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Testimonios Of Civic Pedagogy: Developing Critical Literacy Skills Using Civics And Holocaust Studies, Tameka Parenti Dec 2022

Testimonios Of Civic Pedagogy: Developing Critical Literacy Skills Using Civics And Holocaust Studies, Tameka Parenti

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Civics using Holocaust Studies offer a variety of pedagogical advantages. Regardless of the topic, Holocaust events can be used to build critical analytical skills and cultivate essential literacy skills about the social world. Further, the Holocaust can be used to introduce and grapple with the complex/abstract ideas of the civics content. Given the relationship that social studies has to critical literacy development, civics used in conjunction with Holocaust resources present teacher(s) (educators) with the opportunity to explore (theoretical) concepts foregrounding manifold relationships making up the social world.

This research aimed to examine how secondary students connect to the social world …


Global Learning: Definition, Assessment, And Approaches, Jiangyuan Zhou Dec 2022

Global Learning: Definition, Assessment, And Approaches, Jiangyuan Zhou

Journal of Global Education and Research

Global learning has become a fundamental aspect of international education. Yet, a clear understanding of global learning and how to develop it remain unclear. Using the dynamic systems approach, this paper analyzed the reasons, methods, and knowledge, skills, and attitudes(KSA) of global learning in higher education. Global learning is the higher education institutions’ critical response to globalization. It is the essential learning outcome of comprehensive internationalization of curriculum requiring students to develop KSA about the external world and their internal selves in their daily lives across local and global communities. With survey results from 142 undergraduate students in one U.S. …


Theoretical And Experimental Analyses Of Acoustofluidic Phenomena For Biosensing Applications, Pradipta Kr. Das Nov 2022

Theoretical And Experimental Analyses Of Acoustofluidic Phenomena For Biosensing Applications, Pradipta Kr. Das

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Acoustofluidics is a well-proven tweezer serving various applications such as particle manipulation, cell trapping and separations, fluid mixing, and bio-sensing. In this thesis, we explored several aspects of acoustofluidics such as acoustic streaming, acoustothermal heating and acoustophoretic manipulations of micron sized objects, in the context of biosensing applications.

In Chapter 2, inner acoustic streaming for second-order fluids has been studied analytically by employing asymptotic expansions for thin Stokes layer and low acoustic Mach number. In addition, a multiple-time-scale approach has been adopted to separate the primary oscillatory flow and the steady acoustic streaming. The study considers two sample cases: (i) …


The Effects Of Motivationally Enhanced Digital Game-Based Learning On Undergraduate Students’ Learning Motivation, Mathematics Achievement, And Learning Retention In College Algebra, Dennis Ward Nov 2022

The Effects Of Motivationally Enhanced Digital Game-Based Learning On Undergraduate Students’ Learning Motivation, Mathematics Achievement, And Learning Retention In College Algebra, Dennis Ward

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to design, develop, and test the effects of digital game-based learning on undergraduate students’ learning motivation, mathematics achievement, and learning retention in a college algebra course. Digital games utilize interactive digital media that offer rules-based challenges and react to the individual’s choices. Digital games have been used in preschool, K-12, higher education, and workplace environments in a wide range of subject areas, including language arts, secondary language acquisition, social studies, science, and math. Specifically, the effectiveness of digital game-based learning on students’ learning and motivation has been studied in college-level mathematics courses. However, previous …


Community Heritage: A Source Of Health/Medical Aspirational Capital For Black Males, Lafrance Clarke Jr. Nov 2022

Community Heritage: A Source Of Health/Medical Aspirational Capital For Black Males, Lafrance Clarke Jr.

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

There is a recognized need for more Black male healers who pursue careers in medical fields.Thus, the purpose of this study was twofold: to explore historical documents to tell the histories of men of African descent who practiced healing in Florida and, from those histories, create a virtual heritage tour to support teaching about leadership through African American history and narratives of healing. The research questions were: How does the heritage curriculum history about Black men healers of FL provide a historical counter-narrative about Black men and their leadership in connection to health/medicine?How do historical counter-narratives about Black men support …


An Exploration Of Accelerated Student Perspectives On Participation Experiences And Making Career Choices, Jennifer Meier Nov 2022

An Exploration Of Accelerated Student Perspectives On Participation Experiences And Making Career Choices, Jennifer Meier

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Acceleration program options have grown rapidly in Florida and have been used to help students pursue an associate or bachelor’s degree. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences that former dual enrolled students had with selecting a major and a career. A snowball sampling approach was used to identify ten participants from the southwestern region of Florida with 12 or more credit hours from dual enrollment. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) was the conceptual framework used to help guide this study. The instrumentation for data collection included a short survey followed by a semi-structured interview. The …


Minecraft In Language Teacher Education: Acceptance And Integration In Practice, Kristen E. Fung Nov 2022

Minecraft In Language Teacher Education: Acceptance And Integration In Practice, Kristen E. Fung

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In today’s technological era, understanding if and how teachers’ acceptance and integration of technology evolves is critical to understanding their needs. Technology creates complicated demands on educators and research shows various factors may contribute to their limited success at integrating it (Bustos & Nussbaum, 2009). Research also shows that teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards pedagogical innovations and information and communication technologies are prominent factors that impact adoption and integration (Tejedor & Muñoz-Repiso, 2006), and the perceptions teachers develop as pre-service teachers influence their classroom performance as in-service teachers (Moon et al., 2016). While research shows plentiful evidence of the educational …


Sexual Dysfunction And Sexual Distress In Lymphoma Patients: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study, Dorothie S. Durosier Mertilus Nov 2022

Sexual Dysfunction And Sexual Distress In Lymphoma Patients: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study, Dorothie S. Durosier Mertilus

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Lymphoma, especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), is among the most common categories of cancer in the United States (National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2019). The survival rate for lymphoma has significantly improved over the last few decades due to advances in therapy. However, despite these advances, lymphoma patients experience many negative consequences of cancer treatment, including sexual dysfunction (NCI, 2021b). The purpose of this mixed methods pilot study was to explore the presence and experiences of sexual dysfunction and related sexual distress in both male and female lymphoma patients during cancer treatment. A concurrent triangulated design was used to: 1) evaluate the …


Community Scholars: A Diversity Pipeline Program To Promote Equity, Diversity, And Inclusion For People With Disabilities, Laura M. Rodríguez López Nov 2022

Community Scholars: A Diversity Pipeline Program To Promote Equity, Diversity, And Inclusion For People With Disabilities, Laura M. Rodríguez López

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation in practice documents the program evaluation of the Community Scholars (CS) program at the Florida Center for Inclusive Communities (FCIC), a University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDD) at the University of South Florida (USF). CS is part of a diversity pipeline program that recruits youth with disabilities to engage in paid on-the-job training (OJT) with FCIC. Scholars are community members (youth with disabilities) that are enrolled as FCIC trainees and receive mentoring, development of basic administrative competencies, individualized career coaching, college counseling, and disability policy and self-advocacy training. Through the OJT experience, scholars gain skills that …


Magnetism In Doped And Hybrid Two – Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, Nalaka Kapuruge Nov 2022

Magnetism In Doped And Hybrid Two – Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, Nalaka Kapuruge

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In recent years, spintronics has gained increasing interest due to the possibility of storing and processing information through the manipulation of both the charge and spin of an electron. Dilute magnetic semiconductors are ideal for the fabrication of such devices as they display carrier-mediated ferromagnetism which allows the electronic control of magnetism. Transferring these properties into the two-dimensional (2D) realm is very attractive for both fundamental research and novel applications. The recent discovery of long-range magnetic order in 2D materials has attracted a growing effort in the search for new functional 2D materials that can display ferromagnetic properties at room-temperature. …


Coarse-Grained Modeling Studies Of Entangled Semiflexible Polymers: Melts, Glasses, And Granular Media, Joseph Fox D. Dietz Oct 2022

Coarse-Grained Modeling Studies Of Entangled Semiflexible Polymers: Melts, Glasses, And Granular Media, Joseph Fox D. Dietz

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation is devoted to the computational study of model semiflexible polymers using a coarse-grained bead-spring approach and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Much of the work presented here is motivated by the need to derive predictive models for describing polymeric materials’ macroscopic mechanical response from the underlying local structure or local chain parameters. This dissertation describes polymeric materials in the context of granular media, melts, and glasses with a focus on relating characteristics such as chain stiffness and local structure to systems’ solidification, rheology, and fracture mechanisms.

Chain stiffness κ and structural properties like chains’ characteristic bond angle θ0 are …


Going Flat: Challenging Gender, Stigma, And Cure Through Lesbian Breast Cancer Experience, Beth Gaines Oct 2022

Going Flat: Challenging Gender, Stigma, And Cure Through Lesbian Breast Cancer Experience, Beth Gaines

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This paper explores the decision-making process of reconstruction surgery among lesbian breast cancer patients to better understand how identity impacts healthcare decisions. Breast cancer patients experience the disease in unique ways due to gender, sexuality, race, and class, impacting their individual decisions regarding treatment plans. Many breast cancer patients face mastectomy surgery as the first plan of treatment after diagnosis. By exploring the impact of gender, sexuality, stigma, and ideas of cure, this research aims to advance research about breast cancer by recognizing why some lesbian breast cancer patients forego reconstruction surgery and instead choose to “go flat.


Beliefs, Identity, And An African American Cemetery: An Exploratory Study Of Difficult History Curricular Decision- Making, Shannon Peck-Bartle Oct 2022

Beliefs, Identity, And An African American Cemetery: An Exploratory Study Of Difficult History Curricular Decision- Making, Shannon Peck-Bartle

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In this qualitative exploratory study, I examine the influence of administrative curricular decision-makers’ beliefs and values towards race and ethnicity, heritage, and place on curricular aims for the inclusion of local difficult history associated with the erasure of a racialized cultural landscape, The Ridgewood Cemetery. I additionally examine the influence of contemporary issues on beliefs and values as administrative curricular decision-makers navigate ways to incorporate local cemetery history into secondary social studies curriculum. Through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and research’s reflective journaling I shed light on ways beliefs, values, and contemporary issues influenced administrative curricular decision-making for local difficult history. …


Remnants Of Educational Leadership And Desegregation Etched In The Memories Of Black Educational Leaders: An Oral History, Janice Barge Clarke Aug 2022

Remnants Of Educational Leadership And Desegregation Etched In The Memories Of Black Educational Leaders: An Oral History, Janice Barge Clarke

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In this study the experiences of Black (a.k.a. African Americans/ Negroes) educationalleaders were explored focusing on the period during the transition to a more desegregated public- school setting in the state of Florida. Using retrospective storytelling and reflections of ‘leading’ during desegregation, the lived experiences of those in educational leadership roles were captured in the form of oral histories and analyzed using critical race theory. The effects of desegregation is recounted from their vantage point, from the dissolution of the ‘all Black’ schools to the impact it had on the communities. The research question was: What are the stories told …


Interfacing Computational Techniques With Synthetic And Spectroscopic Methods For Research And Education, Nicole Annette Miller Jul 2022

Interfacing Computational Techniques With Synthetic And Spectroscopic Methods For Research And Education, Nicole Annette Miller

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Quantum Mechanics (QM) is a powerful tool in computational chemistry with a wide range of applications in both research and education. More and more, the scientific community is tackling research questions of increasing difficulty with an interdisciplinary approach between experimental and computational chemistry. QM methods are now developed to a point where computation can accurately predict chemical properties related to structure and function such as potential energy surfaces (PES), natural bond order analysis (NBO), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Herein, QM methods will be applied to research in peptidomimetics through PES and NBO calculations (Chapter 2 …


Revisiting ‘Our’ Place On Campus: A Queer(Ed) And In-Depth Interview Study Of Qt Resource Professionals In Higher Education, Kristopher Andrew Oliveira Jul 2022

Revisiting ‘Our’ Place On Campus: A Queer(Ed) And In-Depth Interview Study Of Qt Resource Professionals In Higher Education, Kristopher Andrew Oliveira

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation offers an interactional, structural, and theoretical analysis of the experiences of Queer and Trans (QT) resource professionals in higher education. Data from the empirical chapters draws on 41 in-depth semi-structured interviews that conducted with QT resource professionals from 19 different states across the United States. The interactional and structural chapters reveal tensions between institutional commitments to doing equity work on college campuses and the neoliberal and institutional barriers that QT resource professionals experience in promoting and fostering institutional equity on campus. The third substantive chapter offers a queer of color critique – through Muñoz’s (2019) notion of queer …


A Tale Of Two Art Programs: Art & Identity For People With Disabilities, Melinda Leigh Maconi Jul 2022

A Tale Of Two Art Programs: Art & Identity For People With Disabilities, Melinda Leigh Maconi

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation explores the relationship between disability and art in individual and organizational narratives told in the context of art programs that are designed to provide meaningful and inclusive experiences for people with disabilities outside of “art therapy.” Findings of narrative and thematic analysis of the websites of two non-profit disability centered arts education organizations, autobiographical sketches of disabled artists, and in-depth family history interviews with parents of people with disabilities suggest that the clear cut boxes created by scholarly and social movements narratives of disability do not map neatly onto the lived experiences of people with disabilities, their families, …


Review Of A Framework For Sustainable Thinking: Is Ql For Citizenship Even Possible?, Nathan D. Grawe Jul 2022

Review Of A Framework For Sustainable Thinking: Is Ql For Citizenship Even Possible?, Nathan D. Grawe

Numeracy

Van Antwerp and Heun's A Framework for Sustainability Thinking offers an extensive collection of data related to sustainability with an emphasis on energy. Intended for a primary audience of undergraduate students, the authors set the data in the context of the IPARX identity which notes that impacts (I) are the product of population (P), affluence (A), resource intensity of economic activity (R), and impact of the resources (X). In addition to being a useful text for seminars focused on sustainability and energy use, the book provides a context for contemplating the roles of expertise vs. general quantitative literacy when addressing …


Educational Language Policy: An Examination Of Race And Language In Policy Discourse, Dionne L. Davis Jul 2022

Educational Language Policy: An Examination Of Race And Language In Policy Discourse, Dionne L. Davis

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Linguistic diversity is an integral thread in the tapestry of America. As such researchers how linguistic differences across ethnoracial groups can be understood as resources rather than problems. The aim of this study was to examine ideologies concerning race/ethnicity and language in the discourse of educational language policies that guide multilingual approaches to education. The design of this study was critical discourse policy analysis, and the framework was a combination of Critical Language and Race Theory, also known as LangCrit (Crump, 2014), and Raciolinguistics (Alim, 2016; Flores and Rosa, 2015). The research questions were: (1) How are ideologies about the …


Color Defined: An Autoethnographic Exploration Of How Race, Trauma, Gun Violence, And Grief Connect For A Black Mother, Kokita Dirton Wilson Jul 2022

Color Defined: An Autoethnographic Exploration Of How Race, Trauma, Gun Violence, And Grief Connect For A Black Mother, Kokita Dirton Wilson

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Black mothers are disproportionately affected by fatal shootings and the need for making meaning and finding purpose remains overlooked as a vital component of building resilience in their grief journey. The purpose of this study was to (a) reflect on being a Black mother of a fatal shooting victim; (b) understand the grief and healing process that follows; (c) connect my experiences to those within the larger Black grief community, and (d) by example, help other grieving mothers navigate through their grief struggles. I used two research questions: 1) How can I learn about my grief process by using personal …


Ultrafast Magneto-Optic Study Of Exchange Interactions In Magnetic Materials, Hengzhou Liu Jul 2022

Ultrafast Magneto-Optic Study Of Exchange Interactions In Magnetic Materials, Hengzhou Liu

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Magneto-optic Kerr Effect (MOKE) is a very important method to investigate the magnetization ofmaterials with the polarization and intensity of light reflected from a sample. Both dynamic and static MOKE are performed to study the magnetic properties of thin films and bulk crystals in this research. For the static MOKE measurement, a solid state laser was used to probe the samples to generate a hysteresis loop by changing the external field from -0.8 T to 0.8 T. The magnet can be placed at an angle between 0 to 20 degree with respect to the sample surface to probe different sample …


English Language Learners’ Perceptions Of Employing A Social Annotation Tool To Promote Peer Support, Engagement With The Text, And Reading Comprehension, Inanc Karagoz Jun 2022

English Language Learners’ Perceptions Of Employing A Social Annotation Tool To Promote Peer Support, Engagement With The Text, And Reading Comprehension, Inanc Karagoz

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

International students in English-medium higher-education programs read various texts from different fields in English throughout their studies. Many students find reading for academic purposes less enjoyable which, in turn, has a negative effect on their engagement and reading comprehension. Collaboration through social annotation tools may transform the process of meaning-making into a social activity. The extant literature focuses on its impact on comprehension and learners’ attitudes. To add to the literature and understand remote learners’ experiences, I explored international students’ perceptions of employing a social annotation tool on promoting their peer interactions, reading engagement, and comprehension in a hybrid EAP …


Academic Resource And Social Emotional Advisory Period: Promoting Communities Of Care And An Equitable Learning Environment, Mary Jane Lucas Jun 2022

Academic Resource And Social Emotional Advisory Period: Promoting Communities Of Care And An Equitable Learning Environment, Mary Jane Lucas

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this phenomenological, single case study was to evaluate the innovative programming of an Academic Resource and Social Emotional Learning (AR/SEL) Advisory Period at one large suburban public high school in the southeastern United States. The AR/SEL Advisory Period incorporates academic, mindfulness, and mental health initiatives, in tandem with relationship building tools for adults and students. The AR/SEL Advisory Period aims to provide an equitable learning environment where all students have an opportunity to develop high quality relationships with adult mentors and peers, as well as experience a sense of belongingness and community of care. The question that …


Assessing Environmental Sensitivity In San Diego County, California, For Bird Species Of Special Concern, Eda Okan Kilic Jun 2022

Assessing Environmental Sensitivity In San Diego County, California, For Bird Species Of Special Concern, Eda Okan Kilic

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

It is widely recognized that desertification constitutes one of the biggest environmental problems on Earth. Desertification negatively impacts the future of humans and other living things all over the globe. Therefore, the assessment of desertification is essential to both monitor and combat desertification. A number of models are routinely applied to assess desertification. The MEDALUS model is one of the most popular approaches, identifying desertification risk based on an environmentally sensitive area index (ESAI) that integrates climate, vegetation, soils, groundwater, and socio-economic factors to obtain an overall rating. The goal of this study was to measure the potential impacts of …


Hybrid Rans-Les Hemolytic Power Law Modeling Of The Fda Blood Pump, Joseph Tarriela Jun 2022

Hybrid Rans-Les Hemolytic Power Law Modeling Of The Fda Blood Pump, Joseph Tarriela

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study applies the SBES and IDDES hybrid RANS-LES turbulence models along with the K-ω SST model to four flow conditions of the FDA blood pump. Validation of all three turbulence models show good agreement with experimental pressure and velocity fields. Evaluation of turbulent kinetic energy fields for the hybrid models show 80-90+% of kinetic energy is resolved in the rotor and diffuser regions of the pump. Hemolysis power law models were evaluated using the commonly used von Mises stress and additional energy dissipation stress (EDS). Results show viscous and Reynolds stresses computed with the K-ω SST under predict and …


Investigating A Potential Sting Modulator, Jaret J. Crews Jun 2022

Investigating A Potential Sting Modulator, Jaret J. Crews

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The work contained in this thesis introduces a protein known as STING, an acronym for STimulator of INnterferon Genes, an immunosurveillance ER-membrane bound adapter protein critical to regulating the innate immune response in humans. The first chapter provides an overview of the STING pathway, outlines STING’s potential as a therapeutic target of interest, and delineates the primary challenges researchers encounter when designing small molecules to modulate the activity of STING. Current efforts in developing STING modulators have focused on devising agonists to up-regulate the STING pathway as a possible therapeutic for human cancers based on the chemical scaffold of STING’s …


Healthcare Profession Students Of Color Participating In International Service-Learning, Ellyn Katherine Couillard Jun 2022

Healthcare Profession Students Of Color Participating In International Service-Learning, Ellyn Katherine Couillard

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative exploratory case study investigated the healthcare profession students’ of color experience and the perceived impact of completing international service-learning (ISL). Before this study, most of the research about healthcare profession students in ISL reported had mainly White participants or reported data and findings in the aggregate. To complete this research, I performed two semi-structured interviews with each of the five participants incorporating photo-elicitation techniques. Then I performed constant comparative methods and communicated with a peer debriefer about my findings. Five participants were selected using max maximum variation based on racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds, programs of study, and …


Magnetic And Structural Effects In Interfacial Magnetism: Molecular Magnets And Ferrimagnetic Alloys, Jenae E. Shoup Apr 2022

Magnetic And Structural Effects In Interfacial Magnetism: Molecular Magnets And Ferrimagnetic Alloys, Jenae E. Shoup

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Magnetic thin films are important for technological applications such as giant magnetoresistance,spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions. A key feature for these applications to be possible is the interface between two materials. We will be studying two types of thin film magnetism; interfaces between molecular carbon, C60, and non-magnetic/ferromagnetic material and two layers of ferrimagnetic rare earth/ transition metal alloys (RE/TM) that have similar composition to engineer a magnetic tunable interface.

One of the most unexpected spin-related properties of C60 is the emergence of room-temperature ferromagnetism in multilayer films of C60 and non-ferromagnetic transition metals such as Cu or Mn …


The Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy And Career Action Steps Of Humanities Students: A Quantitative Survey Analysis, Catherine Gorman Cordova Apr 2022

The Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy And Career Action Steps Of Humanities Students: A Quantitative Survey Analysis, Catherine Gorman Cordova

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In an era of governmentally controlled education systems sustained through performance-based funding metrics, the value of higher education is often considered justified by socioeconomic impact and degree employability. Although modern academia traces its roots to the humanities and liberal arts for its foundation, degrees without direct job relation, and the students seeking these degrees, are often considered less employable than majors directly linked to vocations. However, the humanities and labor market are not mutually exclusive. Influenced by Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) (Lent, et al., 1994), Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura, 1977), and Career Maturity Theory (Crites, 1973), this cross-sectional quantitative survey …


Relationships Among The Community Of Inquiry, Achievement Emotions, And Academic Achievement In Asynchronous Online Learning In Higher Education, David H. Tai Apr 2022

Relationships Among The Community Of Inquiry, Achievement Emotions, And Academic Achievement In Asynchronous Online Learning In Higher Education, David H. Tai

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This research aimed to investigate how achievement emotions predict, mediate, and affect academic achievement in online learning. Online learning has been proliferating, but little is known about how emotion mediates cognition in the Community of Inquiry framework. Recent progress in cognitive neuroscience provided the theoretical foundation for researchers to investigate emotion's role in online learning, especially academic achievement. The researcher of this study adopted a quantitative non-experimental research design to investigate how achievement emotions mediated, predicted, and affected academic achievement in the Community of Inquiry framework. The Partial Least Square Structure Equation Modeling (PLS- SEM) method was adopted for statistical …