Digital Commons Network^™

Operating Costs, Liquidity, And Demographic Pressures In Tanzania's Reformed Public Pension System (2004–2024), Athumani S. Mbuttuka, Ellinami J. Minja, Siasa I. Mzenzi

Business Management Review

The efficiency of public pension systems is critical for accumulating old-age savings and reducing fiscal pressures. This study evaluated Tanzania’s reformed public pension system from 2004 to 2024, covering pre- and post-merger periods, using longitudinal financial data and benchmarking indicators, including cost-to-contribution, cost-to-asset, payout, and dependency ratios, against regulatory and OECD levels. One-tailed sample t-tests compared efficiency and sustainability metrics against benchmarks. Findings show that operating costs averaged 2.8% of assets and administrative cost-to-contribution averaged 11.8%, exceeding the OECD average of 1.6% and the regulatory ceiling of 10%, respectively. Although operating-cost ratios declined after the 2018 restructuring, costs generally remained …

Integrating Gis With Interim Payment Valuation In Road Construction Projects: A Conceptual Framework, Abdulrahman I. Iro, Juma M. Matindana, Julian Ijumulana

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Abstract

Interim Payment Valuation is a critical process in road construction contract administration, yet conventional valuation practices remain heavily dependent on manual measurements, fragmented documentation, spreadsheets, and professional judgement. These limitations can affect measurement accuracy, transparency, traceability, and the timeliness of payment certification. Although Geographic Information Systems have increasingly been applied to construction planning, quantity measurement, progress monitoring, infrastructure management, and decision support, their integration with contractual and financial processes for interim payment valuation remains insufficiently explored. This study therefore develops a conceptual framework for integrating GIS with Interim Payment Valuation in road construction projects. A PRISMA-guided structured literature review …

A Tool For Assessing The Effectiveness Of Speed Humps As Traffic Calming Measure, Abdulrazak Mzamiru Kachwamba, Enock W. Nshama

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Urban population growth and increasing motor vehicle usage continue to raise concerns regarding road safety in rapidly developing cities. Although previous studies have assessed traffic-calming effectiveness using multiple criteria, they have analysed the criteria separately and have not developed a composite tool for classifying overall effectiveness. This study develops a quantitative assessment tool designed to compute a weighted composite score for evaluating the effectiveness of speed humps as a traffic calming measure. Stakeholder questionnaire responses, complemented by descriptive analysis and exploratory factor analysis, were used to identify key indicators of effectiveness and the variables influencing them. Findings indicate that speed …

Artificial Neural Network-Based Modelling And Prediction Of Key Performance Indicators In Road Construction Projects, Hussein Mativila, John M. Kafuku, Beatus A. T. Kundi

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Road construction projects in developing countries including Tanzania experience several challenges including cost overruns, schedule delays and poor quality. The causes of these challenges include complex interdependencies project’s uncertainty factors. This makes traditional methods for predicting Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) less effective. This study has developed a robust Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for accurate modelling and predicting KPIs for road construction projects in Tanzania. The analysis was based on data obtained from 281 projects implemented by TANROADS in 11 regions from 2015 to 2025. Fourteen uncertainty factors were measured on a five-point Likert scale and screened using Principal Component …

Voltage-Related Power Quality Issues And Impacts On Distribution Networks With Sensitive Loads - A Review, Godwin Elinazi Mnkeni, Jackson Justo, Aviti Thadei Mushi, Bakari M. M. Mwinyiwiwa

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Voltage disturbances are the most important power quality (PQ) complications that customers and power utilities face in this smart era. The growing adoption of sophisticated electronic equipment and integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into power grids has increased the susceptibility of power distribution networks (PDNs) to voltage sags, swells, interruptions, flicker, and voltage imbalance. These disturbances, mainly caused by upstream faults, switching operations, and RES integration, compromise voltage PQ and system reliability. Consequently, they accelerate equipment degradation, increase electronic waste (e-waste), raise reactive power demand and maintenance costs, increase power losses, and impose substantial economic losses on customers and …

Disturbance-Learning Inertia Estimation Using Artificial Neural Networks For Power System Stability, Sospeter Igaanja Gabriel, Francis Mwasilu, Peter Makolo Dr.

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

ABSTRACT

Power systems are progressively shifting towards low inertia as a result of incorporating significant amounts of intermittent and converter-based renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, into the current power grid network. This integration poses considerable problems to inertia and frequency control within the network due to a reduction in the proportion of synchronous generators. Furthermore, rapid frequency deviations occur due to the disparity between supply and demand during contingencies, complicating the maintenance of frequency stability within the power system. The disturbance-learning inertia estimation method for power system stability is presented. The simulation analysis is performed using …

Mathematical Modelling For Optimizing Predator–Prey Networks In A Resilient Wildlife Ecosystem: A Systematic Literature Review, Thadei Damas Sagamiko

Tanzania Journal of Science

The resilience of wildlife networks hinges on the adaptability and stability of complex predator-prey interactions. Mathematical modelling offers a crucial approach for examining and optimizing these dynamics under biological invasions and environmental pressures. This systematic literature review (SLR) employs a bibliometric analysis approach to synthesize global research on mathematical models applied to predator-prey network optimization, with an emphasis on their ecological implications, computational approaches, and modelling strategies. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), 50 peer- reviewed studies (2000–2025) were analyzed using the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The study identifies classical models, such as the …

Scombrotoxin Poisoning In Marine Fish From Unguja Island, Zanzibar: Risks And Public Health Concerns, Khamis O. Haji, Prosper L. Mfilinge, Mwita J. Chacha

Tanzania Journal of Science

Histamine is the primary cause of Scombrotoxin Fish Poisoning (SFP) worldwide and poses health risks to populations dependent on fish and fish products. This study investigated histamine levels, awareness of SFP among health-care personnel and consumers, and fish preservation practices in Zanzibar. Three species, Auxis thazard, Sardinella gibbosa, and Lethrinus mahsena, were sampled on board (at sea during fishing), at landing sites, and in markets in Malindi and Chwaka. Histamine concentrations were measured using an amperometric enzymatic biosensor (BIOFISH-300 HIS, Biolan). Additionally, 270 consumers and 72 health-care personnel were surveyed using structured questionnaires, while post- harvest handling and preservation practices …

Modelling Acute Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis In East Africa: An Integrated Approach To Transmission Dynamics And Outbreak Response Strategies, Geofrey Wingi Sikazwe

Tanzania Journal of Science

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) poses a significant global health risk, with the potential for rapid spread during outbreaks. For instance, a localized outbreak in Yunnan Province, China, recorded infection rates of up to 48%, illustrating how transmission can intensify under favourable epidemiological and environmental conditions. Existing mathematical models of AHC transmission overlook seasonal variations, a critical factor in epidemic spread. This study combines species distribution models (SDMs) and epidemiological modelling to analyse key drivers of AHC in East Africa. We use the SEIR type (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered - incorporating waning immunity) framework with temperature-dependent infectivity rate as the key driver of an …

Plasmodium Falciparum Parasite Density And Its Association With Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Positivity Among School-Aged Children Across Diverse Malaria Transmission Settings In Mainland Tanzania, Felista Mwingira

Tanzania Journal of Science

Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) are widely used for malaria diagnosis and surveillance; however, their performance is influenced by parasite density. This study assessed the relationship between parasite density and mRDT positivity among school-aged children (SAC) across diverse malaria transmission settings in mainland Tanzania. Data were obtained from 17,131 school-aged children participating in a nationwide malaria survey. Malaria infection was assessed using mRDT and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) gene. Parasite density distributions were examined across demographic, environmental, and epidemiological characteristics. Malaria prevalence was 19.5% by malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) and 19.2% …

Silicon Nitride Thin Film Deposited By Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition Technique For Various Device Applications, Anayesu Bariki Malisa

Tanzania Journal of Science

This work reports on silicon nitride (SiNx) thin film deposited by the Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) technique. The film was characterized by Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE) to obtain optical constants 𝑛, 𝑘 and thickness using the Cauchy layer built on the Lorentz oscillator model and the B-spline model. The determined optical band gap 𝐸𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 for direct transition was 3.2 𝑒𝑉 and that for indirect transition was 2.13 𝑒𝑉. Film characterization was performed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) at two different angles of incidence of 15 degrees to probe deep layers and 65 degrees (Brewster’s angle) to excite …

Assessment Of Inter-Observer Variability In Delineating High-Risk Clinical Target Volumes And Organs At Risk In Cervical Cancer Brachytherapy, Atumaini A. Makoba, Julius S. Chiuyo, Innocent J. Lugendo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Achieving precise target volume delineation during cervical cancer treatment poses challenges due to several reasons, including difficulties in establishing the precise geometrical location of the gross target volume. Inter-observer variability in contouring anatomical structures poses a critical challenge to treatment consistency, delineation, and dosimetry accuracy. Volumetric and dosimetric records of 20 patients treated with gynecologic high-dose rate brachytherapy were analyzed to assess the interobserver variability between oncologists. Three radiation oncologists independently examined the organs at risk and high-risk critical organs on 20 computed tomography scans. The volumetric and dosimetric relationship between the contours delineated by radiation oncologists was described using …

Fast Sparse Image Reconstruction Models In Through-The-Wall Radars: A Review, Aude Kileo, Hashimu U. Iddi, Abdi Abdalla

Tanzania Journal of Science

Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging (TWRI) is a modern technology that uses electromagnetic waves to detect objects behind walls, with key applications in surveillance, rescue operations, and reconnaissance. Achieving high resolution in both down-range and cross-range requires ultra-wideband signals and long apertures, resulting in large data volumes, increased acquisition time, and high memory demands. TWRI employs Compressive Sensing (CS) to reduce computational time, which has proved its significance in many recent TWRI applications. However, in CS, image reconstruction approaches shift the computational burden from the sensing stage to the recovery stage, which prolongs the reconstruction times, making it unsuitable in time-sensitive applications. …

Feasibility Of Acetylated Icacina Trichantha Oliv. Tuber Starch As Viscosity And Fluid Loss Control Agents In Water-Based Drilling Mud. A Comparative Assessment With Commercial Starch, Kennedy I. Ogunwa, Theresa O. Uchechukwu, Ozioma Achugasim, Leo C. Osuji, Onyewuchi Akaranta

Tanzania Journal of Science

The need for sustainable, non-food drilling fluid additives has prompted the feasibility assessment of acetylated Icacina trichantha tuber starch as a viscosity modifier and fluid loss control agent in water-based muds. Native starch was acetylated to obtain two derivatives (Degree of Substitution DS = 0.38 and 0.68) and characterized using FTIR, swelling power, and physicochemical analyses. Drilling mud performance was assessed through rheology, gel strength, filtration loss, sorptivity, and model fitting. Acetylation improved swelling and reduced gelatinization temperature. The optimal formulation, Mud-ITO-ACS2 (DS = 0.68), exhibited the most favorable performance, combining low plastic viscosity (6 cP vs 9 cP for …

Clustering Of Potable Water Sources In Rural Oyo State, Nigeria: Implications For Equitable Distribution And Sustainability, Adesola Adediran, Ibrahim O. Raufu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Adequate and equitable access to potable water remains a major challenge in rural communities of Oyo State, Nigeria, with uncoordinated provision leading to widespread shortages. This study employs geospatial techniques to assess the spatial distribution of water supply sources across five purposively selected rural communities in Olorunsogo Local Government Area (OLGA). Geographic coordinates of boreholes, hand-dug wells, and other potable water sources were collected using a handheld Garmin GPS 76S device. Spatial analysis was conducted using ArcGIS, and Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) was applied to evaluate the pattern of distribution. Results indicate a strong tendency toward clustering, with a Nearest …

Biosensor Development In East Africa: A Systematic Review Of Technologies, Applications, Challenges, And Future Directions, Ally Mahadhy

Tanzania Journal of Science

Biosensors integrate biological recognition elements with signal transduction systems to generate quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information and have applications across healthcare, food safety, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and wildlife health. Despite substantial global advances, biosensor development in East Africa remains poorly characterized. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, evaluated published evidence from 1995 to 2025 within a predefined East African Community geographical scope. Eligibility was based on IUPAC-aligned operational criteria requiring an integrated biological recognition element, transduction mechanism, and quantitative or semi-quantitative signal output. Three locally developed biosensors met the criteria: an electrochemical nano-biosensor for schistosomiasis diagnosis in …

A Review Of Trade Policies And Wild Meat Consumption Patterns In Tanzania, Steven Temu, Cuthbert Nahonyo, Venance Mutayoba, Flora Magige, Paulo Wilfred

Tanzania Journal of Science

Wild meat, commonly referred to as bushmeat or game meat, plays a significant role in Tanzania's socio-economic and cultural systems, particularly for communities adjacent to protected areas where it contributes to food security, household income, and cultural practices. Despite over 30% of Tanzania's land being under protection, the country faces persistent challenges of unsustainable and illegal wildlife offtake. This review synthesizes trade policies and patterns in bushmeat hunting, consumption, and trade in Tanzania, and evaluates the effectiveness of existing regulatory frameworks. We conducted a structured, keyword-driven literature search covering 2000-2025 using Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and official …

Effect Of Acid Pretreatment On The Adsorption Of Phenol Red By Cellulose Isolated From Sandbox (Hura Crepitans L.): Kinetics, Isotherms And Thermodynamics, Muibat O. Alabi-Abass, Najeem A. Adesola Babarinde, Adeola A. Ibikunle, Nurudeen O. Sanyaolu

Tanzania Journal of Science

The removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater remains an urgent environmental concern due to their persistence and toxicity. This study evaluates cellulose from Hura crepitans (HC) and its acid-modified form (AHC) for the adsorption of phenol red (PR) dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents were characterized using FTIR to identify functional groups responsible for dye binding, XRD to determine the crystalline structure, SEM to examine surface morphology, and BET/BJH analyses to measure surface area and pore distribution. Acid modification enhanced surface roughness, porosity, and the abundance of active functional sites, leading to improved adsorption efficiency. Optimal conditions were pH 9.0 …

Distribution Of Diagenetic Alterations In Lower Cretaceous Strata Of The Tanzanian Coastal Sedimentary Basin, Justina James Saroni

Tanzania Journal of Science

The Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Coastal Sedimentary Basin of Tanzania crop out in the Wami and Mandawa basins and are stratigraphically similar to the reservoir rocks hosting gas at Songo Songo. This study examines the relationship between facies and diagenetic processes in outcrops from the study area. Outcrop description and petrographic analysis by using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to identify facies and diagenetic alterations. Sixteen facies were identified, including siliciclastic facies: conglomerate (Gm), sandstones (St, Sp, Sm, Sh, Sr), siltstone and mudstone (Fm, Fl); and carbonate facies are packstone (Lsp, Lspc, Lspg, Lspo), grainstone …

The Efficient Market Hypothesis In Youth Entrepreneurship: Understanding, Application, And Contextual Factors — A Systematic Literature Review, Omari Khalifa Mbura Prof,, Binto M. Binto

Business Management Review

This systematic literature review explores how youth entrepreneurs understand and apply the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in their decision-making, and examines the contextual factors influencing the decision-making nexus. Guided by a post-positivist framework, the review synthesises extant literature across youth entrepreneurship, finance, and digital strategy to map emerging themes and identify knowledge gaps. It covered a sample of 38 peer-reviewed articles, selected in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Findings of the systematic literature review show that youth entrepreneurs' engagement with EMH is largely experiential and indirect, influenced by digital literacy, social learning, and the realities of rapidly changing market environments. …

Hybrid Transformer-Bilstm Model For Early Fault Detection And Multiclass Classification Of Wind Turbine Faults Using Scada Data, Hassan Y. Mkindu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Early and accurate fault detection in wind turbines is essential for improving operational reliability, reducing maintenance costs, and minimizing unplanned downtime. This study proposes a Hybrid Transformer-BiLSTM deep learning model for early fault detection and multiclass fault classification using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data. The proposed architecture combines the Transformer's self-attention mechanism to capture global temporal dependencies with the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network's ability to model sequential fault evolution, enabling effective learning of multivariate time-series data. The model was developed and evaluated using the recently introduced CARE SCADA dataset, classifying five operating states: No Fault, Transformer …

A Quad-Port Dual-Band Elliptical Patch Mimo Antenna For 5g And Wlan Applications, Livingstone L. Kimaro, Hashimu Uledi Iddi, Mussa M. Kissaka, Neema S. Joseph

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

A dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation new radio (5G NR) band n104 applications is presented. Two U-shaped slots interconnected back to back are etched on an elliptical shaped patch, four identical patch elements are then arranged orthogonally to form a quad-port antenna that resonates at 5.8 GHz and 6.7 GHz. Without additional extrinsic decoupling structures, the proposed design achieves measured isolation levels above 25.13 dB and 21.31dB, realized gains of 7 dBi and 7.2 dBi and -10 dB impedance bandwidths of 155.4 MHz and 90 MHz in the lower and upper frequency …

Design Of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor For Railways Traction Application, Anna S. Mwang'onda, Jackson J. Justo, Francis Mwasilu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This paper presents the design of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SMPMSM) intended for traction applications in standard gauge railway (SGR) for passengers. The proposed motor is rated 350 kW with a base speed of 3000 rpm. Moreover, speed control strategy with stability analysis is incorporated in the design to validate the performance of the SPMSM. The simulation results achieved a torque of approximately 1115 Nm at a terminal voltage of 800 V. The flux linkage of 150 mVs which ensures effective electromagnetic pertinence while maintaining safe magnetic loading because the flux density is less than 1.5 T. The …

Recent Advances In Bioethanol Production From Water Hyacinth: A Critical Review, Umuamina A. Matola, Mahir Mohammed Said, Olga-Ioanna Kalantzi, Abraham K. Temu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Water hyacinth (WH) is a highly invasive tropical aquatic weed with high holocellulose and low lignin content, making it a promising lignocellulosic feedstock for second-generation bioethanol production. Producing bioethanol from WH offers a sustainable approach to simultaneously managing invasive biomass and producing renewable energy. This review critically evaluates recent advancements in bioethanol production from WH by examining pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation technologies reported between 2014 and 2024. A PRISMA-guided literature search was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science databases, and fifty-nine original research articles were selected for analysis. The reviewed studies were comparatively assessed based on pretreatment strategies, …

Exploring Consultancy-Related Variations In Public Building Projects: A Review Towards A Management Framework, Grayson Bambaza, Ismail W. R. Taifa, George S, Mwaluko

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Consultancy-related variations remain one of the leading causes of cost overruns, schedule delays, quality deficiencies, and contractual disputes in public building projects. Although various studies have been undertaken to document the causes of variations in construction works, the same level of interest has not been shown for consulting services variations across the consulting services spectrum and their consequences for effective management. This study explores variations in consulting services for public works by systematically reviewing the existing literature using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses) guidelines. Relevant articles published from 2020 to 2026 were retrieved from …

Urban Spatial Development Control In Tanzania: Analysis Of Factors Influencing Gis Application Using Structural Equation Modelling (Sem)., Happiness Protas Mmanda, Nestory Yamungu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has intensified urban expansion, creating challenges for sustainable development. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enhance spatial planning, but empirical evidence on factors influencing their effectiveness remains limited. This study examines determinants of GIS application in Urban Spatial Development Control (USDC). The objectives are to (1) identify and categorize factors affecting GIS use, (2) assess relative strength, and (3) develop a validated structural model explaining GIS adoption in USDC. Data were collected from 103 LGAs by a mixed sampling method. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis classified influencing factors into technology-related (α = 0.869, CR = 0.881), process-related …

Decision Support Tool For The Maintenance Of Meter Gauge Railway Permanent-Way Infrastructures: A Concept Paper, Hamisi J. Maulid, Beatus A.T Kundi, Juma M. Matindana, Ismail W. R. Taifa Dr

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

A Decision Support Tool (DST) represents a transformative way of modernising maintenance practice on the permanent-way infrastructure of Meter Gauge Railway (MGR). Maintenance practice remains largely reactive, as the MGR plays a strategic role in transporting both freight and passengers, resulting in inefficient resource allocation, high operational risk, and growing Lifecycle expenses. This concept paper explores the potential and the design challenges for a DST that combines fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (Fuzzy-AHP) modelling, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and predictive machine learning (ML) analytics for evidence-based, future-oriented maintenance management. The paper draws on peer-reviewed studies from …

Effect Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Incorporated With Limestone Calcined Clay Cement On Geotechnical Properties Of Swelling Soils Relevant To Road Applications, Horris K. Nangulama, Siya P. Rimoy, John E. Elvis

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study aims to investigate the use and effect of sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) incorporated with limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for stabilizing swelling soils. Therefore, BA incorporating LC³ was added to black cotton soil (BCS), known for its high swelling potential. Series of laboratory tests including free swell index (FSI), compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), and shear strength were conducted to evaluate the performance of BA incorporating LC³ binder-stabilized BCS. Additionally, microstructural analyses using pore size distribution (PSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to …

Hydro-Chemical And Bacteriological Assessment Of Zanzibar Groundwater Resources, Subira Munishi, Andrew Kimati

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Groundwater is the primary freshwater source in Zanzibar, sustaining domest ic, agricultural, and tourism needs. Increasing demand has intensified the pressure on this limited resource and has led to over-abstraction and contamination. Amid the growing demand and contamination pressures, this study examines the quality of groundwater in Zanzibar to clarify current conditions and emerging risks, and inform resource management and public health priority interventions. Particularly, the present hydro-chemical and bacteriological quality and variability was examined for both Unguja and Pemba Islands. A total of seventy-two samples were collected using a stratified random sampling approach, with the first field campaign focusing …

The Influence Of Entrepreneurial Marketing On Sustainable Competitive Advantage In Tanzanian Smes: A Lower-Order Dimensional Analysis, Omari Khalifa Mbura

Business Management Review

Although entrepreneurial marketing is increasingly recognised as multidimensional, limited understanding remains of whether its individual behaviours exhibit equivalent relationships with competitive advantage, particularly when behaviours associated with the same broad dynamic-capability process are considered separately. This study examines the associations between five lower-order dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing (EM)—proactiveness, innovativeness, resource leveraging, customer intensity and value creation—and sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) among food-processing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Guided by Dynamic Capability Theory (DCT), cross-sectional survey data from 255 SMEs were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in the SEMinR package in R. …