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Chemical Analysis; Electron Microscopy; Grain Size; Hafnium; Interstitials; Milling; Nanostructured Materials; Powders; Solid-State; Phase Transformations; X-Ray Diffraction; Nanostructured Materials; Molecular-Dynamics; Lattice Expansion; Grain-Boundaries; Deformation; Titanium; Metals; Transformation; Simulation; Attrition; Physics; Applied
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Mechanically Induced Fcc Phase Formation In Nanocrystalline Hafnium, U. M. R. Seelam, C. Suryanarayana
Mechanically Induced Fcc Phase Formation In Nanocrystalline Hafnium, U. M. R. Seelam, C. Suryanarayana
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A face-centered-cubic (fcc) phase was obtained in high-purity hafnium (Hf) metal powders subjected to mechanical milling in a high-energy SPEX shaker mill. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques were employed to evaluate the structural changes in the milled powder as a function of milling time. The effects of mechanical milling included a reduction in grain size, an increase in lattice strain, and formation of an fcc phase instead of an equilibrium hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) phase. During milling, the grain size of Hf decreased to below about 7 nm. Additionally, there was approximately 6% increase in atomic volume during the formation of …