Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Brigham Young University (49)
- Selected Works (41)
- Asbury Theological Seminary (35)
- SelectedWorks (30)
- Concordia Seminary - Saint Louis (28)
-
- George Fox University (28)
- Liberty University (23)
- Southern Methodist University (23)
- Western Kentucky University (23)
- Singapore Management University (21)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (20)
- Chapman University (17)
- Butler University (16)
- Gettysburg College (16)
- Claremont Colleges (15)
- University of Denver (15)
- Western Michigan University (14)
- Rochester Institute of Technology (13)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (13)
- Santa Clara University (13)
- Old Dominion University (12)
- Walden University (12)
- Florida International University (11)
- Providence College (11)
- University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (11)
- University of South Florida (11)
- Antioch University (10)
- Augustana College (10)
- Sacred Heart University (10)
- Technological University Dublin (10)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- ATS Dissertations (31)
- Concordia Theological Monthly (21)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (21)
- Theses and Dissertations (21)
- Research Collection School of Social Sciences (20)
-
- Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (19)
- Articles (16)
- BYU Studies Quarterly (14)
- Honors Theses (12)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (12)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (12)
- FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations (11)
- Folklife Archives Finding Aids (11)
- Psychology (11)
- Antioch University Dissertations & Theses (10)
- David Randall Jenkins (10)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (10)
- Religious Studies Theses and Dissertations (10)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (10)
- University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class (10)
- LUX: A Journal of Transdisciplinary Writing and Research from Claremont Graduate University (9)
- Pro Rege (9)
- International Bulletin of Political Psychology (8)
- Journal of Religion & Film (8)
- All Faculty Scholarship (7)
- Francis Khek Gee Lim (7)
- Honors Projects (7)
- Manuscript Thesis Collection (7)
- Masters Theses (7)
- Religion in the Age of Enlightenment (7)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 987
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Reshaping Identity Politics: Capitalising On Shari‘A Debate In The Sudan, Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil
Reshaping Identity Politics: Capitalising On Shari‘A Debate In The Sudan, Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil
The Journal of Social Encounters
The relationship between religious identity, ethnic identity, and politics has always been a problematic one, especially in plural societies like Sudan. This article is an attempt to understand the reasons behind the insistence of the popular parties of the Muslim majority in Northern Sudan on establishing shar’ia law as the law of the land. By using secondary data on party programmes, public opinion, and an analysis of political events, I reconstruct the evolution of the debate in order to identify its prime movers. My conclusion is that this debate emerged as a result of the quest for a national identity …
On The Varieties Of Religious Experience In Latter-Day Saint Temples, 1836–1940, Jared Gage Bennett
On The Varieties Of Religious Experience In Latter-Day Saint Temples, 1836–1940, Jared Gage Bennett
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present
From 1836 to the present, the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have constructed and undertaken rituals in buildings called temples. In the first temple in Kirtland, Ohio, its 1836 dedication was the scene of visions and speaking in tongues, much like those the apostles had at Pentecost in Acts 2. The second temple in Nauvoo, however, had none of these, and the third set of temples built in Utah, with the first completed in 1877, again saw a number of religious experiences but of a radically different form: mainly the appearance of the spirits of …
The Blessed Assembly: Irreplaceable Physical Co-Presence In Worship And Healthy Hybridity Reimagined After The Pandemic In The Digital Age, Yvette, Ying Wai Lau
The Blessed Assembly: Irreplaceable Physical Co-Presence In Worship And Healthy Hybridity Reimagined After The Pandemic In The Digital Age, Yvette, Ying Wai Lau
Doctor of Pastoral Music Projects and Theses
Because of the unprecedented and unexpected force of the pandemic since 2020, most churches around the world have experienced some online worship during the lockdown of their cities or the mandated closure of the church buildings. For many people, online worship seems to be an equivalent, if not better, alternative for gathering together—a physical co-presence in worship—even after the pandemic has ended. As necessary and vital as online worship experiences have been for Christians during the pandemic, the witness of the church from Pentecost throughout Christian history indicates that gathered worship in physical spaces is irreplaceable for faith formation and …
Hospitality Services And The Promotion Of Religious Tourism: A Study Of Redemption City, Nigeria, Elizabeth Abiola-Oke, Timileyin Osiobe
Hospitality Services And The Promotion Of Religious Tourism: A Study Of Redemption City, Nigeria, Elizabeth Abiola-Oke, Timileyin Osiobe
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
Religious tourism is acknowledged as a fast-growing sector within the tourism business, and hospitality services’ role in supporting this growth is important. This study used a quantitative research design to explore the specific function that hospitality services have in promoting religious tourism. Literature study and the distribution of structured research questionnaires to Redemption Resort visitors during monthly programs were the methods adopted for the collection of data. The results show that hospitality services promote religious tourism by providing a safe and comfortable stay, planning religious activities and ceremonies, and providing regional and traditional foods. The study also discusses issues like …
New Paths In Jewish And Religious Studies: Essays In Honor Of Professor Elliot R. Wolfson, Glenn Dynner, Susannah Heschel, Shaul Magid
New Paths In Jewish And Religious Studies: Essays In Honor Of Professor Elliot R. Wolfson, Glenn Dynner, Susannah Heschel, Shaul Magid
Purdue University Press Books
The work of Elliot R. Wolfson has profoundly influenced the fields of Jewish studies as well as philosophy and religion more broadly. His radically new approaches have created pioneering ways of analyzing texts and thinking about religion through the lens of gender, sexuality, and feminist theory. The contributors to New Paths in Jewish and Religious Studies: Essays in Honor of Professor Elliot R. Wolfson, many of whom are internationally renowned scholars, hearken from diverse fields. Each has learned from and collaborated with Wolfson as student or colleague, and each has expanded the new scholarly directions initiated by Wolfson’s groundbreaking …
Shadows Of Virtue: ‘The Abolition Of Man’ In Modern Context, Luke Thomas Soule
Shadows Of Virtue: ‘The Abolition Of Man’ In Modern Context, Luke Thomas Soule
Communication Studies
C.S. Lewis's The Abolition of Man stands as a remarkable examination of the mid-19th century shift towards moral subjectivism. With a detailed study of this text, this essay will utilize ideological and Postmodern criticism to reveal how Lewis builds his defense of objective morality, or what he calls the "Tao," against the educational spread of relativism. The heart of the analysis is the examination of Lewis's use of ideographs. Terms such as "the Tao," "Men without Chests," and "the Abolition of Man'' not only criticize the philosophical trends of the time but also tap into a deep cultural current of …
Al-Ghazali' S Views On Education Reform, Joshua Wheatley
Al-Ghazali' S Views On Education Reform, Joshua Wheatley
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghaziili" (1058-1111 CE) is best known for his development of Islamic philosophy and his embrace of Sufism, but he was also an important contributor to the theory of Islamic education. There is no shortage of scholarship on al-Ghazali"'s promotion of Sufism, his contributions to Islamic philosophy and his involvement in court politics. His position on education, however, is less well-known. Avner Giladi, an authority on the history of education in the Islamic world, has observed that in medieval Islam, education was an inseparable part of religion and politics. Therefore, it is only natural that, rather than writing …
Judas Was A Chaplain To Congress: Jacob Duche And The Revolutionary Limits Of Civic Faith, Spencer Wells
Judas Was A Chaplain To Congress: Jacob Duche And The Revolutionary Limits Of Civic Faith, Spencer Wells
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
The Morning of September 6,1774, found a weary John Adams attending to political duties. Arriving in Philadelphia to take part in the First Continental Congress, Adams found himself greeted with rumors concerning the British "bombardment" of Boston at every turn. While aware that the colonial press remained unreliable during even the best of times, Adams remained concerned. Prospects of familial "distress and terror" haunted his mind, and fellow delegates did little to help. As Congress opened, Patrick Henry warned colonists of approaching danger. "Government [was] dissolved," he began, for aggressive British troops had succeeded in throwing once-loyal colonies into a …
"Come And Die": Total Sacrifice In The Theology And Resistance Of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Greer Bates
"Come And Die": Total Sacrifice In The Theology And Resistance Of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Greer Bates
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
The sun had only just begun to rise when he was taken from his cell, naked and shivering, into the biting cold of an early April morning. Perhaps he watched as the hangman adjusted the noose that swung lifelessly from the scaffolds. Perhaps he spoke to the guards as they led him to the platform on which he would die. Likely, he thought of his young fiancee, his mother, his father. And, almost certainly, he prayed. We have no record of these final moments in the life of the young Lutheran pastor and theologian, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, executed on the 9th …
The Preservation Of Ancient Wisdom In Dmt: A Literature Review, Miranda Cox
The Preservation Of Ancient Wisdom In Dmt: A Literature Review, Miranda Cox
Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses
Abstract
Dance has a long and evocative history within humanity. This literature review explores the integration and impact dance has within religious and spiritual practices and how dance movement therapy can support these practices within a therapeutic model. Dance profoundly affects individuals during their healing journey and has impacted them through transcendental experiences. The review covers important topics regarding the therapeutic alliance and cultural humility, dance and the history of religion and spiritual practices, and the complications and benefits of religion and spirituality within a clinical therapeutic process. The intention is to explore how dance, religion, and spirituality can work …
Taking The Bang Out Of The Gang: The Impact Of Catholic Schools On Gang Homicides In El Salvador, Ann Jillian Villanueva Adona
Taking The Bang Out Of The Gang: The Impact Of Catholic Schools On Gang Homicides In El Salvador, Ann Jillian Villanueva Adona
Master's Theses
This study explores the impact of Catholic presence on homicide rates in El Salvador, specifically focusing on the role of Catholic schools in reducing violence in gang-afflicted municipalities. Analyzing municipality-level data from various years, I used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Instrumental Variable (IV) regressions to study the association between school enrollment and homicide rates. Results show that higher enrollment in Catholic schools is linked to a reduction in homicide rates in gang-affected areas, contrasting with an increase in homicides for non-religious schools. This research sheds light on the importance of investing in Catholic education as a strategy for violence …
Frozen Ii And Girls’ Spiritual Formation: How The Music Of An Animated Musical Resonates With Girls And Women, Cristen Mitchell
Frozen Ii And Girls’ Spiritual Formation: How The Music Of An Animated Musical Resonates With Girls And Women, Cristen Mitchell
Doctor of Pastoral Music Projects and Theses
Frozen II (2019) is a popular Disney animated movie for children and depicts striking spiritual elements while weaving in feminist practices such as justice and equity, and feminist theology through representations of female spirits and connection to the earth. Through this movie, its themes, and the historical exclusion of women in the church, this thesis seeks to show that representation of women in the divine is an important, and necessary part of the spiritual and psychological development of girls and women. The methods of this thesis include exploring the following synchronicities:
-
Parallels between feminist issues in the church and Walt …
Gangism: An 'Elementary Form Of Religious Life', Robert Northman
Gangism: An 'Elementary Form Of Religious Life', Robert Northman
Student Research Symposium
This study is intended to examine the question: could gangs be a form of religion? The study will examine Steven Cureton's ethnographic case study of a street gang as found in his work titled Hoover Crips (2008), where I will then analyze the findings within the sociological framework of Emile Durkheim’s theory of religion as set forth in his classic book titled Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912).
This exploration faces challenges as the terms “gang” and “religion” are both hotly contested, and discussions on each have largely occurred independently, leaving a significant gap for this research to address. This …
Singing Unity—Performing Ecumenism: Musicking And Ecumenical Prayer Through The Lens Of Performance Studies, David James Anderson
Singing Unity—Performing Ecumenism: Musicking And Ecumenical Prayer Through The Lens Of Performance Studies, David James Anderson
Doctor of Pastoral Music Projects and Theses
This thesis examines the foundational call to Christian unity, communal prayer for unity, and the practice of ecumenism through pastoral musicking and performing unity through the lens of performance studies. It asks the question: Can we sing and perform Christian unity? The ecumenical call is considered from ecumenical documents of both the Protestant and Roman Catholic traditions since the Second Vatican Council. Ecumenical worship is considered a performance of unity viewed through the lens of performance studies with scholarship from ritual, liturgical, and church music studies. Two distinct services of ecumenical prayer are considered as “performances of unity.” One service …
Autism And The Body Of Christ: Understanding, Accommodating, And Accepting Autistic Believers In The Church, Kaitlyn Cook
Autism And The Body Of Christ: Understanding, Accommodating, And Accepting Autistic Believers In The Church, Kaitlyn Cook
Senior Honors Theses
Autism is a neurotype that causes a different set of strengths and weaknesses and thus should be embraced and accommodated within the church. Not only are autistic believers able to grasp Christian concepts, but they also have different perspectives and skills that can be instrumental in building up the church. Promoting a correct view of autism and accommodating neurodiversity within the church will allow autistic believers to follow God’s command to be part of a body and build up the church. The church can employ several strategies to create an accessible environment for believers on the spectrum, including creating sensory-safe …
Exploring The Evolution Of Religious Beliefs And Experiences: A Developmental Perspective From Adolescence To Adulthood, Bella Lee Contreras Giardiello
Exploring The Evolution Of Religious Beliefs And Experiences: A Developmental Perspective From Adolescence To Adulthood, Bella Lee Contreras Giardiello
Whittier Scholars Program
This study explores how religious beliefs and experiences evolve and impact individuals as they transition from adolescence into adulthood. It aims to gain insights into the ways in which religion influences social interactions, emotional well-being, and personal identity formation. Research on religion in adolescence into adulthood can promote understanding and tolerance of diverse religious beliefs and practices. Through this study I aim to provide a framework for the ways in which society can appreciate the plurality of religious experiences, fostering respect and empathy among individuals from different religious backgrounds. Participants were recruited from Professor Hill's Intro to Psychology class at …
The Experience Of Religious Organizations In The Formation And Development Of The Chaplaincy Movement In Ukraine, Oleh Sokolovskyi, Vadym Sluysar, Olha Hordiichuk
The Experience Of Religious Organizations In The Formation And Development Of The Chaplaincy Movement In Ukraine, Oleh Sokolovskyi, Vadym Sluysar, Olha Hordiichuk
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
The formation and development of relations between the Armed Forces of Ukraine and religious organizations, as well as the conditions and factors that influenced the formation of the institution of military chaplaincy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, were analyzed. It was determined that Russia's military aggression against Ukraine actualized the issue of urgent reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The modernization of the Ukrainian army required not only structural changes in the military administration, the transition to NATO standards, but also the creation of qualitatively new conditions for meeting the religious needs of Ukrainian servicemen. With the beginning …
Sanctuary Support, Flora Chubbs, Dan Tarakanov, Jonathan Cheung
Sanctuary Support, Flora Chubbs, Dan Tarakanov, Jonathan Cheung
Egypt Migrations Partnership and Comparative Immigrant Experiences
Our StoryMap, Sanctuary Support, showcases the importance of religion and places of worship for immigrants, and demonstrates how religiosity contributes to facilitating a smooth integration into newcomers’ adopted cultures. Religion is a powerful aid that can help to ground us in our identity, morals, spirituality, and community. Firstly, we delve into Canada's immigration history, exploring how faith-based organizations have played a crucial role in meeting the burgeoning demands of support for newcomers during immigration waves. Through secondary sources, we researched what types of support are available currently and how these pertain to immigrants’ needs. Finally, in our Case Studies: Fostering …
Infinity's End: A Definitive Start To The Universe, Sophia Mutti
Infinity's End: A Definitive Start To The Universe, Sophia Mutti
Development of Western Civilization Student Scholarship
The colloquium marks the culminating semester of the DWC experience. Over four semesters, students have achieved a grounding in major texts of the western tradition, engaged in deep reading and reflection, improved their communication skills, and are ready to make connections with their majors and careers. The colloquium allows them to utilize these skills and make the transition to their future academic work. In light of this, the Development of Western Civilization Program Committee has selected 5 DWC colloquium culminating projects that demonstrate excellence in communication and critical thinking skills. We are grateful to these students for their hard work …
Accounting For The Gift: Theology And Ethics In Accounting, Daniel Sebastian
Accounting For The Gift: Theology And Ethics In Accounting, Daniel Sebastian
Religious Studies Theses and Dissertations
Accounting is often assumed to be a neutral presentation of the facts of economic activities and actions. Its double-entry system means that it is always in balance and comports to the rigor of mathematical formulas, and it is taken to be a matter of empirical counting that lends it certainty as well. The dissertation argues that this description of accounting is inadequate. Accounting is better seen as a political tool and technology for producing trust that can help resolve social conflicts. As such, accounting is not value-neutral but carries within it a particular sociality that has moral implications. These moral …
The Theoretical Epigenetic Relationship Between Complex-Ptsd And Adhd In Holocaust Survivors’ Descendants, Y. Sahara Brodsky
The Theoretical Epigenetic Relationship Between Complex-Ptsd And Adhd In Holocaust Survivors’ Descendants, Y. Sahara Brodsky
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
When comparing ADHD and Complex-PTSD, these two disorders share many overlapping features in both areas of the brain that are affected and the behavioral aspects due to deficits in certain brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex. It is due to this similarity that I predict that c-PTSD is the precursor to the development of ADHD in later generations. Through epigenetic changes that are consistent with c-PTSD diagnosis, these changes to the brain are then passed down the generational line. When this is combined with trauma transference and generational trauma, it creates a situation where both the behaviors inform how …
الدين في العلاقات الدولية:النموذج الإيراني وأثره على كل من العراق وسورية ولبنان وفلسطين في ضوء نظريات العلاقات الدولية, محمد أنور العتوم
الدين في العلاقات الدولية:النموذج الإيراني وأثره على كل من العراق وسورية ولبنان وفلسطين في ضوء نظريات العلاقات الدولية, محمد أنور العتوم
Jerash for Research and Studies Journal مجلة جرش للبحوث والدراسات
The study showed that the religious dimension plays a major role in international relations and in formulating foreign policy .The study also showed that Iran made great efforts after the revolution to create ideological tools for it to expand and extend its influence in Iraq , Syria , Lebanon and Palestine . The study concluded that this dimension was one of the constants and pillars of Iran's foreign policy and its international relations in a profound way .The study also concluded that the religious dimension is one of the most important priorities of the Iranian political system , and it's …
At The Intersection Of Religion, Spirituality, And Clinical Psychology: A Conversation With Two Jewish Psychologists, Robert A. Demayo, David A. Levy
At The Intersection Of Religion, Spirituality, And Clinical Psychology: A Conversation With Two Jewish Psychologists, Robert A. Demayo, David A. Levy
Psychology Division Scholarship
This article presents a dialogue between two Jewish psychologists who share their respective personal and professional journeys on how spirituality and religious affiliation impacts their work as clinicians. They address the following questions: How would you identify your cultural background with respect to your religious or spiritual history and identity? How do you manage the competing demands of respecting both individual cultural identity and group cultural identity? How did your early experiences with Judaism influence your professional practice? What were your earliest academic influences on the question of spirituality in psychology? How have religion and spirituality manifested in your clinical …
Differentiating Magic: A Call For A Differential Approach, Weston L. Wright
Differentiating Magic: A Call For A Differential Approach, Weston L. Wright
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This paper seeks to propose an alternative approach for studying magic. It is often the case inacademia, when studying magic, scholars use an understanding of modernity which favors a scientific perspective. When doing so, some scholars have concluded magic has become extinct in our modern society; despite recent research suggesting magical practice is thriving. Likewise, this scholarship promotes an idea of magic grounded in fear, ignorance, superstition, and fraudulence. The goal of this paper is two-fold. First, I seek to advocate for an approach to magic that allows for a plurality of perspectives to be acknowledged, not just a scientific …
Ciis Dissertation Abstracts, 2022-2023, California Institute Of Integral Studies
Ciis Dissertation Abstracts, 2022-2023, California Institute Of Integral Studies
CIIS Dissertation Abstracts
This compilation of dissertation abstracts reflects the exciting research completed by the 2022-2023 graduates from PhD programs in the School of Consciousness and Transformation and the Clinical Psychology Doctorate (PsyD) in the School of Professional Psychology and Health at the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS).
The original and impactful doctoral research presented here spans diverse areas of scholarship from anthropology and social change to human sexuality, philosophy and religion, and whole person approaches to psychology, demonstrating the breadth and depth of transformative and integral inquiry happening at CIIS. The transdisciplinary nature of these dissertations reflects the richness and complexity …
Pr Activity Of Muslim Organizations Of Ukraine (On The Example Of The Ramu “Ummah”), Oleh Sokolovskyi
Pr Activity Of Muslim Organizations Of Ukraine (On The Example Of The Ramu “Ummah”), Oleh Sokolovskyi
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
The content and main directions of PR activities of Muslim religious organizations of Ukraine were analyzed (on the example of the RAMU “Ummah”). It was determined that it is characterized by the use of many resources and modern media technologies. PR activity has a multi-channel nature: through print and electronic media, as well as radio and television, although Internet resources, including social networks, prevail. An universal model of PR activities of Muslim organizations is the posting of general information on the basics of Islamic belief and features of religious practice, as well as digitized thematic literature, on electronic resources. The …
Lost & Found (Game Series) [Book Chapter], Owen Gottlieb
Lost & Found (Game Series) [Book Chapter], Owen Gottlieb
Articles
Description of game series for use in the classroom with best practices.
Coverage Of Charity In The Pr Activities Of Ukrainian Churches, Yuliia Kondratiuk, Oleksandr Mosienko, Lesia Zaiko, Nadiya Yablonska
Coverage Of Charity In The Pr Activities Of Ukrainian Churches, Yuliia Kondratiuk, Oleksandr Mosienko, Lesia Zaiko, Nadiya Yablonska
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
Information technologies have an active impact on the development of the information society. The paradigm shift in humanity's communication capabilities has occurred with the active use of Internet technologies, which has accelerated the communication process in modern society. Societies are modernizing due to the widespread use of Internet communication to transmit information. This outlines the undoubted value of the possibility of rapid interaction between organizations and the public. The purpose of the article is to study the content and central areas of public relations (PR) activities of Ukrainian churches, analyzing the example of the activities of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church …
The Activity Of Parliamentary Institutions In Ukraine And The Republic Of Poland In The Religious Sphere: A Comparative Analysis, Oleh Sokolovskyi, Serhii Stelnykovych, Liudmyla Horokhova
The Activity Of Parliamentary Institutions In Ukraine And The Republic Of Poland In The Religious Sphere: A Comparative Analysis, Oleh Sokolovskyi, Serhii Stelnykovych, Liudmyla Horokhova
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
The article provides a comparative analysis of the religious policies of parliamentary institutions in Ukraine and the Republic of Poland in regulating social relations in the sphere of religion. It overviews the principles, methods and mechanisms for the formation and implementation of state-church and interfaith relations. The influence of the church on the social and political life of Poland is noted, as it plays an important role in the formation of the state and nation and in preserving national identity. Secularization trends in Polish and Ukrainian societies have resulted in the decline of religiosity, in the weakening of the influence …
From Biology Major To Religion Professor: Personal Reflections On Evolution, Joshua M. Sears
From Biology Major To Religion Professor: Personal Reflections On Evolution, Joshua M. Sears
BYU Studies Quarterly
When I arrived at Brigham Young University as an excited freshman, my plan was to major in biology. I had really enjoyed biology in high school and scored a perfect 5 on the AP exam, so I figured this was something I could be good at. That first year I took courses in general biology, biodiversity, chemistry, and physical science.