Digital Commons Network^™

Investigating The Links Between Ozone And Organic Aerosol Chemistry In A Biomass Burning Plume From A Prescribed Fire In California Chaparral, M. J. Alvarado, C. R. Lonsdale, Robert Yokelson, S. K. Akagi, H. Coe, J. S. Craven, E. V. Fischer, G. R. Mcmeeking, J. H. Seinfeld, T. Soni, J. W. Taylor, D. R. Weise, C. E. Wold

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Within minutes after emission, rapid, complex photochemistry within a biomass burning smoke plume can cause large changes in the concentrations of ozone (O₃) and organic aerosol (OA). Being able to understand and simulate this rapid chemical evolution under a wide variety of conditions is a critical part of forecasting the impact of these fires on air quality, atmospheric composition, and climate. Here we use version 2.1 of the Aerosol Simulation Program (ASP) to simulate the evolution of O₃ and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) within a young biomass burning smoke plume from the Williams prescribed burn in chaparral, …

Secondary Mental Health Conditions Of Rural Adults With Disabilities, Craig Ravesloot Ph.D., Bob Liston, Kevin Thorsen, Charles Asp, University Of Montana Rural Institute

Health and Wellness

No abstract provided.

Psychiatric Symptoms Reported By A Population-Based Sample Of Rural Adults With Physical And Sensory Impairments, Craig Ravesloot Ph.D., Charles Asp, Bob Liston, Kevin Thorsen, University Of Montana Rural Institute

Health and Wellness

No abstract provided.

Cost Containment Through Disability Prevention: Preliminary Results Of A Health Promotion Workshop For People With Physical Disabilities, Tom Seekins Ph.D., Craig Ravesloot Ph.D., Kay Norris Ph.D., Ann Szalda-Petree Ph.D., Quincy-Robyn Young, Glen White Ph.D., Ken Golden M.A., Juan Carlos Lopez M.A., Julie Steward, University Of Montana Rural Institute

Health and Wellness

The Disability Prevention Project at the University of Montana and the University of Kansas has developed and evaluated an eight week workshop and self-help manual that targets the prevention and management of secondary conditions among adults with spinal cord injuries. The preliminary results of this intervention are very encouraging.

Why Did The Bear Cross The Road? Comparing The Performance Of Multiple Resistance Surfaces And Connectivity Modeling Methods, Samuel A. Cushman, Jesse S. Lewis, Erin Landguth

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

There have been few assessments of the performance of alternative resistance surfaces, and little is known about how connectivity modeling approaches differ in their ability to predict organism movements. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of four connectivity modeling approaches applied to two resistance surfaces in predicting the locations of highway crossings by American black bears in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. We found that a resistance surface derived directly from movement data greatly outperformed a resistance surface produced from analysis of genetic differentiation, despite their heuristic similarities. Our analysis also suggested differences in the performance of different connectivity …

Spectral Evolution Of Energetic Neutral Atom Emissions At The Heliospheric Poles As Measured By Ibex During Its First Three Yeras, M. Dayeh, F. Allegrini, R. Demajistre, M. I. Desai, R. W. Ebert, S. A. Fuselier, Paul H. Janzen, G. Livadiotis, D. J. Mccomas, Daniel B. Reisenfeld, N. A. Schwadron, M. Siewert

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission continues to measure energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions produced by charge exchange between solar wind (SW) protons and interstellar neutrals at the edge of our heliosphere. Using the first 3 yr of IBEX-Hi ENA measurements (2009-2011), we examined the spectral evolution of ~0.5-6 keV ENAs at the polar regions (above 60°). We found the following: (1) pixels with a characteristic "ankle" spectra (lower spectral index at higher energies) increase by ~5% in 2010 and ~10% in 2011 compared to 2009. (2) The averaged spectral index in 2011 is smaller than that of 2009. (3) …

The Economic Review Of The Travel Industry In Montana: 2014 Biennial Edition, Kara Grau, Jake Jorgenson, Norma P. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

This review provides current and historical data of nonresident travel and tourism in Montana, and offers the industry's economic contributions to the state.

Nmp-7 Inhibits Chronic Inflammatory And Neuropathic Pain Via Block Of Cab3.2 T-Type Calcium Channels And Activation Of Cb2 Receptors, N. Daniel Berger, Vinicius M. Gadotti, Ravil R. Petrov, Kevin Chapman, Philippe Diaz, Gerald W. Zamponi

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: T-type calcium channels and cannabinoid receptors are known to play important roles in chronic pain, making them attractive therapeutic targets. We recently reported on the design, synthesis and analgesic properties of a novel T-type channel inhibitor (NMP-7), which also shows mixed agonist activity on CB₁ and CB₂ receptors in vitro. Here, we analyzed the analgesic effect of systemically delivered NMP-7 (intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intragstric (i.g.) routes) on mechanical hypersensitivity in inflammatory pain induced by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) and neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve injury.

Results: NMP-7 delivered by either i.p. or i.g. routes produced …

Questions Of Methodology: A Review Of The August 2014 History Of Education Quarterly Special Issue, Abigail Gundlach-Graham

Education's Histories

This methodological review examines the August 2014 issue of History of Education Quarterly, which focuses on American Indian education history.

Reasoning-And-Proving Within Ireland’S Reform-Oriented National Syllabi, Jon Davis

The Mathematics Enthusiast

As educational systems around the world attempt to reform their mathematics programs to increase students’ opportunities to engage in processes central to the practice of mathematics such as proof, it is important to understand how this mathematical act is portrayed in national curriculum documents that drive that change. This study examined the presence of reasoning-and-proving (RP) in Ireland’s national reform-oriented secondary syllabi for junior cycle (ages 12-15) and senior cycle (ages 15-18) students. The analyses reveal that there were no differences among direct and indirect RP learning outcomes within each syllabus, but statistically significant differences did exist across syllabi in …

Flow Dynamics Of Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica, C. J. Van Der Veen, L. A. Stearns, Jesse Johnson, B. Csatho

Computer Science Faculty Publications

Force-balance calculations on Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica, reveal large spatial variations in the along-flow component of driving stress with corresponding sticky spots that are stationary over time. On the large scale, flow resistance is partitioned between basal (�80%) and lateral (�20%) drag. Ice flow is due mostly to basal sliding and concentrated vertical shear in the basal ice layers, indicating the bed is at or close to the pressure-melting temperature. There is a significant component of driving stress in the across-flow direction resulting in nonzero basal drag in that direction. This is an unrealistic result and we propose that there …

Generalizing Cantor-Schroeder-Bernstein: Counterexamples In Standard Settings, Tien Chih

The Mathematics Enthusiast

The Cantor-Schroeder-Bernstein theorem states that any two sets that have injections into each other have the same cardinality, i.e. there is a bijection between them. Another way to phrase this is if two sets A;B have monomorphisms from A to B and B to A, then they are isomorphic in the setting of sets. One naturally wonders if this may be extended to other commonly studied systems of sets with structure and functions which preserve that structure. Given two objects with injective structure preserving maps between them are the structures of these objects the same? In other words, would these …

Editorial: Is Every Tme Issue Special?, Bharath Sriraman

The Mathematics Enthusiast

No abstract provided.

Bhaskara’S Approximation For The Sine, Karel Stroethoff

The Mathematics Enthusiast

The 7th century Indian mathematician Bhaskara (c.600 – c.680) obtained a remarkable approximation for the sine function. Many subsequent ancient authors have given versions of this rule, but none provided a proof or described how the result was obtained. Grover [1] provides a possible explanation, but I think the rule can be explained more clearly. Rather than give the rule first, we will derive it, and then discuss its accuracy, and explore some alternative approximations. Our derivation is simply an exercise in modeling.

Pursuing Coherence Among Proportionality, Linearity, And Similarity: Two Pathways From Preservice Teachers’ Geometric Representations, Hyung Sook Lee, Jaehoon Yim

The Mathematics Enthusiast

The importance of using multiple representations of a mathematical concept and connecting the representations has been discussed in learning and teaching mathematics. The Common Core State Standards further the discussion with an emphasis on focus and coherence in teaching mathematical concepts across grades. Preservice teachers in our problem solving class were asked to use geometric representations to solve a problem that required proportional reasoning. They were also asked to sequence the works of their peers as well as their own from a developmental perspective. Sequencing geometric representations with various levels was challenging because it required showing a coherent understanding of …

The Development Of Calculus In The Kerala School, Phoebe Webb

The Mathematics Enthusiast

The Kerala School of mathematics, founded by Madhava in Southern India, produced many great works in the area of trigonometry during the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries. This paper focuses on Madhava's derivation of the power series for sine and cosine, as well as a series similar to the well-known Taylor Series. The derivations use many calculus related concepts such as summation, rate of change, and interpolation, which suggests that Indian mathematicians had a solid understanding of the basics of calculus long before it was developed in Europe. Other evidence from Indian mathematics up to this point such as interest in …

Development Of The Binary Number System And The Foundations Of Computer Science, Daniel R. Lande

The Mathematics Enthusiast

This paper discusses the formalization of the binary number system and the groundwork that was laid for the future of digital circuitry, computers, and the field of computer science. The goal of this paper is to show how Gottfried Leibniz formalized the binary number system and solidified his thoughts through an analysis of the Chinese I Ching. In addition, Leib-niz’s work in logic and with computing machines is presented. This work laid the foundation for Boolean algebra and digital circuitry which was continued by George Boole, Augustus De Mor-gan, and Claude Shannon in the centuries following. Some have coined Leibniz …

Numerically Integrating Irregularly-Spaced (X, Y) Data, B. Cameron Reed

The Mathematics Enthusiast

This article describes a computer program for numerically integrating under a y(x) curve of experimental data where the abscissa values are not equally-spaced. This technique is based on fitting parabolas to successive groups of three data points, and may be regarded as a generalization of Simpson’s rule.

Difficulties In Solving Context-Based Pisa Mathematics Tasks: An Analysis Of Students’ Errors, Ariyadi Wijaya, Marja Van Den Heuvel-Panhuizen, Michiel Doorman, Alexander Robitzsch

The Mathematics Enthusiast

The intention of this study was to clarify students’ difficulties in solving context-based mathematics tasks as used in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The study was carried out with 362 Indonesian ninth- and tenth-grade students. In the study we used 34 released PISA mathematics tasks including three task types: reproduction, connection, and reflection. Students’ difficulties were identified by using Newman’s error categories, which were connected to the modeling process described by Blum and Leiss and to the PISA stages of mathematization, including (1) comprehending a task, (2) transforming the task into a mathematical problem, (3) processing mathematical procedures, …

Math As A Tool Of Anti-Semitism, Jay Egenhoff

The Mathematics Enthusiast

At Moscow State University’s Department of Mathematics during the 1970’s and 1980’s, there was rampant discrimination against Jewish and other unwanted students. The professors at the math department made a strong effort to keep Jewish students out of the department. They designed "killer" or "coffin" problems and Jewish students had to answer them during an oral exam. These problems have simple solutions, but require a clever strategy to solve them. This paper explores some of the context of this episode and provides several problems with detailed solutions.

The Miracle Of Applied Mathematics, Frank Blume

The Mathematics Enthusiast

We provide an outline of a college-level lecture on systems of differential equations that is intended to offer an alternative, integrative view of the subject. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that very elementary concepts and insights can be employed to gain access to a very wide range of important applications, including the Schr¨odinger equation, the Klein-Gordon equation, the Laplace equation, and the Poisson equation.

A Study On Malaysian Mathematicians’ Way Of Knowing, Lim Chap Sam

The Mathematics Enthusiast

“Can you name me a mathematician?” “Einstein??”

“Do you wish to become a mathematician one day?”

If these questions were asked to the public or any school students, the most likely answer to both questions might be a big ‘No!’. Why is this so?

The director of the Public Understanding of Mathematics Forum, Gene Kloz (1996) claims that the mathematics profession is the most misunderstood in all of academia. According to him, the public thinks that mathematicians contemplate ancient proofs and work as lonely recluses. Moreover, the most common public image of a mathematician has been furnished by a physicist …

An Examination Of Pre-Service Secondary Mathematics Teachers’ Conceptions Of Angles, Melike Yigit

The Mathematics Enthusiast

The concept of angles is one of the foundational concepts to develop of geometric knowledge, but it remains a difficult concept for students and teachers to grasp. Exiting studies claimed that students’ difficulties in learning of the concept of angles are based on learning of the multiple definitions of an angle, describing angles measuring the size of angles, and conceiving different types of angles such as 0-line angles, 1- line angles, and 2-line angles. This study was designed to gain better insight into pre-service secondary mathematics teachers’ (PSMTs) mental constructions of the concept of angles from the perspective of Action-Process-Object-Schema …

Common Sense About The Common Core, Alan H. Schoenfeld

The Mathematics Enthusiast

Is the Common Core the best thing since sliced bread, or the work of the devil? Is it brand new, or a rehash of old ideas? Is it anything more than a brand name, or is there substance? Can it work, given the implementation challenges in our political and school systems? Opinions about the Common Core are everywhere, but the op-eds I’ve seen are often short on facts, and equally short on common sense. A mathematician by training, I’ve worked for nearly 40 years as an education researcher, curriculum materials developer, test developer, standards writer, and teacher. What follows is …

Book Review Of The Tower Of Hanoi: Myths And Maths (Birkhäuser), Cory Palmer

The Mathematics Enthusiast

As the title of the book suggests, the central topic of “The Tower of Hanoi – Myths and Maths” by Hinz, Klavˇzar, Milutinovi´c, and Petr is the famous puzzle of the same name. The classic Tower of Hanoi puzzle along with a number of its variations and related puzzles are examined in a rigorous mathematical framework.

Scholastic Standards In The United States – The Discussion Concerning The ‘Common Core’, Alan H. Schoenfeld, Günter Törner

The Mathematics Enthusiast

Preface: This article has been developed based on a personal discussion between the German author Günter Törner and Alan Schoenfeld, who is an expert in the field of mathematical didactics. Basically there are three reasons for us to share our insights with the public:

(1) Readers, having subscribed to Jerry Becker’s e-mail information network, have received numerous messages over the past few months; what do we need to know about this fact in Germany?

(2) Scholastic standards – a keyword that sounds very familiar to us in terms of educational policy… But it is also a hot topic in other …

Tme Volume 11, Number 3

The Mathematics Enthusiast

No abstract provided.

Experimental Evolution: Prospects And Challenges, Frank Rosenzweig, Gavin Sherlock

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Experimental Microbial Evolution: History And Conceptual Underpinnings, Julian Adams, Frank Rosenzweig

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

We chronicle and dissect the history of the field of Experimental Microbial Evolution, beginning with work by Monod. Early research was largely carried out by microbiologists and biochemists, who used experimental evolutionary change as a tool to understand structure-function relationships. These studies attracted the interest of evolutionary biologists who recognized the power of the approach to address issues such as the tempo of adaptive change, the costs and benefits of sex, parallelism, and the role which contingency plays in the evolutionary process. In the 1980s and 1990s, an ever-expanding body of microbial, physiological and biochemical data, together with new technologies …

The Valley-Of-Death: Reciprocal Sign Epistasis Constrains Adaptive Trajectories In A Constant, Nutrient Limiting Environment, Kami E. Chiotti, Daniel J. Kvitek, Karen H. Schmidt, Gregory Koniges, Katja Schwartz, Elizabeth A. Donckels, Frank Rosenzweig, Gavin Sherlock

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

The fitness landscape is a powerful metaphor for describing the relationship between genotype and phenotype for a population under selection. However, empirical data as to the topography of fitness landscapes are limited, owing to difficulties in measuring fitness for large numbers of genotypes under any condition. We previously reported a case of reciprocal sign epistasis (RSE), where two mutations individually increased yeast fitness in a glucose-limited environment, but reduced fitness when combined, suggesting the existence of two peaks on the fitness landscape. We sought to determine whether a ridge connected these peaks so that populations founded by one mutant could …