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Articles 1 - 22 of 22
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Institutional Legacies And The Decision To Commit Genocide, Stacey M. Mitchell
Institutional Legacies And The Decision To Commit Genocide, Stacey M. Mitchell
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Despite their striking similarities, which include population demographics, size, and a legacy of inter-group conflict, the collapse of democratization in Rwanda and Burundi in the early 1990s led to genocide in Rwanda and a different type of violence in Burundi. This study suggests that to better comprehend why risk factors lead to genocide in some cases and not others, focus must be placed on how these factors are perceived by those in power of the state experiencing them. This study introduces a model that uses Comparative Historical Analysis (CHA), process tracing, and the inclusion of a decision model built on …
The Impact Of Religious Beliefs, Practices, And Social Networks On Rwandan Rescue Efforts During Genocide, Nicole Fox, Hollie Nyseth Brehm, John Gasana Gasasira
The Impact Of Religious Beliefs, Practices, And Social Networks On Rwandan Rescue Efforts During Genocide, Nicole Fox, Hollie Nyseth Brehm, John Gasana Gasasira
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
In April 1994, in one of the most Christian nations in Africa, genocidal violence erupted culminating in the deaths of upwards of one million people. While thousands participated in mass killings, others choose not to, and rescued persecuted individuals instead. Relying on 45 in-depth interviews with individuals who rescued others in Rwanda, we demonstrate that religion is tied to rescue efforts in at least three ways: 1) through the creation of cognitive safety nets that enabled high-risk actions; 2) through religious practices that isolated individuals from the social networks of those committing the violence; and 3) through religious social networks …
Failure To Protect?: Applying The Drri-2 Scales To Rwanda And Srebrenica, Elizabeth Mason
Failure To Protect?: Applying The Drri-2 Scales To Rwanda And Srebrenica, Elizabeth Mason
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article critically reanalyses the action, or lack of action, taken by UN peacekeepers in Rwanda and Srebrenica in the 1990's. The lack of action of UN peacekeepers in Rwanda and Bosnia has long been criticised as a conscious decision made by peacekeepers to not act in defence of those being targeted but instead to act as bystanders of genocide when they had the ability to prevent acts of genocide taking place. This article re-examines the actions of the UN command under Romeo Dallaire in Rwanda and Thom Karremans in Srebrenica, Bosnia in terms of the stress-related factors which influenced …
Rwanda’S Inyangamugayo: Perspectives From Practitioners In The Gacaca Transitional Justice Mechanism, Jean-Damascène Gasanabo, Donatien Nikuze, Hollie Nyseth Brehm, Hannah Parks
Rwanda’S Inyangamugayo: Perspectives From Practitioners In The Gacaca Transitional Justice Mechanism, Jean-Damascène Gasanabo, Donatien Nikuze, Hollie Nyseth Brehm, Hannah Parks
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The Gacaca courts have been the subject of much academic work. Yet, few studies have examined the elected individuals who presided over Gacaca court trials, reflecting a broader paucity of research on local practitioners of transitional justice. Accordingly, this study asks two questions: (1) How did the Gacaca court judges, known as Inyangamugayo, perceive their duties to fight impunity and facilitate reconciliation? And (2) What challenges did the Inyangamugayo face as they sought to implement these duties? To address these questions, we interviewed 135 former Inyangamugayo. Our interviews shed light on the Inyangamugayo’s understandings of punishment and …
“You Feel Like You Belong Nowhere”: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence And Social Identity In Post-Genocide Rwanda, Myriam Denov, Laura Eramian, Meaghan C. Shevell
“You Feel Like You Belong Nowhere”: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence And Social Identity In Post-Genocide Rwanda, Myriam Denov, Laura Eramian, Meaghan C. Shevell
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Globally, the systematic use of sexual violence in modern warfare has resulted in the birth of thousands of children. Research has begun to focus on this often invisible group and the obstacles they face, including stigma, discrimination and exclusion based on their birth origins. Although sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide has been documented on a massive scale, little research has focused on the relational dynamics between mothers who experienced genocide rape and the children they bore. This paper explores the post-genocide realities of these two under-explored populations, revealing two key tensions in relation to identity-building and belonging. Drawing upon …
Book Review: Making Ubumwe: Power, State And Camps In Rwanda’S Unity-Building Projects, Claudine A. Kuradusenge-Mcleod
Book Review: Making Ubumwe: Power, State And Camps In Rwanda’S Unity-Building Projects, Claudine A. Kuradusenge-Mcleod
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Film Review: The Uncondemned, Jessica M. Adach
Film Review: The Uncondemned, Jessica M. Adach
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Film Review of The Uncondemned
"I Wanted Them To Be Punished Or At Least Ask Us For Forgiveness”: Justice Interests Of Female Victim-Survivors Of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence And Their Experiences With Gacaca, Judith Rafferty
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Survivors of human rights abuses need to experience a sense of justice to support their individual recovery. Women who have experienced conflict-related sexual violence have specific justice interests that are distinct from those of survivors of other abuses. This article focuses on justice interests of Rwandan women who experienced sexual violence during the genocide in Rwanda and who had their cases tried in gacaca community courts between 2008 and 2012. The article discusses two justice interests that emerged during interviews with 23 Rwandan women about their gacaca experience. These interests include the punishment of perpetrators and perpetrators taking responsibility for …
Book Review: To Kill A People: Genocide In The Twentieth Century, Caroline Bennett
Book Review: To Kill A People: Genocide In The Twentieth Century, Caroline Bennett
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
‘I Am Rwandan’: Unity And Reconciliation In Post-Genocide Rwanda, Laura E. R. Blackie, Nicki Hitchcott
‘I Am Rwandan’: Unity And Reconciliation In Post-Genocide Rwanda, Laura E. R. Blackie, Nicki Hitchcott
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Drawing on a corpus of ten oral interviews with survivors and perpetrators of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, we examine how the government’s policy of unity and reconciliation has shaped post-genocide identities and intergroup relations in local Rwandan communities. By focusing on the relationships between individuals and the national post-genocide narrative, we show how the socio-political context in Rwanda influences how people locate themselves and how they ascribe rights and duties to and in relation to others. Specifically, we use positioning theory as an interpretive lens to argue that individuals view adherence to the government’s post-genocide narrative …
Book Review: Negotiating Genocide In Rwanda: The Politics Of History, Dorina Bekoe
Book Review: Negotiating Genocide In Rwanda: The Politics Of History, Dorina Bekoe
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Book Review: From War To Genocide: Criminal Politics In Rwanda, 1990-1994, Erin Jessee
Book Review: From War To Genocide: Criminal Politics In Rwanda, 1990-1994, Erin Jessee
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Book Review: The Killing Of Death: Denying The Genocide Against The Tutsis, Kee En Chong
Book Review: The Killing Of Death: Denying The Genocide Against The Tutsis, Kee En Chong
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Punishing Genocide: A Comparative Empirical Analysis Of Sentencing Laws And Practices At The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda (Ictr), Rwandan Domestic Courts, And Gacaca Courts, Barbora Hola, Hollie Nyseth Brehm
Punishing Genocide: A Comparative Empirical Analysis Of Sentencing Laws And Practices At The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda (Ictr), Rwandan Domestic Courts, And Gacaca Courts, Barbora Hola, Hollie Nyseth Brehm
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article compares sentencing of those convicted of participation in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. With over one million people facing trial, Rwanda constitutes the world’s most comprehensive case of criminal accountability after genocide and presents an important case study of punishing genocide. Criminal courts at three different levels— international, domestic, and local—sought justice in the aftermath of the violence. In order to compare punishment at each level, we analyze an unprecedented database of sentences given by the ICTR, the Rwandan domestic courts, and Rwanda’s Gacaca courts. The analysis demonstrates that sentencing varied across the three levels—ranging from limited time …
Book Review: Women And War In Rwanda: Gender, Media And The Representation Of Genocide, Sara E. Brown
Book Review: Women And War In Rwanda: Gender, Media And The Representation Of Genocide, Sara E. Brown
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
Denied Victimhood And Contested Narratives: The Case Of Hutu Diaspora, Claudine Kuradusenge
Denied Victimhood And Contested Narratives: The Case Of Hutu Diaspora, Claudine Kuradusenge
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Based on 46 interviews conducted in a 2-month period, this article explored the identity narrative of three generations of the Hutu Diaspora community living in Belgium. Through a analysis of the Rwanda's National Identity policy and political categories, the research aimed to explore important themes such as sense of self and other, victimhood, and homeland through the lenses of the perpetrator group. Moreover, it was essential to investigate the trans-generational impact the perpetrator label has on the next generations. By looking at the Hutu population, the study was opening the door to the exploration of contested memories of survival for …
Hutus Aiding Tutsis During The Rwandan Genocide: Motives, Meanings And Morals, Daniel Rothbart, Jessica Cooley
Hutus Aiding Tutsis During The Rwandan Genocide: Motives, Meanings And Morals, Daniel Rothbart, Jessica Cooley
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
During the Rwandan genocide of 1994, Hutu extremists who launched a propaganda campaign to demonize Rwandan Tutsis, accusing them of planning to exterminate Hutus. Embracing the propaganda, gangs of Hutus went on a killing rampage, rooming the streets and ravaging Tutsis who fell prey to their assaults. Yet, the framing of Hutus as perpetrators cannot capture the work of those Hutus who actively offered assistance to Tutsis. These Hutus provided safe haven, essential material goods and emotional support to an unknown number of Tutsis. Why did these Hutus risk their lives to save Tutsis? In addressing this question, we provide …
Book Review: Remembering Genocide, Tony Barta
Book Review: Remembering Genocide, Tony Barta
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
No abstract provided.
The Impossibility To Protect? Media Narratives And The Responsibility To Protect, Kjell Føllingstad Anderson, Ingjerd Veiden Brakstad
The Impossibility To Protect? Media Narratives And The Responsibility To Protect, Kjell Føllingstad Anderson, Ingjerd Veiden Brakstad
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
The media plays an important role in communicating mass atrocities to audiences across the globe. This article critically examines how journalists’ framing of mass atrocities may contribute to public discourse on the responsibility to protect principle, in particular the perceived obligation to intervene in cases of mass atrocities. It will draw from a broader conceptual framework on bystander responses to mass atrocities and utilise evidence from the analysis of newspaper accounts of the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides. It will argue that, in some cases, media narratives may actually erode political will and encourage passivity in response to mass atrocities.
Why The U.S. Government Failed To Anticipate The Rwandan Genocide Of 1994: Lessons For Early Warning And Prevention, Matthew Levinger
Why The U.S. Government Failed To Anticipate The Rwandan Genocide Of 1994: Lessons For Early Warning And Prevention, Matthew Levinger
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
During the months leading up to the Rwandan genocide of 1994, cognitive biases obstructed the capacity of U.S. government analysts and policymakers to anticipate mass violence against the country’s Tutsi minority. Drawing on recently declassified U.S. government documents and on interviews with key current and former officials, this essay shows that most U.S. government reporting on Rwanda before April 1994 utilized a faulty cognitive frame that failed to differentiate between threats of civil war and genocide. Because U.S. officials framed the crisis in Rwanda as a potential civil war, they underestimated the virulence of the threat to Tutsi civilians and …
Memory Controversies In Post-Genocide Rwanda: Implications For Peacebuilding, Elisabeth King
Memory Controversies In Post-Genocide Rwanda: Implications For Peacebuilding, Elisabeth King
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
Intrastate wars and genocides result in devastating losses and leave deep and lasting scars on those who survive. Making space for civilians to share their experiences of violence and to have them publicly acknowledged—especially by their own governments—can be important parts of (re)knitting the social fabric. This article focuses on the experiences of ordinary Rwandans during and after their country’s civil war and genocide. It is centered on excerpts from a series of field interviews and highlights Rwandans’ memories in their own words. This article contrasts this cross-section of civilian narratives with the official memories of violence that the national …
Failures To Prevent Genocide In Rwanda (1994), Srebrenica (1995), And Darfur (Since 2003), Fred Grünfeld, Wessel Vermeulen
Failures To Prevent Genocide In Rwanda (1994), Srebrenica (1995), And Darfur (Since 2003), Fred Grünfeld, Wessel Vermeulen
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article presents the results of a comparative study of genocide prevention showing similarities that form a disappointing pattern of failure on the part of third parties to prevent genocide in three different situations: Rwanda, Srebrenica, and Darfur. Early, clear, and reliable warnings combined with a policy recommendation have not led to preventative action because they were not discussed by the responsible decision makers (Rwanda, Srebrenica) and/or because conflicting international concerns hindered firm action (Darfur). Instruments of prevention were available, in the form of UN peacekeeping troops who could have been empowered for successful prevention in combination with existing reinforcements …