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Materials From Robert Gardella (2004-2005) Jan 7980

Materials From Robert Gardella (2004-2005)

Hazel Todd Collection

Correspondence from Robert Gardella to Winifred Todd, requesting permission to publish letters from the Hazel Todd archival collection, November 2004. "Letters from Hazel: One American Life in the China Inland Mission, 1920-1941," essay by Robert Gardella, circa 2004. Correspondence from Robert Gardella to Whitworth archivist Janet Hauck, January 2005, with business card and photocopies attached.


Rule Breaking In Corporations: Does Leadership And Seriousness Make A Difference?, Marissa T. Montagna, Ellen S. Cohn Jan 2926

Rule Breaking In Corporations: Does Leadership And Seriousness Make A Difference?, Marissa T. Montagna, Ellen S. Cohn

Honors Theses and Capstones

No abstract provided.


Fall 2021 Oct 2921

Fall 2021

Scientia

A Decade of Progress and Success; Speech Language Pathology Program; COVID-19 Long-Hauler Study; Peer Mentors Initiative; Faculty Update; Expert Engagement: Three CSH initiatives further education and scholarship while supporting communities in need; Strategic Command: Business consultant and med tech expert Stephen Sichak helps others face pandemic challenges; Taking Care: A School of Nursing research team plumbs the pandemic experiences of nurses nationwide


การสร้างพฤติกรรมการคัดแยกขยะอย่างยั่งยืนด้วยแนวทางการจัดการเรียนรู้เชิงรุก (Active Learning) สำหรับนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษา กรณีศึกษาโรงเรียนสวนลุมพินี เขตปทุมวัน, รวมพร กะราลัย, ธนวรรณ จันทร์ประเสริฐ, ศศิลักษณ์ ไชยจรัส, อนัญญา พรหมรักษา, วรุต วรรณวัตร, สิตานันท์ พงษ์พุฒ, พัชรีญา ใจภักดี, นุตา ศุภคต Jan 2567

การสร้างพฤติกรรมการคัดแยกขยะอย่างยั่งยืนด้วยแนวทางการจัดการเรียนรู้เชิงรุก (Active Learning) สำหรับนักเรียนชั้นประถมศึกษา กรณีศึกษาโรงเรียนสวนลุมพินี เขตปทุมวัน, รวมพร กะราลัย, ธนวรรณ จันทร์ประเสริฐ, ศศิลักษณ์ ไชยจรัส, อนัญญา พรหมรักษา, วรุต วรรณวัตร, สิตานันท์ พงษ์พุฒ, พัชรีญา ใจภักดี, นุตา ศุภคต

Thai Environment

No abstract provided.


“ขยะพลาสติกจากการสั่งอาหารออนไลน์” สถานการณ์ปัญหาและแนวทางแก้ไข (ตอนที่ 1), บุญชนิต ว่องประพิณกุล Jan 2564

“ขยะพลาสติกจากการสั่งอาหารออนไลน์” สถานการณ์ปัญหาและแนวทางแก้ไข (ตอนที่ 1), บุญชนิต ว่องประพิณกุล

Thai Environment

No abstract provided.


ขยะพลาสติกจากการสั่งอาหารออนไลน์ (ตอนที่ 2) - ผลการสำรวจพฤติกรรมและความคิดเห็นของผู้บริโภค, บุญชนิต ว่องประพิณกุล Jan 2564

ขยะพลาสติกจากการสั่งอาหารออนไลน์ (ตอนที่ 2) - ผลการสำรวจพฤติกรรมและความคิดเห็นของผู้บริโภค, บุญชนิต ว่องประพิณกุล

Thai Environment

No abstract provided.


การพัฒนากิจกรรมการส่งเสริมสุขภาวะทางจิตผู้สูงอายุในชุมชน จังหวัดเลย, ภัทรธิรา ผลงาม, ฐานชน จันทร์เรือง, ชัยรันต์ สุทน May 2563

การพัฒนากิจกรรมการส่งเสริมสุขภาวะทางจิตผู้สูงอายุในชุมชน จังหวัดเลย, ภัทรธิรา ผลงาม, ฐานชน จันทร์เรือง, ชัยรันต์ สุทน

Journal of Demography

The objectives of this research were:(a)to study the current situation of mental health promotion for the aging population of Loei Province, (b)to develop activities to promote the mental health of that population using the public participation approach, and (c) to assess the mental health condition of the aging population in that province after the elderly peoples'participation in the proposed health promotion activities. The methodology of participatory action research (PAR) used in the study comprised focus group discussions, a group brainstorming meeting, in-depth interviews and participatory observation. The target group included aging persons in the community who were capable of good …


The Feminist Myth: Second-Wave Feminism In The Birmingham News Advertising, Yasmin El-Husari Jan 2106

The Feminist Myth: Second-Wave Feminism In The Birmingham News Advertising, Yasmin El-Husari

Vulcan Historical Review

pp. 47-54


Analysis Of The Implementation Of Merit System At The Ministry Of Youth And Sports, Jeandhita Rindhi Damayanti, Ridwan Rajab, Hamka Hamka Jun 2030

Analysis Of The Implementation Of Merit System At The Ministry Of Youth And Sports, Jeandhita Rindhi Damayanti, Ridwan Rajab, Hamka Hamka

Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Terapan

Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning State Civil Apparatus mandates that all Government Agencies must implement Merit System-based in HR Management. However, even though Ministry of Youth and Sports received predicate "Good” in Merit System evaluation in 2021, but Ministry of Youth and Sports ranked 29th out of 33 Ministries (within bottom 5). From the results of this evaluation, there were at least 2 (two) aspects that received the lowest scores, career development aspect (40.38%) and promotion and transfer aspect (31.25%). This research aims to: 1) analyzing the implementation of the Merit System in employee placement at the Ministry of …


Navigating Cognitive Dissonance Among Lgbtq+ Filipino Americans, Aj Laxa Jan 2028

Navigating Cognitive Dissonance Among Lgbtq+ Filipino Americans, Aj Laxa

Doctoral Dissertations

This qualitative study explored how LGBTQ+ Filipino Americans experience and navigate cognitive dissonance related to their intersecting identities, with particular attention to Filipino cultural values, religious beliefs, and family dynamics. Using pakikipagkuwentuhan as a methodology, six LGBTQ+ Filipino American participants engaged in narrative interviews. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis. Three major themes, along with subthemes, emerged: (1) religion as a source of cognitive dissonance, (2) secular Filipino values intensifying cognitive dissonance, and (3) strategies for navigating cognitive dissonance. Participants described navigating conflicts between LGBTQ+ identity and religious teachings, as well as balancing authenticity with relational …


Unplugging For Wellness: Psycho-Behavioral Impact Of Social Media Detox In Medical Students, Hazhmat Ali, Deemah Shalan, Lubna Ahmed, Ahmed Abdulazeez, Bira Ahmed, Mohammed Khamo Dec 2027

Unplugging For Wellness: Psycho-Behavioral Impact Of Social Media Detox In Medical Students, Hazhmat Ali, Deemah Shalan, Lubna Ahmed, Ahmed Abdulazeez, Bira Ahmed, Mohammed Khamo

Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia

Social media detoxification has emerged as a strategy for enhancing well-being. This study investigates the effects of social media detox on the psychological well-being and academic performance of students. A total of 361 medical students participated in this study. After obtaining formal consent, the participants completed a structured survey administered in a controlled setting. The survey included sections on demographics, patterns of social media use (e.g., time spent, platforms accessed, and primary motivations), and standardized psychological assessment scales. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. Most students (75.9%) reported using multiple social media …


Impact Of Traditional (Non-Affirming) Black Church Affiliation On Exploration Of Sexual Identity For Black Assigned Female At Birth Lgbq+ Individuals And The Associated Mental Health Risk, Aurielle J. Sutton Aug 2027

Impact Of Traditional (Non-Affirming) Black Church Affiliation On Exploration Of Sexual Identity For Black Assigned Female At Birth Lgbq+ Individuals And The Associated Mental Health Risk, Aurielle J. Sutton

Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation explored the impact of Black traditional church upbringing on the sexual and religious identity development, including the subsequent mental health risk, for Black assigned female at birth (AFAB) LGBQ+ individuals. Studies conducted on Black AFAB LGBQ+ individuals are limited, especially in terms of  assessing their experiences in sexual identity development based on religious upbringings. Studies have overlooked the experience of LGBQ+ Black AFAB individuals navigating sexual orientation development and religious and racial identities. Studies have greatly favored Black gay men and supported health risks such as HIV. In the present study, twelve Black AFAB Queer individuals participated in …


White, Heterosexual, Cisgender Male Experiences With Contemporary Masculinity Language, Marcus D. Kako Aug 2027

White, Heterosexual, Cisgender Male Experiences With Contemporary Masculinity Language, Marcus D. Kako

Doctoral Dissertations

Studies suggest that rigid adherence to tenets of traditional masculinity (e.g., dominance, restrictive emotionality, aggression) can lead to adverse physical and mental health outcomes in men and marginalized groups (e.g., Burke, 2002; Jampel et al., 2020; Jewkes et al., 2011; Mesler et al., 2022). However, literature demonstrates that many men have an aversion to changing thoughts, values, and behaviors related to traditional masculinity, and that the language used to discuss these changes affects men’s willingness to engage in adopting new perspectives and values (e.g., Smedley & Croffie, 2023; Stein, 2018). Thus, this dissertation focuses on understanding how White, heterosexual, cisgender …


An Exploration Of Providers’ Perspectives On The Impact Of Incarceration-Related Stigma On Formerly Incarcerated Women’S Mental Health, Megan A. Fields Aug 2027

An Exploration Of Providers’ Perspectives On The Impact Of Incarceration-Related Stigma On Formerly Incarcerated Women’S Mental Health, Megan A. Fields

Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation explored mental health providers’ perspectives about how incarceration-related stigma impacts formerly incarcerated women’s mental health, and what interventions are being implemented to address these impacts. Previous studies about impacts of incarceration have focused mainly on the perspectives of justice-involved individuals, leaving a gap in understanding how mental health providers perceive and respond to these challenges from a clinical lens. Five participants qualified for inclusion in the study and participated in semi-structured interviews. The researcher analyzed these interviews using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) framework. Participants described noticing clients endorsing mental health symptoms aligned with anxiety and depression resulting …


A Qualitative Exploration Of The Attitudes And Perceptions Of Female Immigrants Of Chinese Descent Regarding Access To Mental Health Services, Ming Wai Myra Kan Aug 2027

A Qualitative Exploration Of The Attitudes And Perceptions Of Female Immigrants Of Chinese Descent Regarding Access To Mental Health Services, Ming Wai Myra Kan

Doctoral Dissertations

This qualitative study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore the lived experiences and meaning-making of Chinese immigrants’ attitudes and perceptions of mental disorders and mental health-seeking behaviors in the US. This study also explored the cultural and structural barriers to mental health services in the US. A total of six participants were interviewed in this study, and the interviews were conducted in English and Cantonese. Eligible participants identified as being of Chinese descent who immigrated to the US from Hong Kong or Mainland China and were over the age of 18. IPA analysis revealed seven themes: Cultural Identity, Post-Migration Adjustment …


Associations Between Sexual And Gender Minority Stress Exposure And Schizophrenia-Like Experiences In The South, Lillian A. Hammer Aug 2027

Associations Between Sexual And Gender Minority Stress Exposure And Schizophrenia-Like Experiences In The South, Lillian A. Hammer

Dissertations

Background: Negative experiences related to one’s minority identity serve as stressors contributing to mental health concerns for those identifying as a sexual and/or gender minority (SGM). SGM groups have greater severity of some mental health symptoms than non-SGM individuals, yet it is poorly understood whether these findings extend to schizophrenia-like experiences (SLEs). SLEs are associated with significant distress and may indicate risk for the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Associations between exposure to minority stress and SLEs are underexplored. This study aimed to fill this gap by assessing whether exposure to SGM-related minority stress was related to SLEs using ecological …


Association Between Anxiety And Rrbs In Autistic Youth: Role Of Ethnicity, Catherine Rita Callaci Aug 2027

Association Between Anxiety And Rrbs In Autistic Youth: Role Of Ethnicity, Catherine Rita Callaci

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Autistic youth are at elevated risk for developing co-occurring anxiety symptoms (Zaboski & Storch, 2018), which are shown to be related to restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs; Rogers et al., 2012). Despite similar rates of autism in Latinx as in non-Latinx White youth, limited research has been conducted in the Latinx population. Participants were autistic youth and youth with developmental delays (DD; N = 199, Mage = 4.98 years, Latinx = 66.3%, Male = 66.3%) from two larger randomized controlled trials investigating parenting stress. Child anxiety was measured via the Spence Anxiety Scales total anxiety T-scores. RRBs were measured via Repetitive …


The Association Between The Number Of Languages Spoken, Working Memory, And Emotional Regulation In Monolingual English Speakers And Fluent Multilingual English And Non-English Speakers, Eun-Sung Chang Aug 2027

The Association Between The Number Of Languages Spoken, Working Memory, And Emotional Regulation In Monolingual English Speakers And Fluent Multilingual English And Non-English Speakers, Eun-Sung Chang

Doctoral Dissertations

Despite the growing linguistic diversity of the population in the United States, multilingual individuals remain underrepresented in psychological research and often experience disparities in access to culturally and linguistically appropriate mental health care. Using a cross-sectional design and quantitative methods, the present study examined the relationships among the number of languages spoken, working memory, and emotional regulation. A total of 94 participants (30 monolingual English speakers and 64 multilingual speakers who spoke English and at least one other language fluently) completed the Working Memory Index (WMI) of the WAIS-IV and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Results revealed no …


Development Of A Multidimensional Psychometric Scale For Assessing Vulnerability In Human Behavior, Jibran Rasheed Khan, Sumaira Mustufa Qureshi, Farhan Ahmed Siddiqui, Syed Asim Ali Jul 2027

Development Of A Multidimensional Psychometric Scale For Assessing Vulnerability In Human Behavior, Jibran Rasheed Khan, Sumaira Mustufa Qureshi, Farhan Ahmed Siddiqui, Syed Asim Ali

Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia

Human behavior is a persistent and primary cybersecurity vulnerability. However, existing psychometric tools for assessing these factors are often fragmented, focusing on isolated aspects such as knowledge, compliance intentions, or organizational context, and lack a unifying theoretical framework. To address this gap, this study developed and pilot-tested the Cyber-behavioral Index, a novel multidimensional instrument to holistically assess human behavior. The scale operationalizes the CBS framework, comprising five latent dimensions: attitude and habits, perception and belief, social influence, digital influence, and trust in technology. Following a rigorous development process including expert review (n = 3) and cognitive pretesting (n = 10), …


Pathological Or Religious Emotions? Exploring The Effect Of The Fear Of Divine Punishment On The Subjective Well-Being Of Devout Indonesian Muslims, Subhan El Hafiz, Jas Laile Suzana Jafaar, Ahmad Shamsuri Muhamad Jul 2027

Pathological Or Religious Emotions? Exploring The Effect Of The Fear Of Divine Punishment On The Subjective Well-Being Of Devout Indonesian Muslims, Subhan El Hafiz, Jas Laile Suzana Jafaar, Ahmad Shamsuri Muhamad

Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia

The fear of divine punishment has been identified as a religiosity marker among Muslims. Nonetheless, scholars hold varying perspectives on this emotion. While some consider it a pathological emotion, others view it as a religious emotion. To further investigate this issue, a study was conducted involving 392 non-clinical devout Muslims in Indonesia, using a measurement tool to assess excessive fear of divine punishment. The findings revealed that devout Muslims scored high on the measurement, implying that the fear of divine punishment is not an excessive or pathological emotion but rather a religious one. Although it indicates Muslim religiosity, the emotion …


You Can(Not) See Me: Exploring The Role Of Anonymity On Online Self-Disclosure In Social Media X By Emerging Adults, Vania Ardelia, James Goulding Jul 2027

You Can(Not) See Me: Exploring The Role Of Anonymity On Online Self-Disclosure In Social Media X By Emerging Adults, Vania Ardelia, James Goulding

Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia

The significant rise in the use of social media in recent decades has given humans efficient communication, with X becoming one of the most well-known platforms. Prior studies have found that the features of the X can make individuals feel more comfortable sharing their personal information online while remaining anonymous, which in turn could increase the incidence of maladaptive online self-disclosure. However, to date, few studies have specifically examined how anonymity contributes to emerging adults’ online self-disclosure on social media. This study aims to explore the role of visual and discursive anonymity on the online self-disclosure of emerging adults on …


How Schema Modes Are Associated With Self-Presentation Tactics: An Examination On Online Dating Platforms, Gülşah Durna, Özlem Serap Özkan, Arzu Araz Jul 2027

How Schema Modes Are Associated With Self-Presentation Tactics: An Examination On Online Dating Platforms, Gülşah Durna, Özlem Serap Özkan, Arzu Araz

Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia

With the internet being an important part of our daily lives, online dating platforms have become extremely widespread for meeting people. Accordingly, self-images on these platforms and the factors that influence their emergence or maintenance have gained increasing interest. The present study aimed to scrutinize the relationship between schema modes, which can explain human emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in a broader range of categories, and online self-presentation tactics used on dating platforms. The sample consisted of 246 users of online dating platforms in Türkiye. A set of surveys measuring schema modes and self-presentation tactics was used. The results of hierarchical …


The Moderating Role Of Coping Strategies In The Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms And Hypersexuality Among Young Filipino Adults, Kathryn H. Jacob, Voltaire M. Marquez Jul 2027

The Moderating Role Of Coping Strategies In The Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms And Hypersexuality Among Young Filipino Adults, Kathryn H. Jacob, Voltaire M. Marquez

Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia

Mental health among young adults is receiving increasing attention because of its significant influence on overall well-being, including physical health, interpersonal relationships, and daily functioning. Among the key concerns within this age group are depression and hypersexuality. This study investigated the moderating role of coping strategies in the relationship between depressive symptoms and hypersexuality. We hypothesize that adaptive coping strategies—such as problem- and emotion-focused coping—would attenuate the negative effects of depressive symptoms on hypersexual behavior, whereas avoidant coping would intensify this relationship. To test these assumptions, a cross-sectional explanatory study was conducted involving 407 Filipino young adults aged 18 to …


Combat And Beyond: Predictors Of Post-Traumatic Growth In War Zone Veterans, Gabriela Crucianu Jun 2027

Combat And Beyond: Predictors Of Post-Traumatic Growth In War Zone Veterans, Gabriela Crucianu

Dissertations

Veterans returning from combat often face psychological challenges, but many also experience posttraumatic growth (PTG), which refers to positive changes that can emerge after trauma. This study explored whether coping strategies, personal characteristics, social support, and combat exposure were associated with PTG in a sample of 42 war zone veterans using quantitative and qualitative methods. Participants completed validated measures assessing combat exposure, coping strategies, social support, personal characteristics (e.g., optimism), and PTG. Regression analyses showed that combat exposure, coping strategies, and optimism were not significant predictors of overall PTG. However, combat exposure was associated with appreciation for life, a dimension …


Familismo: Exploring A Culturally Sensitive Correlation Between Parentification And Relationship Satisfaction Amongst First Generation Mexican-American Adults Through An Attachment Theory Lens, Ana K. Perez Jun 2027

Familismo: Exploring A Culturally Sensitive Correlation Between Parentification And Relationship Satisfaction Amongst First Generation Mexican-American Adults Through An Attachment Theory Lens, Ana K. Perez

Dissertations

Parentification refers to the role reversal of children who take on adult responsibility to care for family members. This role is often filled by Mexican-American children as a result of immigration and assimilation. This study explored the relationship between parentification and adult romantic relationship satisfaction among first-generation Mexican-American adults, with particular attention to the moderating roles of attachment styles and perceived unfairness. While earlier research has linked parentification to mental health challenges, few studies have examined its long-term impact on intimate relationships, including relationship satisfaction and experiences of intimate partner violence. A total of 132 participants completed an online survey …


Exploring The Relationships Between Emotional Intelligence, Perceived Organizational Support, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Stay Among Minnesota School Nurses, Kristin K. Coudron May 2027

Exploring The Relationships Between Emotional Intelligence, Perceived Organizational Support, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Stay Among Minnesota School Nurses, Kristin K. Coudron

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

School nurses face escalating job demands driven by increasing student health complexity, chronic condition management, and expanding public health responsibilities. Often serving as the sole healthcare professional within a school or district, they work in settings characterized by high autonomy, variable organizational support, and growing concerns about job satisfaction and retention. Limited empirical research has examined how personal and organizational resources jointly relate to school nurses’ intent to remain in practice. Guided by the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) theory and the National Association of School Nurses School Nursing Practice Framework, this quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional study explored relationships among emotional intelligence, …


High School Career And Technical Education (Cte) Programming And Post-Secondary Career Pathways: A Correlational Study, Richard P. Jorgenson May 2027

High School Career And Technical Education (Cte) Programming And Post-Secondary Career Pathways: A Correlational Study, Richard P. Jorgenson

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative correlational research project was to examine the association between the 6 CTE components (i.e., curriculum, work-based learning, mentorship/industry connections, student organizations/competitions, non-degree credentials, and experiential learning) and a students’ choice of a career pathway. The current literature stated the benefits of CTE but left a void as to which CTE component had the most impact on a student’s choice of a career pathway. With a theoretical framework based on the Career Self-Management Model, the author analyzed data from a sample consisting of current high school students, former high school students, and current CTE teachers to …


Bridging Research And Practice: A Mixed Methods Study Of Principals' Use Of Implementation Driver Strategies To Support The Adoption Of Evidence-Based Literacy Practices In Minnesota K-12 Public Schools, Jamie L. Nord May 2027

Bridging Research And Practice: A Mixed Methods Study Of Principals' Use Of Implementation Driver Strategies To Support The Adoption Of Evidence-Based Literacy Practices In Minnesota K-12 Public Schools, Jamie L. Nord

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

Despite a substantial research base identifying effective reading instruction, some schools continue to struggle to translate evidence-based literacy practices into consistent classroom use. This explanatory sequential mixed methods study examined the relationship between Minnesota K–12 public school principals’ self-reported use of implementation driver strategies and their self-reported adoption of evidence-based literacy practices, while also exploring how principals perceived implementation within their school contexts. Guided by the Implementation Drivers framework, the study included a statewide survey of 138 principals using the researcher-developed Leadership for Literacy Implementation Scale, followed by two focus groups with 10 participants. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive, …


Reflecting On Psychotherapy In Adolescence: A Qualitative Analysis Of Processes Of Change, John Parigger May 2027

Reflecting On Psychotherapy In Adolescence: A Qualitative Analysis Of Processes Of Change, John Parigger

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

There is a sharp increase in anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence, and many forms of psychotherapy are shown to be effective. However, most research has examined average effects for manualized treatments that address multiple areas of functioning, which makes it difficult to determine how psychotherapy causes positive change. Process-based therapy postulates that all psychotherapies work through promoting adaptive biopsychosocial patterns of behavior (i.e., processes of change). Research has increasingly focused on the process-based therapy model, and there is a need for qualitative studies to incorporate lived experience into our understanding of change processes. The current study utilized the process-based …


Neuropsychological Profiles To Aid In Determining The Necessity For Neuroimaging Reviews: Providing Evidence For A Screener For Cerebrovascular Abnormalities, Kayla Blaire Miller May 2027

Neuropsychological Profiles To Aid In Determining The Necessity For Neuroimaging Reviews: Providing Evidence For A Screener For Cerebrovascular Abnormalities, Kayla Blaire Miller

Theses and Dissertations

This study aimed to provide evidence for a white matter abnormality (WMA) screener by investigating whether commonly used neuropsychological measures of executive functioning and processing speed have predictive power for identifying high WMA burden.

Participants were administered a brief neuropsychological evaluation by a doctoral student under the direct supervision of a board-certified clinical neuropsychologist and underwent an MRI scan. A neurologist rated each participant’s MRI results using the Fazekas scale. A total of 178 participants were included, divided into two groups based on their Fazekas rating: low WMA burden (46%) and high WMA burden (54%).

A confirmatory factor analysis indicated …