that rigid adherence to tenets of traditional masculinity (e.g., dominance, restrictive emotionality, aggression) can lead to adverse physical and mental health outcomes in men and marginalized groups (e.g., Burke, 2002; Jampel et al., 2020; Jewkes et al., 2011; Mesler et al., 2022). However, literature demonstrates that many men have an aversion to changing thoughts, values, and behaviors related to traditional masculinity, and that the language used to discuss these changes affects men’s willingness to engage in adopting new perspectives and values (e.g., Smedley & Croffie, 2023; Stein, 2018). Thus, this dissertation focuses on understanding how White, heterosexual, cisgender …

An Exploration Of Providers’ Perspectives On The Impact Of Incarceration-Related Stigma On Formerly Incarcerated Women’S Mental Health, Megan A. Fields

Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation explored mental health providers’ perspectives about how incarceration-related stigma impacts formerly incarcerated women’s mental health, and what interventions are being implemented to address these impacts. Previous studies about impacts of incarceration have focused mainly on the perspectives of justice-involved individuals, leaving a gap in understanding how mental health providers perceive and respond to these challenges from a clinical lens. Five participants qualified for inclusion in the study and participated in semi-structured interviews. The researcher analyzed these interviews using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) framework. Participants described noticing clients endorsing mental health symptoms aligned with anxiety and depression resulting …

A Qualitative Exploration Of The Attitudes And Perceptions Of Female Immigrants Of Chinese Descent Regarding Access To Mental Health Services, Ming Wai Myra Kan

Doctoral Dissertations

This qualitative study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore the lived experiences and meaning-making of Chinese immigrants’ attitudes and perceptions of mental disorders and mental health-seeking behaviors in the US. This study also explored the cultural and structural barriers to mental health services in the US. A total of six participants were interviewed in this study, and the interviews were conducted in English and Cantonese. Eligible participants identified as being of Chinese descent who immigrated to the US from Hong Kong or Mainland China and were over the age of 18. IPA analysis revealed seven themes: Cultural Identity, Post-Migration Adjustment …

The Association Between The Number Of Languages Spoken, Working Memory, And Emotional Regulation In Monolingual English Speakers And Fluent Multilingual English And Non-English Speakers, Eun-Sung Chang

Doctoral Dissertations

Despite the growing linguistic diversity of the population in the United States, multilingual individuals remain underrepresented in psychological research and often experience disparities in access to culturally and linguistically appropriate mental health care. Using a cross-sectional design and quantitative methods, the present study examined the relationships among the number of languages spoken, working memory, and emotional regulation. A total of 94 participants (30 monolingual English speakers and 64 multilingual speakers who spoke English and at least one other language fluently) completed the Working Memory Index (WMI) of the WAIS-IV and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Results revealed no …

Impact Of An All-Gender Cabin Intervention At A Residential Summer Camp On Self-Esteem And Perceived Social Support In Lgbtq+ Youth, Suzanne D. Dinubile

Doctoral Dissertations

This study is a program evaluation with a mixed-methods design that evaluated the impact of Camp Tawonga’s All-Gender Cabin Intervention and LGBTQ+ programming showed no statistically significant changes, likely due to small sample size, but descriptive trends indicated improved outcomes for LGBTQ+ youth in All-Gender cabins. Semi-structured interviews with six LGBTQ+ campers revealed increased self-awareness and acceptance, empowerment, self-confidence, and a stronger sense of belonging within the LGBTQ+ community, along with positive interactions with non-LGBTQ+ peers. Notably, the three campers in All-Gender cabins highlighted unique themes of identity affirmation, emotional and behavioral growth, and relief from minority stress. Findings support …

Deep Brain Stimulation In Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review Of Neuropsychological Outcomes, Nora Huey

Doctoral Dissertations

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, and disruption of neural networks involved in cognitive functioning. Although existing treatments may provide symptomatic benefit, there remains a need for interventions capable of slowing or stabilizing disease progression. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a potential neuromodulatory intervention for early-stage AD through stimulation of memory- and cognition-related neural circuitry. This dissertation employed a systematic review research methodology to examine teh neuropsychological and neurobiological outcomes associated with DBS targeting the fornix (DBS-f) and nucleus basalis of Meynert (DBS-NBM) in individuals with early-stage AD over 12–24 …

The Impact Of A Play-Based Nature Camp On Self-Regulation In School-Age Children, Margaret Berkemeyer

Doctoral Dissertations

This study is a program evaluation with a mixed-methods design that evaluated the effectiveness of Y Rangers, a summer camp offered by the YMCA of San Francisco, in increasing the self-regulation abilities of school-age children. A total of 18 caregivers completed the quantitative portion of this study that included pre/post-test analyses of self-regulation measures. There were no statistically significant changes between pre and post assessments of self-regulation. A subset of seven caregivers and three Y Rangers counselors participated in interviews, the transcripts of which were analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Caregivers experienced Y Rangers as a unique opportunity for their …

The Relationship Between Acculturative Stress, Body Dissatisfaction, And Disordered Eating Behavior Among Latina Women In The United States, Emily Lillian Johnson

Doctoral Dissertations

The majority of research on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors focuses predominantly on the experiences of white women, neglecting the significant impact of acculturative stress on these issues, especially among understudied groups like Latina women. The present study seeks to address the gap in the literature by obtaining data that explores the extent to which acculturative stress, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating behavior have a relationships. Additionally, it investigates the roles of cultural values and ethnic identification in protecting against body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behavior within this population. To determine whether acculturative stress is predictive of body dissatisfaction …

Enhancing Structural Design Methodologies For Pavements Incorporating Engineered Emulsion Stabilized Cold Recycled Materials, Ebubechukwu Uche Al-Ihekwaba

Doctoral Dissertations

The transportation sector is confronted with the necessity of sustainability, and the utilization of recycling techniques in the construction and rehabilitation of asphalt pavements has emerged as a viable strategy for preserving pavement infrastructure. Among the various recycling methods, cold recycling is distinguished by its efficient reutilization of existing pavement materials, ease of mix preparation & construction, and reduced dependence on virgin materials and fossil fuels, thereby contributing to lower emissions. The three primary cold recycling techniques, cold in-place recycling (CIR), cold central plant recycling (CCPR), and full-depth reclamation (FDR), differ in their construction methodologies, material processing approaches, and the …

Influence Of Material Composition And Constitutive Representation Of Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures On Mechanical Response And Pavement Performance, Fausto Bisanti

Doctoral Dissertations

Cold recycling technologies provide a sustainable approach for pavement rehabilitation by reusing existing materials while reducing the consumption of virgin resources, transportation requirements, production temperatures, and construction-related environmental impacts. However, the mechanical response of cold recycled mixtures (CRM) differs from that of both conventional hot mix asphalt and unbound granular materials and is influenced by material composition, volumetric characteristics, confinement, curing, and stress state. These characteristics create uncertainty regarding material selection, mechanical characterization, and the prediction of the structural contribution of cold recycled layers. Further opportunities to enhance the sustainability of cold recycling lie in the incorporation of alternative recycled …

Reliable Gait Analysis With Context-Aware Wearable Sensor Systems, Stella Abena Ansah

Doctoral Dissertations

Accurate gait analysis is important for clinical assessment, rehabilitation monitoring, fall-risk evaluation, sports performance analysis, and the control of assistive devices. While wearable sensor systems offer practical solutions for estimating key gait parameters outside the laboratory, their accuracy is often affected by sensor noise, drift, activity-dependent movement patterns, and changes in sensor response over time. These challenges limit their practical use in real-world settings, where continuous ground-truth validation and repeated laboratory calibration are not always available.This study addresses these challenges by developing context-aware wearable sensing methods for reliable gait analysis during everyday activities. The proposed approaches use information about the …

Characterization Of Coronal Mass Ejections Near 1 Au Using Simultaneous Measurements From Multiple Spacecraft, L1 And Stereo-A: 2022 To 2025, Sahanaj Aktar Banu

Doctoral Dissertations

In this thesis, we construct a database of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed by Windand STEREO-A between January 2022 and May 2025, near the maximum of Solar Cycle 25. During this interval, STEREO-A moved from 35◦ east to 35◦ west of the Sun–Earth line, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the longitudinal extent of CMEs near 1 au. A total of 106 CMEs were identified, of which only 39 events (∼ 37%) were detected by both spacecraft. The probability of simultaneous detection decreases rapidly with increasing angular separation, dropping to about 50% at separations of 14◦—20◦. These results suggest that …

Individual Differences In The Granularity, Complexity, And Diversity Of Bodily Sensations, Alexandra L. Ecker

Doctoral Dissertations

The majority of theories of emotion posit that the body is central to the experience of emotion (see, e.g., Barrett & Bar, 2009; Barrett, 2006; Lindquist, 2013; James, 1884; Schacter & Singer, 1962; Gendron & Feldman Barrett, 2009; Stemmler, 2004; Kreibig, 2010; Russell, 2003). Thus, it is no surprise that body awareness, or the subjective awareness of internal sensations (Mehling et al., 2009), has gained much attention in emotion research. There is some evidence that body awareness (BA) is related to both affective experience (i.e., general feelings of pleasantness/unpleasantness and activation/deactivation; MacVittie et al., 2025a), emotional intensity (i.e., the strength …

Multiaxial Characterization And Machine Learning – Enhanced Modeling Of Anisotropic Materials For Forming Applications, Abrar Salam Ebrahim

Doctoral Dissertations

Reliable prediction of material deformation in forming processes requires constitutive models that accurately capture anisotropy while remaining practical to calibrate. This dissertation combines mechanical testing, full-field deformation measurements, finite element (FE) analysis, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to address three complementary requirements: representation of complex material behavior, characterization across an expanded multiaxial loading space, and experiment-efficient identification of advanced anisotropic yield functions using machine learning. Chapter 2 develops a hybrid ANN-enhanced constitutive framework for Grade 1 commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet metal to describe temperature and strain rate-dependent hardening and anisotropy. Implemented in an Abaqus user material subroutine, the framework …

Systems Analyses For Sustainable Water Infrastructure Management: Road- Stream Crossings And Urban Drainage Networks, Koorosh Asadifakhr

Doctoral Dissertations

Road-stream crossings (RSCs) and municipal storm sewer networks convey water across and beneath the built environment, and their failure carries consequences for flood risk, aquatic habitat, and public safety. Much of this infrastructure is aging and incompletely characterized, and it is managed under simultaneous budget, coordination, and data constraints. Replacement needs exceed available funding, responsibility is divided among agencies with differing mandates, and asset inventories are maintained for operational rather than analytical purposes. Decisions with large and long-lived consequences are therefore made without the systematic analysis that would inform them. This dissertation develops systems analyses directed at that gap, combining …

Uv-Vis Spectrophotometric Strategies For Stormwater Analysis: Lab- And Field-Verified Multivariate Regression, Monte Carlo Assessment Of Sampling Protocols, Cost And Power Budgets, And Field-Validated Best Practices, Daniel Macadam

Doctoral Dissertations

Stormwater runoff conveys nutrients, sediments, and pollutants to receiving waters. Conventional monitoring produces temporally sparse observations that introduce substantial uncertainty in pollutant load estimates. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry offers a continuous, high-resolution alternative but lacks a standardized calibration framework, formal comparison with conventional protocols, and field-validated operational guidance for stormwater applications. This dissertation addresses these three gaps.The first chapter developed and compared multivariate regression models (principal component regression, partial least squares regression, and artificial neural network) for predicting the concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, reactive orthophosphate, and total suspended solids from UV-Vis absorbance spectra. The calibration …

Improving Physical And Biochemical Properties Of Gelatin Microgels For Tissue Engineering, Ziqiang Guan

Doctoral Dissertations

Gelatin-based microgels are modular biomaterial building blocks that can be injected and assembled into three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Their performance, however, is limited by the transport properties of individual particles, the difficulty of directly encapsulating cells while preserving viability and secondary crosslinking capacity, and the limited ability of passive scaffolds to provide externally controlled physical stimulation. This dissertation investigated three complementary strategies to expand the structural and functional capabilities of gelatin-based microgel systems. First, thermally stable porous gelatin/alginate microgels were produced using calcium-mediated ionic crosslinking and subsequently annealed with microbial transglutaminase. The resulting assemblies maintained internal porosity at physiological …

Baseline Studies To Quantify Microplastic Pollution In Living And Non-Living Estuarine Resources In Selected U.S. Atlantic Coast Estauries, Taja Sims-Harper

Doctoral Dissertations

Global plastic pollution is increasing in part because more than 90% of plastic is discarded and not recycled. Plastic travels from rivers, shorelines, coastal soils, and estuaries, ultimately reaching the open ocean, where it now represents the most abundant form of marine debris. Degradation of plastic polymers has resulted in smaller particles <5mm in size termed microplastics (MP). Attempts to quantify the amount of MP, especially in the oceans, are stymied by the variable interpretations of MP in samples. Their ability to remain suspended in the water column for long periods, means marine species are likely to accumulate MP over time in their muscles and organs and thus, marine MP have been reported to have multiple lasting effects in marine organisms around the world. The aim of this dissertation was to build a baseline of microplastic (MP) concentrations for Great Bay Estuary (GBE) and evaluate MP distribution patterns in the GBE water column and living resources.Surface water samples were collected May to November, 2018-2022 at multiple sites. The body burden of MP in three ecologically important taxa of Great Bay Estuary, NH (GBE) was determined from 310 specimens of each collected through the months of May through October in 2021 and 2022. and oysters were collected throughout the months of June and August of 2022 from two regions, Rehoboth Bay, Delaware, and Casco Bay, Maine. Microplastic burdens were quantified in gut content from European green crabs, Carcinus maenas, whole body preparations of Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and gut, gill, and muscle tissues from Atlantic silverside fish, Menidia menidia. Oysters collected throughout the months of June-August 2022 from two regions, Rehoboth Bay, Delaware, and Casco Bay, Maine, were analyzed for MP content to 1 determine if there were consistent predictable differences between farmed and wild. All three studies used standardized methods of separation, chemical digestion of biogenic matter, and filtration of MP, after which MP were quantified and analyzed using laser direct infrared (LDIR) spectrometry on all samples and specimens. Across 389 water samples, MP were detected in GBE waters at an average of 248±23 particles m-3. Particle quantity and morphology varied significantly across sites on any particular sampling day. On average, MP shapes were nearly circular. The most commonly identified particles were polyvinyl chloride (the third most common synthetic plastic used for packaging and construction), polypropylene (the most used thermoplastic polymer in food containers, automotive parts, and packaging), and polyamide (mostly known as nylon and used for automotive and machinery parts). Simulations using velocity fields obtained from hydrodynamic modeling and offline particle tracking algorithms showed significant spatial variation of MP particles sampled high and low tide, and particle distributions changed rapidly at all sites and at most sampling stations, usually by day two of a simulation. Most MP extracted from tissues were approximately 10-50 μm in diameter and had aspect ratios close to 1-1.5, indicative of rounder shapes. Most polymers detected (88±2%) were biogenic as opposed to anthropogenic, and 40±5% of biogenic particles were rubber. In living resources, the predominant anthropogenic MP among 14 total MP polymer types detected across all 40 specimens were polyurethane and polypropylene. European green crabs, C. maenas (n=20), had a gut MP range from 0-3 ́104 MP. Eastern oysters, C. virginica (n=10), had a whole-body range of 257-8 ́103 MP. Tissues from Atlantic silverside fish, M. menidia (n=10), had MP ranging from 725 to 11 ́104 in their guts, MP ranging from 11 ́104 to 32 ́104 in their gills, and MP in muscle tissue ranging from 2 ́103 to 3 ́103 MP. 2

Microplastics were found in 100% of farmed and wild oysters collected from Rehoboth and Casco Bays. The MP were predominantly circular, £ 50 μm in size, round (very few fibers), and consisted of many types of polymers. Numbers of MP g-1 wet tissue in Casco Bay oysters ranged …

Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Mental Health Impacts As Co-Benefits Of Flood Risk Mitigation, Sebastian Rowan

Doctoral Dissertations

Flooding is the most perilous natural hazard in the United States. Flood risk has historically been mitigated by constructing flood defenses such as sea walls or levees that are designed to prevent flood waters from reaching developed areas. However, climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of flood events beyond the magnitude for which many flood defenses were designed, and the presence of flood defenses has incentivized development within floodplains significantly increasing the consequences of flooding when these systems fail. Total annual flood risk in the U.S. has been estimated in the tens of billions of dollars; however such …

Cultural Food Security And Alternative Food Network Participation: Participatory Research With Sub-Saharan African Immigrants In The Northeastern United States, Luyue Zheng

Doctoral Dissertations

Sub-Saharan African (SSA) immigrants are a growing population in the U.S. and experience a high prevalence of food insecurity. As many report challenges accessing healthy and culturally appropriate foods after migration, cultural food security is a growing concern. Alternative food networks (AFNs), such as farmers markets and community gardens, provide opportunities for immigrant communities to produce and access culturally important foods to support their cultural food security. Beyond improving food access, AFNs may also enhance the agency and sustainability dimensions of food security by creating opportunities for immigrants to produce, distribute, and access culturally appropriate foods through local food systems, …

A Systematic Study Of Solar Wind Tangential Discontinuity Inclination And Their Impact On Dayside Magnetospheric Dynamics Using Global Mhd Simulations, Neha Srivastava

Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation presents a systematic investigation of how the inclination of solar wind tangential discontinuities controls the dayside magnetospheric response using global MHD simulations conducted with the OpenGGCM model. This study is motivated by the need to understand how TD orientation controls dayside magnetospheric response, and adopts the view that the bow shock (BS) and magnetopause (MP) can be treated as large-scale discontinuities, such that their interaction with an interplanetary TD may be interpreted as a nonlinear discontinuity–discontinuity interaction. Within this framework, the role of TD orientation in governing the coupled evolution of disturbances across the dayside magnetospheric system is …

The Experience Of Bipoc Participants In Wilderness Therapy, Rachel Esrig

Doctoral Dissertations

Wilderness therapy is an alternative to residential treatment for adolescents and young adults. Although these programs predominantly serve White-identifying individuals, a proportion of participants identify as Black, Indigenous, and/or People of Color (BIPOC). Research has shown that race and ethnicity shape individuals’ experiences with mental health treatment; however, no studies to date have specifically explored the experiences of BIPOC individuals in wilderness therapy programs. This qualitative study addresses that gap by examining the experiences of BIPOC individuals who participated in wilderness therapy during adolescence. Using an interpretive phenomenological approach, nine themes emerged from the data. Findings suggest that participants’ levels …

Resilience Ain’T Free: Surviving And Resisting While Navigating Well-Being As Black School Social Workers In California’S Bay Area, Ashley Lynnette Bonton

Doctoral Dissertations

The well-being of school-based mental health professionals is critical to the functioning of educational systems, yet the experiences of Black school social workers remain largely absent from existing research. Black school social workers often navigate complex professional demands while also confronting racialized expectations, systemic inequities, and emotional labor within predominantly white educational institutions. This qualitative study examines how Black school social workers in the San Francisco Bay Area navigate their personal and professional well-being within these conditions. Guided by Ecological Systems Theory and Critical Race Theory, this study explores how multiple environmental contexts and racialized institutional dynamics shape their experiences. …

Freedom Dreamers In Oakland, California: A Portraiture Of Creating Spatial Justice And Repair, Rebecca Sarah Jacquez

Doctoral Dissertations

Oakland, California, is a unique site of residents who have historically questioned the status quo and are currently continuing that legacy by creating spatial justice and repair in the midst of anti-Blackness and the afterlife of racial segregation. This dissertation spotlights a portrait of Oakland, California, that uplifts the lived experiences of folks who are using a ‘radical imagination’ to build ‘freedom as a place.’ This qualitative study aims to extend the literature of reparative spatial justice in education by sharing the nuances of a particular radical imagination rooted in freedom that one can feel in Oakland. Using portraiture methodology, …

Exploring The Impact Of An Ethnic Studies Course On Latiné High School Students’ Social-Emotional Health And Identity Development, Xitlalli G. Najera

Doctoral Dissertations

Prior research demonstrates that culturally relevant pedagogies can enhance students’ academic engagement, critical thinking, and sense of belonging, while also buffering against the negative effects of discrimination and marginalization. Research on ethnic studies (ES) courses has shown positive impacts on students’ graduation rates, GPA average, and motivation to be involved with their community. Related studies on the impacts of ES curricula show socio-emotional benefits such as an increase in self-esteem, improved perceptions of self-agency, and fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of an ethnic studies course on Latiné high school students’ …

The Role Of Reassurance Messages In Pediatric Oncology, Isabelle Faller

Doctoral Dissertations

Despite decreasing mortality rates, the high prevalence and incidence of pediatric cancer necessitate the need for advancements in the treatment of psychological concerns, specifically the reduction of patient distress and anxiety. A more comprehensive understanding of current reassurance messages in clinical practice can aid in developing a standardized framework for providing reassurance in pediatric oncology. Qualitative Content Analysis was employed to examine the types of messages nurses use to reassure patients (to reduce their anxiety about a future health-related event) and how effective nurses perceive these messages to be in relieving patients' anxiety. The adult participants, located at hospitals throughout …

The Educational Experiences Of College Students Who Were Formerly Involved In The Juvenile Justice System, Nicole-Jasmin T. Clark

Doctoral Dissertations

In the United States, juvenile offending, reentry, and recidivism continue to be serious concerns for public and institutional policy making. Due to historical and current policies of both the education and juvenile justice system, youth of color (YOC) and youth with disabilities and diagnosed with mental health disorders have been overly disciplined by schools and disproportionately adjudicated by the juvenile justice system. In their annual Statistical Briefing Book, The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) has consistently reported YOC, particularly Black youth, are arrested, adjudicated, and detained at much higher rates when compared to their white peers. Research …

Relationship Of Covid-19-Related Racial Discrimination And Oppressed Identities On Chinese American Mental Health, Allison A. Fong

Doctoral Dissertations

Although anti-Asian hate has been present throughout history, the country witnessed an uptick in race-based violence and discrimination against Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing the framework of intersectionality, this quantitative cross-sectional study aimed to capture the additive impact of various forms of oppression, including COVID-19-related racial discrimination, on levels of depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction in Chinese American college students (n = 35) in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area. Within this relationship, bicultural identity integration was also explored as a possible moderator. Although regression analysis did not show significant relationships between COVID-19-related racial discrimination and intersectional discrimination …

The Use Of Breathing Meditation With Bipoc Trauma Survivors, Keerthi Sundaramurthy

Doctoral Dissertations

There is a growing body of evidence supporting the use of mindfulness-based practices to reduce psychological distress. Although interest in mindfulness-based care is growing, studies investigating virtual interventions for BIPOC trauma survivors remain limited. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a breathing meditation intervention on mental health outcomes in a sample of trauma-exposed BIPOC adults, using a randomized post-test only design. Participants in the intervention group were asked to complete a 10-minute box breathing meditation daily for four weeks. Quantitative analyses revealed that those in the intervention group reported significantly lower symptoms of anxiety and …