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Interfacing High Performance Liquid Chromatography With Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry For Speciation Studies, Warren Raymond Lee Cairns
Interfacing High Performance Liquid Chromatography With Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry For Speciation Studies, Warren Raymond Lee Cairns
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
A novel interface for the coupling of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the speciation of organometallic compounds has been developed and utilised for a number of diverse applications. Desolvation of the sample prior to reaching the plasma is shown to facilitate a more versatile coupling of the two instrumental techniques. This has been achieved by first volatilising the aerosol after nebulisation of the sample in a heated cyclone spray chamber. The resulting vapour is removed using a membrane drier and a thermoelectrically cooled condenser. The apparatus developed has been fully optimised to …
The Spatial Characterisation Of Transitional Areas Between Plant Communities: A Case Study From Upland Britain, Wendy Jane Gill
The Spatial Characterisation Of Transitional Areas Between Plant Communities: A Case Study From Upland Britain, Wendy Jane Gill
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The concept of the ecotone was formalised by Clements (1 905) as a boundary zone between plant communities. Little research exists on the ecological importance or the geographical variability of these zones. Two types of boundaries are acknowledged: the ecotone and the ecocline. The ecotone is a sharp boundary; the ecocline a gradual boundary. The term 'transitional area' is proposed here to more accurately describe these areas as this research demonstrates that a complex continuum exists between the two end points. Additionally, mosaics often complicate the nature of the transition and may form a boundary type in their own right. …
Industrial Restructuring And Revitalisation In The Uk Coastal Zone, Sarah Jane Harcombe
Industrial Restructuring And Revitalisation In The Uk Coastal Zone, Sarah Jane Harcombe
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
This thesis provides an analysis of the social, economic and environmental consequences of oil refinery closures in the coastal zone of the UK. It assesses the subsequent economic regeneration of the sites affected, and discusses in particular the redevelopment processes that have occurred at two of the sites. Despite recent calls for a more integrated approach to the coastal zone, much work that is done still takes place within single disciplines. In contrast this work adopts an holistic approach and therefore also contributes to the growing body of interdisciplinary coastal studies.
The Effects Of Whole Tree Harvesting On Site Hydrology And Soil Structure At Beddgelert Forest, N. Wales, Uk, Julia Elizabeth Hodgkins
The Effects Of Whole Tree Harvesting On Site Hydrology And Soil Structure At Beddgelert Forest, N. Wales, Uk, Julia Elizabeth Hodgkins
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The ITE biogeochemistry group monitoring solute movement at Beddgelert Forest provided an opportunity to study the hydrology of a steep section of hillslope in a high rainfall environment. The aim of the experiment was to characterise and compare the hillslope hydrologies of one forested and one whole tree harvested site. Particular attention was paid to the influence of trees both directly on soil water pathways and indirectly on soil characteristics. Atmospheric inputs were monitored for the slope and individual plots for one year. In spite of high rainfall volumes, the slope was not waterlogged indicating a soil with high conductivity. …
Some Magnetic Properties Of Bore Core Sediments, Huajun Shi
Some Magnetic Properties Of Bore Core Sediments, Huajun Shi
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The first eight chapters of this thesis describe a study of the magnetic effects of drilling on bore cores of sedimentary rocks. Extensive rock and palaeo- magnetic methods were used to investigate such effects in three collections of bore cores from the North Sea and Sellafield, U.K., and Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. It is evident that a drilling imposed remanent magnetisation (DIRM) resides in the North Sea and Prudhoe Bay bore cores which is characterised by symmetries in its intensity and direction relative to the core axis. Such DIRM correlated well with the theoretically modelled magnetic field at one end of …
An Approach For The Development Of Computer Based Best Practice Delivery Mechanisms For Small And Medium Sized Manufacturing Enterprises, Philip Andrew Smart
An Approach For The Development Of Computer Based Best Practice Delivery Mechanisms For Small And Medium Sized Manufacturing Enterprises, Philip Andrew Smart
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses
Changes in the competitive environment have strongly influenced manufacturing companies to adopt and develop best practice. Best practice is usually imported into companies using the services of consultancy organisations. The use of consultancy services does not guarantee success however, and inadequate results have been obtained by practitioners who have engaged in client-consultant relationships. The inadequacy of these results may be explained by the installation of pre-defined solutions by consultants as opposed to the adaptation and implementation of solutions to meet the specific requirements of practitioners. Tills may in part be explained by a lack of understanding of 'best practice'. Tills …
The Effects Of Environmental Contaminants On The Immune Functions Of Marine Flatfish, Tom Hutchinson
The Effects Of Environmental Contaminants On The Immune Functions Of Marine Flatfish, Tom Hutchinson
School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses
Given the widespread concern that chemical contaminants may be associated with infectious disease outbreaks in marine fish populations, work has been undertaken with the aim of developing a suite of non-specific and specific assays of marine fish immune function and the application of these techniques in a variety of field and laboratory investigations. Most of the work focused on dab, Limanda limanda (L.) in view of the importance of this species in several North Sea fish disease monitoring programmes, and was also supplemented with investigations of specific immune function in turbot, Scopthalmus maximus (L.). Initial field studies examined non-specific immune …
Socioeconomic Processes Of Land Degradation In Guadalajara Province (Spain), Jose Domingo Garcia Perez
Socioeconomic Processes Of Land Degradation In Guadalajara Province (Spain), Jose Domingo Garcia Perez
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
Despite the great growth and interest in the study of socioeconomic processes of land degradation in many parts of the world, relatively little attention has been paid to these in Spain. Foresters play an important part in the national strategy to solve the problems of land degradation. It might be expected that after the changes which restored political democracy in Spain in the late 1970s, a reorganization of the way the planning and implementation of soil and water conservation projects through reforestation would be effected. The reforestation agencies of the Government could have improved the effectiveness of conservation by acknowledging …
The Middle To Late Cretaceous Microbiostratigraphy (Foraminifera) And Lithostratigraphy Of The Cauvery Basin, Southeast India, Archana Tewari
The Middle To Late Cretaceous Microbiostratigraphy (Foraminifera) And Lithostratigraphy Of The Cauvery Basin, Southeast India, Archana Tewari
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The present research is on the Cretaceous microbio- and litho-stratigraphy of the Cauvery Basin, Southeast India. The planktonic and benthonic foraminifera are used to establish microbiostratigraphic zonations for the mid-Cretaceous succession in the Basin; leading to the first proposal of a benthonic foraminiferal zonation scheme. The schemes are primarily defined for regional application. In the absence of a formal lithostratigraphic classification for the Cretaceous succession in the Basin, a revised lithostratigraphy, in line with standard stratigraphic procedure, is proposed. The systematic taxonomy of the foraminifera studied is documented and revised in line with Western standards. The study shows that, in …
Holocene Palaeohydrology From Testate Amoebae Analysis: Developing A Model For British Peatlands, Wendy Ann Woodland
Holocene Palaeohydrology From Testate Amoebae Analysis: Developing A Model For British Peatlands, Wendy Ann Woodland
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
Testate amoebae (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) are particularly abundant in peatlands. Previous studies have used testate amoebae in palaeoenvironmental studies, but have used qualitative data only, so that results are expressed only in terms of 'wet', 'dry' or 'moist'. This study uses testate amoebae to derive quantitative reconstructions of mire surface wetness for part of the Holocene and is split into two parts. The first part of this study modelled the responses of individual testate amoebae species to environmental variables on ombrotrophic mires, since the peatland-climate link makes these habitats the one of the most useful in palaeoclimate reconstructions. 163 samples of …
Investigation And Computer Modelling Of The Pore Structure Of Paper And Of Consolidated Pigment Coatings, John Kettle
Investigation And Computer Modelling Of The Pore Structure Of Paper And Of Consolidated Pigment Coatings, John Kettle
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The aim of this project was to enhance the current state of knowledge of the void structure of paper, and pigments used to coat paper. The porosities and pore size distributions of consolidated pigments were measured using mercury porosimetry. Prior to this work, mercury porosimetry was rarely used in this field due to problems associated with the conventional interpretation of mercury porosimetry data. These problems were examined and two limitations of mercury porosimetry were addressed. Firstly, the shrinkage of compressible samples causes an apparent increase in void volume and secondly, large void spaces shielded by smaller ones are not intruded …
Flow Injection, Vibrational Spectroscopy And Multivariate Calibration Techniques For On-Line Process Monitoring, Ian Wells
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The fundamental concepts of process analytical chemistry are presented in Chapter One, which also discusses the different approaches and advantages of performing process analysis in-situ. The principles and instrumentation of flow injection analysis are presented with particular emphasis on multi-detemiinations and process applications. Flow injection analysis with Fourier transform infrared detection is proposed as a potential on-line monitoring technique highlighting its ability for simultaneous multi-analyte determinations. The principles of chemometric data analysis are summarised in Chapter Two along with the systematic approach to data analysts used in this thesis. Algorithms for experimental design, data pre-processing, exploratory data analysis (RCA) and …
A Palaeomagnetic Study Of Crustal Rotations And Their Relationship To The Tectonics Of The Atacama And Domeyko Fault Systems, Northern Chile, Darren Edward Randall
A Palaeomagnetic Study Of Crustal Rotations And Their Relationship To The Tectonics Of The Atacama And Domeyko Fault Systems, Northern Chile, Darren Edward Randall
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
A total of 178 sites have been collected for palaeomagnetic analysis from within two strike-slip fault systems in northern Chile (25.4°S - 26.4°S); the Atacama Fault System in the Coastal Cordillera, and the Domeyko Fault System in the Andean pre-Cordillera. In the Coastal Cordillera, analysis of Middle Jurassic lavas (La Negra Formation) and Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous dyke swarms reveal a consistent clockwise rotation of approximately 42°. The remanence from the La Negra Formation passes both fold and reversal tests and is interpreted as a pre-folding remanence. Four of the five dyke swarms have mixed polarity, suggesting that they …
The Long Term Psychological Consequences Of War Experiences, Nigel Hunt
The Long Term Psychological Consequences Of War Experiences, Nigel Hunt
School of Psychology Theses
The present study was carried out to examine long-term psychological difficulties associated with war experience. 731 World War Two and Korean War veterans completed a questionnaire supplying biographical details, war-related experience, and present day psychological health. A significant proportion had war-related psychological difficulties, these problems correlating more strongly with war-related intrusive thoughts and avoidance than with actual combat experiences. A subgroup of 25 veterans were selected for depth interview. The results of these interviews supported the finding that many veterans have war-related problems, and that they related more to intrusion and avoidance than to actual experiences. For some veterans these …
Adaptive Search And Constraint Optimisation In Engineering Design, George Angelov Bilchev
Adaptive Search And Constraint Optimisation In Engineering Design, George Angelov Bilchev
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses
The dissertation presents the investigation and development of novel adaptive computational techniques that provide a high level of performance when searching complex high-dimensional design spaces characterised by heavy non-linear constraint requirements. The objective is to develop a set of adaptive search engines that will allow the successful negotiation of such spaces to provide the design engineer with feasible high performance solutions. Constraint optimisation currently presents a major problem to the engineering designer and many attempts to utilise adaptive search techniques whilst overcoming these problems are in evidence. The most widely used method (which is also the most general) is to …
Finite Deformations Of A Generalized Blatz-Ko Material, Yi Wang
Finite Deformations Of A Generalized Blatz-Ko Material, Yi Wang
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses
In this dissertation, the finite deformations of a certain class of compressible, isotropic elastic materials are investigated. The class is characterized by a two-parameter family of strain energy functions which includes the well-known Blatz-Ko material model for foam rubbers. The Blatz-Ko material, which has been arrived at by experiment and whose deformations have been studied previously, is obtained from the considered class of materials by specifying one of the two parameters involved in the definition of the class. On employing the semi-inverse method, according to which the form of the solution is given at the outset in terms of functions …
Paradigms For The Design Of Multimedia Learning Environments In Engineering, Chrisopher Robert Smith
Paradigms For The Design Of Multimedia Learning Environments In Engineering, Chrisopher Robert Smith
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses
The starting point for this research was the belief that interactive multimedia learning environments represent a significant evolution in computer based learning and therefore their design requires a re-examination of the underlying principles of learning and knowledge representation. Current multimedia learning environments (MLEs) can be seen as descendants of the earlier technologies of computer-aided learning (CAL), intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) and videodisc-based learning systems. As such they can benefit from much of the wisdom which emerged from those technologies. However, multimedia can be distinguished from earlier technologies by its much greater facility in bringing to the learner high levels of …
Flow Injection Instrumentation For The In Situ Monitoring Of Nutrients In Sea Water, Anthony R. J . David
Flow Injection Instrumentation For The In Situ Monitoring Of Nutrients In Sea Water, Anthony R. J . David
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
In order to investigate the biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems, a quantitative understanding of primary production and the temporal and spatial distribution of nutrients is necessary. This thesis describes the development of a submersible FI based nutrient sensor for the in situ determination of nitrate in estuarine and coastal waters. Chapter One describes the role of nitrogen in the global and marine nitrogen cycles and provides an overview of laboratory and in situ methods for its determination. Chapter Two describes the key parameters for a field instrument and culminates with the overall design specification for the system. Chapter Three describes in …
Flow Injection Chemistries For The In Situ Monitoring Of Nutrients In Sea Water, Trevor Mccormack
Flow Injection Chemistries For The In Situ Monitoring Of Nutrients In Sea Water, Trevor Mccormack
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
In order to investigate the biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems, a quantitative knowledge of nutrient status i.e. spatial and temporal distribution, and primary production is necessary. This thesis describes chemistries for the determination of the major nutrient species, nitrate (as total oxidised nitrogen minus nitrite) and phosphate (as orthophosphate) using Flow Injection (FI) analysis. Chapter One describes the role of nitrogen and phosphorus in the aquatic environment and overviews laboratory and in situ methods for their determination. Chapter Two describes the development and optimisation of an FI method for the determination of nitrate in natural waters of varying salinity (0-3 5 …
Social Housing In Waterfront Regeneration: A Critical Evaluation, Imelda Isabella Giarchi
Social Housing In Waterfront Regeneration: A Critical Evaluation, Imelda Isabella Giarchi
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
This thesis provides a critical analysis of the suitability of mixed-use waterfront revitalisation as a setting for social housing schemes. Although the latter have become increasingly common on British waterfronts in recent years, it can be argued that for a variety of reasons the waterfront may be an inappropriate location in which to create new, and possibly vulnerable, social housing communities. This proposition is tested through three empirical investigations. Each of these assesses resident satisfaction with respect to the housing itself, the immediate revitalised environment and the regenerated waterfront's degree of integration with the city and its services. A variety …
The Fate Of Naphthalene And N-Alkylnaphthalenes During Combustion, And An Evaluation Of The Sources Of These Compounds In Diesel Exhaust Emissions, Robin Douglas Pemberton
The Fate Of Naphthalene And N-Alkylnaphthalenes During Combustion, And An Evaluation Of The Sources Of These Compounds In Diesel Exhaust Emissions, Robin Douglas Pemberton
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The main objective of this research was to understand the fate of naphthalene and n-alkylnaphthalenes during diesel combustion, and an evaluation of their sources in diesel exhaust emissions. This was achieved by the use of a procedure which employed a [14C]radiolabelled PAH technique and a diesel enriched fuel technique (DEFT). The combustion of diesel fuel spiked with [14C]naphthalene has shown unequivocally that 0.5% of the naphthalene contained in diesel fuel survives combustion under the engine conditions studied (2500 rpm and 50 Nm). The survived naphthalene represented 22.8% of the total recovered naphthalene, the other 77.2% was presumably pyrosynthetic in nature. …
Slurry, Solution And Speciation Analysis By Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Karen Lorraine O'Hanlon
Slurry, Solution And Speciation Analysis By Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Karen Lorraine O'Hanlon
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry has been investigated for solution, slurry and speciation analysis. It has been shown that it is possible to optimise a simultaneous multielement analysis for slurry and solution samples using solid state detection and optimisation algorithms. A range of certified reference materials have been analysed using optimum conditions and results were in good agreement with certified values. Slurry nebulisation has been used for the first time in the analysis of NIST SRM Total Diet' and carbon black samples. Both radially and axially viewed ICP spectrometers were used in these studies. Modifications of the mass transport …
Environmental Speciation Of Tin And Lead By Hplc-Icp-Ms, Cristina Rivas-Urraca
Environmental Speciation Of Tin And Lead By Hplc-Icp-Ms, Cristina Rivas-Urraca
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
New methodologies have been developed for the determination of organotin and organolead compounds in environmental samples. Several high performance liquid chromatographic separations of organotin compounds have been tested and the best system (cation-exchange chromatography with methanol and a citrate buffer) employed for the determination of tributyltin (TBT), triphenyltin (TPhT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) in environmental samples. The coupling between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLQ and the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for this application has been modified to yield limits of detection of 0.44,0.26,1.4 and 0.23 ng. g-' as Sri for TBT, TPhT, DBT and MBT respectively. Different extraction …
Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome: An Ultrastructural And Epidemiological Investigation, Penelope Sargeant
Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome: An Ultrastructural And Epidemiological Investigation, Penelope Sargeant
School of Biomedical Sciences Theses
Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome (VVS) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the vestibular epithelium of the vulva, which has been estimated to affect 15% of the female population (Goetsch, 1991 ). Many studies have attempted unsuccessfully, to elucidate the cause of this condition, and few advances have been made towards the understanding of the associated inflammatory response. The initial, and principal aim of this investigation was to characterise normal vestibular epithelium using electron microscopy. The ultrastructural characteristics of normal vestibular epithelium were compared with closely related epithelia, and with vestibular epithelia from VVS patients. Other aims included an investigation of the …
The Effect Of Heavy Metal Contamination On Estuarine Benthic Fauna At Varying Levels Of Biological Organisation, Sarah Alicia Michelle Perryman
The Effect Of Heavy Metal Contamination On Estuarine Benthic Fauna At Varying Levels Of Biological Organisation, Sarah Alicia Michelle Perryman
School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses
Biological monitoring techniques, selected to cover increasing levels of biological organisation (cellular, individual, population and community), were compared and contrasted to determine the relative sensitivities of these approaches to heavy metal contammation. The study was centred on the Fal Estuary in Cornwall, an ideal experimental field site-with well documented heavy metal contamination resulting firom the long-term discharge of waste from a local tin mine. Five creeks leadmg from the estuary differ dramatically in the concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments, but little in natural environmental variables (sediment granulometry, salinity etc.). The contaminant induced damage was evaluated at the cellular …
Eco-Physiology Of Mysids (Crustacea; Peracarida) In The River Tamar Estuary., Angela Mary Moffat
Eco-Physiology Of Mysids (Crustacea; Peracarida) In The River Tamar Estuary., Angela Mary Moffat
School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses
The mysid fauna of the River Tamar Estuary was sampled monthly between January and December 1989. The following species of mysid were found In the estuary. MosopodOPSIS slabborl, Noomysis Intogor, Praunus fioxuosus and SchistomysIs omata. The latter two species, present In low densities throughout tho year, occupied the lower, more salino (>30%o) parts of the estuary, whereas M. slabborl and N. Intogor were abundant In the upper estuary (0.5-30%o). Mosopodopsis slabbori produced between two and three generations per year, and showed a pattern of alternating early and lato-brooding generations. A maximum growth rate for this species was 0.24 mm …
Enhanced Oil Degradation By Bacteria When Immobilized To An Oleophilic Substratum, Nicola Gail Wilson
Enhanced Oil Degradation By Bacteria When Immobilized To An Oleophilic Substratum, Nicola Gail Wilson
School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses
Three immobilization matrices, Biofix (kaolinite microspheres), Drizit (polypropylene fibres) and polyester polyurethane were used as substrata for use in bioremediation. Enhanced biodegradation of petrol (Slovene diesel) and Ekofisk crude oil occurred with immobilization of Pseudomonas fluorescens to Biofix and Drizit in freshwater and saltwater systems. When compared to free bacteria, immobilization resulted in; increased growth, accelerated ability of the cells to utilize oil, and enhanced biodegradation as determined by gas chromatography. In the freshwater systems Drizit immobilized cells reduced the lag phase to one day in comparison to six in a free system and increased biodegradation of the n-alkanes by …
An Investigation Into The Fate Of Benzylpenicillin And Its Degradation Compounds In Milk Following Intramammary Treatments For Bovine Mastitis, David Roger Hulse
An Investigation Into The Fate Of Benzylpenicillin And Its Degradation Compounds In Milk Following Intramammary Treatments For Bovine Mastitis, David Roger Hulse
School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses
The presence of antibiotics in bovine milk results mainly from the treatment of mastitis by intramammary infusion. The sale of this contaminated milk is illegal and the milk supply is routinely tested for adulteration by antibiotic residues. At present these tests are unspecific microbiological assays which detect only inhibitory substances and consequently the presence of any inactive degradation compounds is not tested for. Various chromatographic approaches exist in the literature which report the resolution of mixtures of antibiotic compounds from milk. However, the presence of antibiotic degradation residues in milk, which may have serious implications for the health of the …
An Investigation Into The Interaction Of Aeromonas Salmonicida And The Gastrointestinal Tract Of Rainbow Trout And The Implications For Oral Delivery Of A Live Auxotrophic Mutant, Steven Michael Jones
An Investigation Into The Interaction Of Aeromonas Salmonicida And The Gastrointestinal Tract Of Rainbow Trout And The Implications For Oral Delivery Of A Live Auxotrophic Mutant, Steven Michael Jones
School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses
Furunculosis is a disease of great economic importance to the salmon fanning industry. The aetiological agent of the disease is Aeromonas salmonicida, probably the most studied pathogen of non mammalian hosts. Little information exists however on the most fundamental aspects of the infection process or the basis of acquired immunity. Although oral vaccination is an ideal solution to the problems of immunising fanned salmonids, poor immunogenicity has always limited the use of this route of administration. In mammals oral vaccination with live auxotrophic mutants has been shown to elicit both humoral and cellular immunity and provide protection against challenge. The …
The Agricultural Ecology Of Hay Meadows Withln The Somerset Levels And Moors Environmentally Sensitive Area, Francis William Kirkham
The Agricultural Ecology Of Hay Meadows Withln The Somerset Levels And Moors Environmentally Sensitive Area, Francis William Kirkham
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
Ecologicai and productivity responses to agricultural management were studied over eiglit years in species-ricii hay meadows within a Site of Special Scientific Interest on a Somerset peat moor. The vegetation typified that of many wet meadows on the Somerset Levels and elsewhere, definable as MG5 {Cynosurus cristatus-Centaurea nigra meadow) and MG8 {Cynosurus cristatus-Caittia palustris flood pasture) within the National Vegetation Classification. The effects of inorganic fertilizers on species diversity, soil nitrogen loss and agricultural productivity (hay yield and beef production during aftermath grazing), were investigated during 1986-90. These data were subsequently analyzed for the effects of variations in water table …