Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Organizational Behavior and Theory

Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type

Articles 1 - 30 of 59

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Charismatic Leaders Role And Challenges During Crises, Tamer Hassan Abutahoun Phd Jul 2026

Charismatic Leaders Role And Challenges During Crises, Tamer Hassan Abutahoun Phd

Journal of the North American Management Society

Since the first article about charismatic leadership by Weber was issued in 1946, numerous pieces of research have been published discussing several aspects of charismatic leadership. One of these aspects is the role of the charismatic leader during crisis and whether it is being impacted by crises or emerged during crises. Several articles have been published to investigate the role of charismatic leadership during crises along with how individuals perceived charismatic leadership during crises. Most of these articles utilized case studies to investigate the former mentioned relationship. However, each of these studies investigated the relationship between crises and charismatic leadership …


When God Lifts The Veil: Transformational Leadership And Political Skills Model As Counters To Machiavellianism And Organizational Politics In The Los Angeles City Council, John Sandy Campbell May 2026

When God Lifts The Veil: Transformational Leadership And Political Skills Model As Counters To Machiavellianism And Organizational Politics In The Los Angeles City Council, John Sandy Campbell

The Scholarship Without Borders Journal

This paper examines how Machiavellianism and Organizational Political Behavior contribute to destructive organizational politics and applies Transformational Leadership Theory and the Political Skill Model as countervailing frameworks to the Dark Triad. Grounded in leadership and organizational behavior research, this theory-based conceptual paper provides a theory-driven analysis that synthesizes established models to explore how power and unethical governance erode public trust. This paper examines the relationship between leadership behavior and power dynamics in a contemporary political context. Rather than relying on empirical data collection, it draws on Transformational Leadership Theory, the Political Skills Model, the Dark Triad, Organizational Politics, and Organizational …


Digital Leadership In The Era Of Ai: Present And Emerging Research Topics, Joanna Samul, João Falcão E Cunha Dec 2025

Digital Leadership In The Era Of Ai: Present And Emerging Research Topics, Joanna Samul, João Falcão E Cunha

European Management Studies

Purpose: This study explores the development of digital leadership in the context of rapid digital transformation and the expanding role of artificial intelligence. Its primary objective is to synthesize current knowledge on the concept of digital leadership and its core competencies and outline prospective research directions. To achieve this, the paper reviews existing research themes and examines the influence of digital leadership on various employee and organizational outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach: The research employed a systematic literature review, incorporating content analysis of 162 peer-reviewed articles retrieved from two major academic databases: Scopus and Web of Science. This approach enabled a comprehensive …


Development And Validation Of The Informal Safety Leadership Measure, Ashley L. Gill Jul 2025

Development And Validation Of The Informal Safety Leadership Measure, Ashley L. Gill

Dissertations

This research develops and validates a measure of the emerging concept of informal safety leadership (ISL), which integrates elements of safety leadership and informal leadership to address a significant gap in organizational safety literature. Despite extensive research on formal safety leadership, there remains limited understanding of how non-managerial employees influence safety practices and culture within organizations. This dissertation develops and validates a comprehensive measure of informal safety leadership through a sequential mixed-methods approach incorporating a pilot study and two additional studies. First, a pilot study employed focus groups with health, safety, and environmental professionals to identify key dimensions of ISL. …


Becoming A Bridge Of Collaboration: How Being Supports Doing Within The Help Model Of Leadership, Andrea Burgess May 2025

Becoming A Bridge Of Collaboration: How Being Supports Doing Within The Help Model Of Leadership, Andrea Burgess

Critical and Creative Thinking Capstones Collection

This synthesis project introduces the HELP Model—Humility, Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Service, and Psychological Safety—as a developmental framework for sustainable leadership rooted in character formation and relational trust. It asserts that credible and effective leadership begins with inner orientation before it can be embodied as consistent, ethical action in the world. Through integration of leadership theory, developmental psychology, and theology, the project critiques conventional, strategy-driven paradigms of organizational well-being. HELP extends Robert Kegan’s framework to include relational and spiritual dimensions of the leader’s individual growth as necessary conditions for fostering organizational collaboration. Drawing on reflective inquiry and practice-based insight, the project …


The Dynamics Of Power Transfer In Organizations: Examining Downward Deference And Its Workplace Consequences, Hoang Bao My Nguyen May 2025

The Dynamics Of Power Transfer In Organizations: Examining Downward Deference And Its Workplace Consequences, Hoang Bao My Nguyen

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

This dissertation examines managerial power transfer as a core mechanism through which less-hierarchical management unfolds in organizations. While traditional management research has emphasized formal authority and top-down control, emerging organizational forms increasingly call on managers to share power with subordinates. Despite growing interest in constructs like empowerment, delegation, and participative leadership, the phenomenon of power transfer remains conceptually fragmented and undertheorized.

To address this, the dissertation defines power transfer as the intentional redistribution of authority, control, or resources by powerholders to lower-power individuals. Chapter 1 develops a typology of power transfer behaviors, organized along two key dimensions: extent of control …


The Influence Of Generative Artificial Intelligence On Leadership: An Exploration Of Technology Professionals' Perceptions Regarding Leadership, Adaptation, And Organizational Culture In The Digital Age, Paul Thomas Herdman Jan 2025

The Influence Of Generative Artificial Intelligence On Leadership: An Exploration Of Technology Professionals' Perceptions Regarding Leadership, Adaptation, And Organizational Culture In The Digital Age, Paul Thomas Herdman

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has introduced new complexities for organizational leadership, requiring technology professionals to adapt in real time to evolving digital tools, strategic demands, and cultural dynamics. Although prior research has examined AI’s broad influence on business processes, few studies have explored how technology leaders experience and interpret the leadership challenges and opportunities arising from GenAI. This qualitative dissertation addressed that gap by investigating the perceptions of senior technology professionals regarding GenAI’s influence on leadership roles, competencies, decision making, and organizational culture. Using Lanigan’s (1977) phenomenological method of human science, this study explored the lived experiences …


Thriving At Work: State Of The Art And Looking Towards To Enhanced Employee Well-Being In The Future, Ajda Merkuž, Ivan Zupic, Katarina Katja Mihelič Sep 2024

Thriving At Work: State Of The Art And Looking Towards To Enhanced Employee Well-Being In The Future, Ajda Merkuž, Ivan Zupic, Katarina Katja Mihelič

Economic and Business Review

Growing recognition of the importance of employee well-being and sustainable work environments has seen research on employee thriving flourish in recent years. Thriving is facilitated by a sense of learning and vitality, contributing significantly to employee development and well-being. The paper offers a comprehensive overview of the past, present, and future of research on thriving at work using bibliometric techniques. The in-depth literature review employs document citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and thematic mapping, utilising data from the Web of Science database to present an inclusive overview of existing literature. A meticulous review led us to identify research streams, existing gaps, …


University Faculty Perceptions Of Mandatory Online Training As Related To Training Self-Efficacy, Motivation, And Utility, Tori Austin Jan 2023

University Faculty Perceptions Of Mandatory Online Training As Related To Training Self-Efficacy, Motivation, And Utility, Tori Austin

Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Organizations spend millions of dollars training employees in ways to improve their skills –recently through mandatory professional development delivered virtually or through online asynchronous platforms. This research investigated how social exchange theory and self-efficacy theory inform faculty participants’ motivation to transfer such knowledge and skills from mandatory online trainings into their workplace practices. Faculty who had attended mandatory online training were asked to complete a 25-item survey about their motivation to transfer information from the training into their workplace practice as well as their perceived utility of training and their training self-efficacy. This study examined the extent to which motivation …


How Servant Leaders Navigate Conflict: An Analysis Of Acts 15:36–41, Joshua D. Henson, Justin R. Craun Sep 2022

How Servant Leaders Navigate Conflict: An Analysis Of Acts 15:36–41, Joshua D. Henson, Justin R. Craun

Selected Faculty Publications

Greenleaf’s foundational work on servant leadership has evolved considerably over the past 50 years. Servant leadership has been found to have positive outcomes on group and organisational effectiveness. While servant leadership characteristics and outcomes have been measured, is a need to be better understand how servant leaders navigate when they disagree. Using a social and cultural analysis, the conflict between Paul and Barnabas is explored. Social and cultural analysis allows interpreters to understand what the characters in the narrative ‘see and hear.’ The analysis of Acts 15:36–41 yielded three emerging themes related to how these servant leaders navigated conflict: (1) …


Are All High-Potentials Successful Leaders? Exploring The Underlying Effect Of Impostor Syndrome And Evaluative Concerns On The Relationship Between Hipo Designation And Leadership Self-Efficacy., Anjishnu Chakrabarti, Lisa M. Finkelstein May 2022

Are All High-Potentials Successful Leaders? Exploring The Underlying Effect Of Impostor Syndrome And Evaluative Concerns On The Relationship Between Hipo Designation And Leadership Self-Efficacy., Anjishnu Chakrabarti, Lisa M. Finkelstein

Honors Capstones

The rising prevalence of high-potential (HiPo) employee programs in organizations has led academicians to begin to research this newly developing area under the realm of industrial/organizational psychology. High-potential programs are intended to find employees with the maximum potential to succeed in strategic leadership roles within the organization and provide those individuals with specialized training and related developmental opportunities. The term “HiPo” refers to such employees who are designated as having higher potential than the average. This study aimed to explore the relationship that exists between employees being designated as HiPo and their self-perception of being successful leaders (measured as leadership …


Gender, Bottom-Line Mentality, And Workplace Mistreatment: The Roles Of Gender Norm Violation And Team Gender Composition, Kenneth Tai, Kiyoung Lee, Eugene Kim, Tiffany D. Johnson, Wei Wang, Michelle K. Duffy, Seongsu Kim May 2022

Gender, Bottom-Line Mentality, And Workplace Mistreatment: The Roles Of Gender Norm Violation And Team Gender Composition, Kenneth Tai, Kiyoung Lee, Eugene Kim, Tiffany D. Johnson, Wei Wang, Michelle K. Duffy, Seongsu Kim

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Although gender has been identified as an important antecedent in workplace mistreatment research, empirical research has shown mixed results. Drawing on role congruity theory, we propose an interactive effect of gender and bottom-line mentality on being the target of mistreatment. Across two field studies, our results showed that whereas women experienced more mistreatment when they had higher levels of bottom-line mentality, men experienced more mistreatment when they had lower levels of bottom-line mentality. In another field study, using round-robin survey data, we found that team gender composition influenced the degree to which the adoption of a bottom-line mentality by female …


An Implicit Leadership Theory Lens On Leader Humility And Employee Outcomes: Examining Individual And Organizational Contingencies*, Xingyu Wang, Zihan Liu, Xueqi Wen, Qu Xiao Apr 2022

An Implicit Leadership Theory Lens On Leader Humility And Employee Outcomes: Examining Individual And Organizational Contingencies*, Xingyu Wang, Zihan Liu, Xueqi Wen, Qu Xiao

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

An emerging leadership style centered on the moral practice of humility has recently garnered the attention of organizational researchers in the hospitality field. Taken in tandem with the prevailing empirical evidence supporting the various salutary effects of leader humility on employees' job attitudes and moral behaviors, the current set of studies offers an implicit theoretical perspective on leadership that underlines the importance of identifying both individual characteristics and organizational factors that can alter employees' assessments of humble leaders. We propose that employees' assessments of humble leaders' benevolence hinge on the employees' learning goal orientations and their perceptions of informational justice …


Servant Leadership On Burnout Among Physicians In Residency Training, Karen Grant-Hewitt Jan 2022

Servant Leadership On Burnout Among Physicians In Residency Training, Karen Grant-Hewitt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Physicians in residency training (PIRTs) in the United States are facing extreme burnout. The prevalence of burnout among physicians in residency training may cause adverse consequences such as medical malfeasance, alcoholism, or suicide due to physical and mental exhaustion. The purpose of this study was to analyze the servant leadership style of physician trainers and burnout among PIRTs in academic medical centers in the United States to ultimately increase wellness and thereby mitigate burnout. Servant leadership was the theoretical foundation for this study. This research investigated whether servant leadership characteristics of physician trainers played a statistically significant role in burnout …


Exploring Leadership Strategies To Enhance Worker Performance, Charles J. Oloo Kodi Jan 2022

Exploring Leadership Strategies To Enhance Worker Performance, Charles J. Oloo Kodi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractMultiple leadership strategies have been used by some organizations in the US to improve worker performance. A literature gap still exists regarding how transformational leadership style may enhance worker performance in Connecticut state manufacturing industries. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of organizational leaders about how best to improve the knowledge and the effectiveness of transformational leadership styles. Transformational theory and contingency theories were chosen to serve as the theoretical foundation for the conceptual framework of this study. The research question examined the perceptions of employees of a manufacturing organization located in Connecticut about how …


Influence Of Knowledge Sharing Behaviors On Global Virtual Team Performance, Robert Nolen Goodson, Jr Jan 2022

Influence Of Knowledge Sharing Behaviors On Global Virtual Team Performance, Robert Nolen Goodson, Jr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Global virtual teams (GVT) are increasingly important in organizations. Barriers to knowledge sharing behavior (KSB) could negatively impact GVT performance. The purpose of this quantitative study was to discover the extent of predictive power of KSB on GVT performance and how Leader-member exchange (LMX) moderates this relationship. Research questions investigated the extent that KSB influences GVT performance and the extent that LMX moderates the relationship between KSB and GVT performance. LMX theory focuses on individual relationships between superiors and subordinates and ways each relationship impacts team dynamics and performance provided theoretical foundation for this study. Online survey measured the influence …


How The Use Of Cc, Bcc, Forward, And Rewrite In Email Communication Impacts Team Dynamics, Tessa Haesevaets, David De Cremer, Jack Mcguire Nov 2020

How The Use Of Cc, Bcc, Forward, And Rewrite In Email Communication Impacts Team Dynamics, Tessa Haesevaets, David De Cremer, Jack Mcguire

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

The present research examined how the use of different email functions impact dynamics between team members. We first illustrate that it is not so uncommon for employees to find out that the Bcc option has been used in email communications at work. Building on this insight, we then demonstrate that senders using the Bcc option are evaluated by recipients as less moral and consequently as less fitting to be the team leader compared to senders who use the Cc option. Interestingly, this effect occurred regardless of whether or not the sender provided a commonly cited reason for Bcc use. Next, …


Leadership Role Effectiveness As A Mediator Of Team Performance In Virtual Teams, Soo Jeoung Han, Mirim Kim, Michael Beyerlein, Darleen Derosa Jan 2020

Leadership Role Effectiveness As A Mediator Of Team Performance In Virtual Teams, Soo Jeoung Han, Mirim Kim, Michael Beyerlein, Darleen Derosa

Organizational Performance and Workplace Learning Faculty Publications and Presentations

In spite of the wide usage of globally dispersed virtual teams (VT), there has been relatively little research on how leadership affects team performance, particularly with new product development teams in a global VT setting. A research model of VT leadership was developed and evaluated with a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling for a unique sample of 19 globally dispersed VTs and 25 nationally dispersed VTs in a variety of industries. Results showed that less geographically dispersed VT members have shown higher team performance only when leadership roles were performed effectively. In addition, leadership role effectiveness fully mediated …


Playing Darts In The Dark: How Are Chamber Of Commerce Leaders Aligned For Greater Effectiveness?, Robert J. Rohrlack Jr. Nov 2019

Playing Darts In The Dark: How Are Chamber Of Commerce Leaders Aligned For Greater Effectiveness?, Robert J. Rohrlack Jr.

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This paper researched what the United States chamber of commerce paid Executives and the volunteer Chairpersons identified as the factors influencing their chamber for effectiveness. There has been little research on chambers of commerce in the U.S. This study adds to the small amount of research available, working to establish baseline information for research to continue this ubiquitous industry. We conducted 24 interviews, 12 paid Executives, and 12 volunteer Chairpersons at chambers of commerce in 11 states. They were asked to identify factors that make their chamber more effective or inhibit their chamber from being effective. The interviews were coded, …


The Role Of Shared Leadership And Communication In Promoting Strategic Consensus And Performance, Younis Jabarzadeh, Naser Sanoubar, Arash Vahdat, Faezeh Khosravi Saghezchi Oct 2019

The Role Of Shared Leadership And Communication In Promoting Strategic Consensus And Performance, Younis Jabarzadeh, Naser Sanoubar, Arash Vahdat, Faezeh Khosravi Saghezchi

Organization Management Journal

The current study aims to investigate the effect of strategic consensus among managers on organizational performance, with an emphasis on shared leadership and communications in Iranian knowledge-intensive firms. Since Iran has its unique cultural characteristics with favoring a more authoritarian attribute, and leadership in knowledge-intensive firms has a more shared style, the context of the study is more appealing to such relationships. Data were collected from 115 randomly selected knowledge-intensive firms and analyzed using structural equation modeling by LISREL. Findings show that shared leadership positively influences strategic consensus of the management team, but it does not have a direct effect …


Shared Leadership And Team Motivation: An Exploratory Study, Yufeng Chi May 2019

Shared Leadership And Team Motivation: An Exploratory Study, Yufeng Chi

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

Despite the importance of team innovation for organizations, the conditions that foster team innovation are still not well understood. In this dissertation, I propose a theoretical model in which the impact of shared leadership on team innovation is mediated by information sharing and team potency. I utilize a two-wave longitudinal, multi-method and multi-source research design to examine the research hypotheses. I argue that shared leadership not only improves a team’s information sharing and team potency, but also generates cognitive and motivational advantages that are conducive to innovation. In addition, I show that the relationship between shared leadership and team innovation …


Project Manager Leadership Behavior: Task-Oriented Versus Relationship-Oriented, Thomas G. Henkel, James W. Marion Jr, Debra T. Bourdeau Apr 2019

Project Manager Leadership Behavior: Task-Oriented Versus Relationship-Oriented, Thomas G. Henkel, James W. Marion Jr, Debra T. Bourdeau

Publications

In this paper, we examined managers’ leadership behavior when working on a simulated team project regarding task-oriented versus relationship-oriented leadership behavior to effectively achieve successful project completion. Managers attending an advanced project management development program responded to the Fielder Leadership Behavior Style Self-Assessment, which is a useful framework to determine task-oriented versus relationship-oriented leadership behavioral styles. The degree of task-oriented versus relationship-oriented leadership behavior styles was assessed to determine the approach taken by the managers for achieving successful project completion. A Pearson’s chi-square test was conducted to determine whether the observed values were significantly different from an expected value of …


Leadership In Christian Higher Education: The Impact Of Different Leadership Styles On Students, Montana Lynn Hancock Apr 2019

Leadership In Christian Higher Education: The Impact Of Different Leadership Styles On Students, Montana Lynn Hancock

Selected Honors Theses

This is an expanded literature review of leadership in Christian higher education institutions, and how leaders and their leadership style, servant, transformational, transactional, and passive-avoidant, impact developmental factors of students such as academic excellence, professional development, ethical and moral development, faith, and spiritual development. This paper is looking directly at the components of colleges and universities that are members of the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU). The expanded literature review analyzed research previously conducted and determined that transformational leadership is the most impactful leadership style on the developmental factors of students that were looked at include academic excellence, …


Bicultural Managers’ Competencies And Multicultural Team Effectiveness, Eric Tetteh Batsa Jan 2019

Bicultural Managers’ Competencies And Multicultural Team Effectiveness, Eric Tetteh Batsa

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Biculturals are increasingly recognized as an important segment of managers, yet U.S.-based global organizations’ limited knowledge and recognition of this group’s distinctive experiences and related implications within their work environment limit the value placed on bicultural managers’ leadership of multicultural teams and the use of their competencies and skills to improve the effectiveness of multicultural teams. Notwithstanding, traditional leadership models are lacking in diversity and unanswered questions remain regarding the role of multiculturalism in global leadership and team effectiveness. The purpose of this qualitative exploratory multiple case study was to gain deeper understanding of the management experiences of biculturals in …


01. Evolution Of Leadership, Illinois Mathematics And Science Academy Oct 2018

01. Evolution Of Leadership, Illinois Mathematics And Science Academy

CORE

This module serves as an introduction to the academic study of leadership and leadership theory, encouraging students to dissect leadership concepts through an objective and subjective lenses. With a general understanding of how leadership has changed through time and how it is classified today, students can explore where they fit into the definition itself.


Addressing Virtual Work Challenges: Learning From The Field, Julia Eisenberg, Aparna Krishnan Apr 2018

Addressing Virtual Work Challenges: Learning From The Field, Julia Eisenberg, Aparna Krishnan

Organization Management Journal

Companies increasingly rely on virtual teams. Despite numerous studies examining the challenges of geographically dispersed work, the findings are often mixed. The purpose of this article is to identify themes of challenges associated with virtual collaborations based on academic literature and do a gap analysis with industry trends. First, we identify five overarching categories of virtual team challenges based on reviewing the latest trends in the academic literature: trust and relationships, communication and knowledge sharing, perceptions and decision making, leadership, and diversity. Second, we utilize these categories to qualitatively code and analyze the company data from the Fortune Best Places …


Understanding How Transformational Leaders Inspire Employee Engagement In Rapidly Changing Environments, Michael Coleman Feb 2018

Understanding How Transformational Leaders Inspire Employee Engagement In Rapidly Changing Environments, Michael Coleman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Over the past five years, North Carolina community colleges have experienced a plethora of rapid changes, which can have a negative impact on employee engagement. Individuals who possess a transformational style of leadership typically inspire employees to engage in their work despite a rapidly changing environment. The specific business problem in this research study was a lack of understanding of how transformational leaders in North Carolina community colleges were inspiring employees to engage in their jobs during a rapidly changing environment. To address this significant issue, the researcher interviewed a group of senior transformational leaders from various community colleges within …


The Impact Of Authentic Leadership Development On Safety Climate Change, Victoria Hoyt Jan 2018

The Impact Of Authentic Leadership Development On Safety Climate Change, Victoria Hoyt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Tragic, life-changing, and fatal incidents are a reality on large-scale, civil construction projects. Despite a decline following the enforcement of the 1971 Occupational Safety and Health Act, serious and fatal incidents on heavy construction projects remain higher than that of the active military and have not declined in any notable way in the past decade. Industrial-organizational literature suggested a lack of applied testing for the well-developed theory of authentic leadership (AL) to impact safety outcomes. This quasi-experiment combined the constructs of authentic leadership with safety climate perception as quantifiable measurement of potential safety outcomes in the workplace. The research question …


Virtual Leadership In Complex Multiorganizational Research And Development Programs, Gariann Marie Gelston Jan 2018

Virtual Leadership In Complex Multiorganizational Research And Development Programs, Gariann Marie Gelston

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A 2002 congressional mandate initiated the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Centers of Excellence programs with a requirement to conduct cross-organizational research and development. The resulting complex multiorganizational programs required more effective virtual leadership and management strategies. Fifteen years later, the presidential budget showed that 61% of the DHS budget was targeted for such research and development. The complex management strategies and virtual leadership skills required to lead the programs were lacking, as top scientific researchers are drawn upon to manage programs. The purpose of this study was to understand followers' perspectives regarding virtual leadership and collaboration within complex …


A Quantitative Examination Of The Relationship Between Leadership And Organizational Commitment In Employees Of Faith-Based Organizations, Kimberly Ann Maiocco Nov 2017

A Quantitative Examination Of The Relationship Between Leadership And Organizational Commitment In Employees Of Faith-Based Organizations, Kimberly Ann Maiocco

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The objective of this research was to examine the relationship between leadership practice and organizational commitment in employees in faith-based organizations. The research utilized Bass and Avolio's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Leader Form and Meyer and Allen’s Three-Component Model (TCM) Employee Commitment Survey. The purpose of the research was to determine whether there was a relationship between leadership style and organizational commitment. Attributed idealized influence (IIA), behavioral idealized influence (IIB), inspirational motivation (IM), and contingent reward (CR) predicted affective commitment. Attributed idealized influence (IIA), inspirational motivation (IM), intellectual stimulation (IS), individual consideration (IC), active management-by-exception (MBEA), and transactional leadership predicted …