Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- US Army War College (347)
- U.S. Naval War College (175)
- University of Michigan Law School (141)
- Duke Law (71)
- University of Georgia School of Law (63)
-
- Vanderbilt University Law School (63)
- Maurer School of Law: Indiana University (58)
- Columbia Law School (52)
- American University Washington College of Law (49)
- University of Denver (46)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (45)
- Yeshiva University, Cardozo School of Law (37)
- Mitchell Hamline School of Law (35)
- St. Mary's University (34)
- Georgetown University Law Center (33)
- William & Mary Law School (30)
- University of Miami Law School (28)
- Brigham Young University Law School (24)
- Pace University (24)
- Penn State Dickinson Law (24)
- University at Buffalo School of Law (21)
- University of Richmond (21)
- Pepperdine University (19)
- Southern Methodist University (17)
- UIC School of Law (17)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (16)
- Seattle University School of Law (16)
- University of Washington School of Law (16)
- Notre Dame Law School (15)
- University of South Florida (14)
- Keyword
-
- Law of Armed Conflict (146)
- International law (110)
- War (110)
- Terrorism (103)
- Naval Warfare (66)
-
- Afghanistan (62)
- National security (60)
- Russia (60)
- Law of armed conflict (58)
- Iraq (55)
- Military (54)
- China (53)
- International humanitarian law (53)
- United States (52)
- Use of Force (52)
- War crimes (51)
- Human rights (50)
- Armed conflict (48)
- Law of war (46)
- NATO (45)
- United Nations (44)
- History (43)
- Law of the Sea (43)
- Treaties (42)
- World War II (42)
- International Law (40)
- Use of force (40)
- Warfare (40)
- Operational Law (39)
- IHL (38)
- Publication
-
- The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters (336)
- International Law Studies (175)
- Faculty Scholarship (144)
- Michigan Law Review (73)
- Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law (54)
-
- Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law (48)
- Michigan Journal of International Law (47)
- Human Rights & Human Welfare (44)
- United States Army: Field Manuals (39)
- Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works (30)
- William Mitchell Law Review (29)
- Articles by Maurer Faculty (28)
- Indiana Law Journal (23)
- St. Mary's Law Journal (23)
- University of Miami National Security & Armed Conflict Law Review (23)
- Journal Articles (21)
- Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals (20)
- Articles (17)
- Faculty Articles (16)
- Faculty Publications (16)
- Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters (15)
- Penn State International Law Review (1982 - 2011) (14)
- Military Cyber Affairs (13)
- New England Journal of Public Policy (13)
- International Bulletin of Political Psychology (12)
- Brooklyn Journal of International Law (11)
- Kentucky Law Journal (11)
- University of Richmond Law Review (11)
- Books, Monographs & Collaborative Studies (10)
- Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications (10)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 1946
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Chapter 1: Sanctions And The Shadow Fleet: Terrorism Forfeiture And Operation Economic Fury, James Kraska
Chapter 1: Sanctions And The Shadow Fleet: Terrorism Forfeiture And Operation Economic Fury, James Kraska
International Law Studies
No abstract provided.
Cognitive Resilience At The Edge: Hyperdimensional Computing Versus Deep Learning For Hardware-Degraded Rf Classification, Adrian B. Cisneros, Jeong Yang
Cognitive Resilience At The Edge: Hyperdimensional Computing Versus Deep Learning For Hardware-Degraded Rf Classification, Adrian B. Cisneros, Jeong Yang
Military Cyber Affairs
Autonomous Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) operating in contested electromagnetic environments must classify Radio Frequency (RF) signals on edge silicon that degrades over the mission lifetime due to thermal stress, radiation, and manufacturing variation. Deep neural networks dominate RF classification on pristine hardware, but their weights are precise and interdependent, causing catastrophic accuracy collapse as the underlying chip ages. We investigate whether Hyperdimensional Computing (HDC), a brain-inspired paradigm that distributes information across thousands of dimensions, can provide a reliability floor where Deep Learning fails. Using the RadioML 2016.10A dataset filtered to five digital modulations relevant to drone command-and-control links, we trained …
Manual Alignment—A Comparison Of The Law Of Armed Conflict Manuals Of The United States And Its Allies: How Reading Manuals Helps Military Lawyers Speak The Same Language When Planning Combined Operations, Jacob M. Fisch
Pace International Law Review
This article helps military lawyers work with allies. By comparing the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) Manuals printed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Australia, this article identifies consequential differences in the interpretation of LOAC between these five countries. The article discusses four such differences: definitions of foundational principles, incursion into a neutral or nonparticipating State during a conflict, the role of doubt in making targeting decisions, and the degree of protection accorded to the environment from the effects of attacks. While these differences point to possible challenges for cooperation between the United States and its …
Parameters Autumn 2026, Usawc Press
Parameters Autumn 2026, Usawc Press
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
No abstract provided.
Ai Race Between The Us And China, Kennedy Lyon-Lindersmith
Ai Race Between The Us And China, Kennedy Lyon-Lindersmith
Discovery Day - Daytona Beach
Technological leadership in AI and semiconductor manufacturing are both directly linked with military power and geopolitical influence. At the same time, the U.S. and China are currently defining the future of conflict in the cyber domain and are in strategic competition as China attempts to displace the U.S. as a global leader in AI. These factors contribute to an important national security threat that the U.S. is facing right now: An AI race between the U.S. and China, specifically regarding military cyber operations. This paper discusses some of the implications of a digital battlefield and analyzes international laws, international institutions, …
A Response To China'a "Legal Assessment Of U.S. Views On "Freedom Of Navigation", Raul Pete Pedrozo
A Response To China'a "Legal Assessment Of U.S. Views On "Freedom Of Navigation", Raul Pete Pedrozo
Ocean and Coastal Law Journal
In August 2025, the China Institute for Marine Affairs (CIMA) conducted a legal assessment of U.S. views on freedom of navigation. CIMA concluded that U.S. views on freedom of navigation lack “a basis in international law,” “seriously distort[] the interpretation and development of international law,” and embody “distinct illegality, unreasonableness, and double standards.” Part 1 of the assessment provides an overview of U.S. views on freedom of navigation. Part 2 “analyzes the gaps between U.S. perceptions of navigational rights and related practices and the rules of international law.” Part 3 “analyzes the legality of U.S. restrictions on the rights of …
Rethinking International Armed Conflict: Legal Challenges In The Age Of Hybrid Warfare, Oleksandr Havryshuk, Roman Hryshchenko
Rethinking International Armed Conflict: Legal Challenges In The Age Of Hybrid Warfare, Oleksandr Havryshuk, Roman Hryshchenko
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The binary classification of armed conflicts under international humanitarian law (IHL) — distinguishing international armed conflicts (IACs) from non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) — was forged in the aftermath of World War II and increasingly fails to capture the realities of twenty-first century warfare. Hybrid tactics, cyber operations, the proliferation of private military companies (PMCs), the expanding role of non-state actors, and the near-disappearance of formal declarations of war have eroded the analytical utility of the existing framework, generating legal uncertainty and weakening protections for affected populations. This Article critically examines the conceptual foundations of IAC as set out in Common …
Critical Geopolitics And The Reconstruction Of Meaning: A Discourse Analysis Of The 'Terrorism' Label Applied To Hamas By Western Hegemony, Cahaya Mulyani Sakti, M.Hamdan Basyar
Critical Geopolitics And The Reconstruction Of Meaning: A Discourse Analysis Of The 'Terrorism' Label Applied To Hamas By Western Hegemony, Cahaya Mulyani Sakti, M.Hamdan Basyar
Journal of Terrorism Studies
The emergence of Hamas in 1987 cannot be separated from the configuration of modern colonialism and the continuity of occupation that shaped the political reality. Hamas’s early phase was rooted in socio-religious activities through education and community empowerment programs, before evolving into armed resistance against the occupation. The labeling of Hamas as a “terrorist” organization began in the mid-1990s in U.S. legal documents, which subsequently generated debate and gave rise to counter-narratives. This study employs the frameworks of critical geopolitics (Ó Tuathail & Agnew) and the Discourse-Historical Approach (Wodak) to analyze the labeling of Hamas as “terrorist” by Western hegemony. …
From The Editor In Chief, C. Anthony Pfaff
From The Editor In Chief, C. Anthony Pfaff
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
Welcome to the Summer 2026 issue of Parameters, which consists of two In Focus special commentaries, three forums (Indo-Pacific, Strategy, and Historical Studies) and the Strategic Competition Corner.
Turning Tactical Victories Into Strategic Success: Counterinsurgency In The Irish Civil War, 1922–23, Gareth Prendergast, John A. Nagl
Turning Tactical Victories Into Strategic Success: Counterinsurgency In The Irish Civil War, 1922–23, Gareth Prendergast, John A. Nagl
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
The fundamentals the Irish National Army used in the Irish Civil War (1922–23) are a model for the successful application of a classic counterinsurgency which, if understood earlier, could have made a difference in the United States’ most recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Irish Civil War has not been examined in-depth through the lens of modern counterinsurgency doctrine. This article draws on military history and recent counterinsurgency doctrines to provide US policymakers and military practitioners practical guidance for how counterinsurgent forces can foster trust and use appropriate tactics that lead to strategic success.
Parameters, Usawc Press
Parameters, Usawc Press
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
No abstract provided.
Rethinking Power: E. H. Carr’S Enduring Lessons For Modern Strategists, Brian J. Hasse
Rethinking Power: E. H. Carr’S Enduring Lessons For Modern Strategists, Brian J. Hasse
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
This article argues E. H. Carr’s classic conception of power provides enduring lessons for national security, but these lessons are easily lost in application. Unlike much of the existing literature, this article emphasizes how modern conceptions of power convey an illusion of balance, while the national security bureaucracy constrains the effective synchronization of power. The analysis leverages both historical and contemporary case studies to identify what a balanced conception of power looks like in practice, with the hope of informing US national security strategy and policy in today’s complex security environment.
Geopolitical Chessboard: How Vietnam Shapes American-Chinese Competition, Kiet H. Lê, Hiep X. Trần
Geopolitical Chessboard: How Vietnam Shapes American-Chinese Competition, Kiet H. Lê, Hiep X. Trần
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
Vietnam’s geostrategic position—bordering China and commanding key South China Sea maritime routes—makes it a pivotal actor in shaping great-power competition in Southeast Asia. This article argues that the United States should support Vietnam’s neutrality and strategic autonomy as a means of countering Chinese influence. Unlike prior studies that portray regional states as passive players, this analysis highlights Vietnam’s active role in influencing regional dynamics. Through comparative analysis with the Philippines, using historical case studies, geographic assessments, and policy reviews, the article offers practical insights for military and policy practitioners on how geography shapes alliance formation and strategic competition.
How Is Going To War Like Buying A Car?: The Bargaining Model Of War, Richard R. Johnson
How Is Going To War Like Buying A Car?: The Bargaining Model Of War, Richard R. Johnson
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
The bargaining model of war, a popular, yet complex international relations theory, emphasizes how nations communicate signals regarding military strength, resolve to fight, and foreign policy goals. Since the military plays a major role in communicating these signals, its leaders should understand this theory, despite its complexities. This article explains the model and its components through the used car sale bargaining process and supplements the analogy with real-world examples of international events. This article will help military and foreign policy professionals easily grasp the concepts of the model.
Still Uncertain After All Of These Years: Constitutional Rights Of Guantanamo Detainees Tried By Military Commission, Michael D. Ross
Still Uncertain After All Of These Years: Constitutional Rights Of Guantanamo Detainees Tried By Military Commission, Michael D. Ross
Mercer Law Review
This article explores whether Guantanamo detainees are entitled to constitutional protections at military commission trials. In 2006, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act (“MCA”). Its goal was to establish a fair system to try foreign detainees accused of war crimes. The ensuing nineteen years have revealed that the system needs reform. The most important cases, such as the 9/11 and U.S.S. Cole prosecutions, are still bogged down in pre-trial litigation that has lasted over a decade. But before policy makers consider reforms, they should know what constitutional protections apply at a military commission. Federal courts have not answered that question. …
From The Editor In Chief, C. Anthony Pfaff
From The Editor In Chief, C. Anthony Pfaff
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
Welcome to the Spring 2026 issue of Parameters, which consists of an In Focus special commentary, three forums (Clausewitz and Modern Warfare, Operational Considerations, and Historical Studies), and the Strategic Competition Corner.
Book Reviews, Usawc Press
Book Reviews, Usawc Press
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
No abstract provided.
Parameters Spring 2026, Usawc Press
Parameters Spring 2026, Usawc Press
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
No abstract provided.
Imitating Us Doctrine Cost Europe Its Heavy Combat Power, Bence Nemeth
Imitating Us Doctrine Cost Europe Its Heavy Combat Power, Bence Nemeth
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
This article argues that Europe’s loss of heavy combat power is primarily the result of doctrinal shifts influenced by the United States, rather than underfunding alone. Unlike existing research that focuses on defense budgets or burden-sharing, this study isolates the opportunity costs of adopting US-based expeditionary and counterinsurgency doctrines. Using force structure data for Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom (1990–2022), it conducts a counterfactual analysis of lost tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and heavy artillery pieces. The article shows that Europe’s shortfalls are doctrinal as much as fiscal and highlights the relevance of maintaining balance in future doctrinal choices.
Approaching The Military As A Profession Through The Clausewitzian Trinity, Adam T. Biggs
Approaching The Military As A Profession Through The Clausewitzian Trinity, Adam T. Biggs
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
The Clausewitzian trinity (people, government, and military—or passion, reason, and chance) can enhance existing scholarship and discussions about military professionalism by emphasizing the fundamental purpose of military forces. Specifically, managing chance incorporates elements of reducing uncertainty and applying creativity as individuals develop coup d’oeil. Junior personnel manage chance by reducing cognitive load while enhancing cognitive skills needed to quickly assess battlefield conditions as they progress to becoming senior leaders. This article contrasts these ideas against the various roles assigned to civil-military forces in the Clausewitzian trinity to emphasize professionalism in developing military leaders.
Spezialpropaganda: The East German Military’S Covert Information-Warfare Program, Joe Cheravitch
Spezialpropaganda: The East German Military’S Covert Information-Warfare Program, Joe Cheravitch
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
This article details the East German military’s extensive, innovative covert-propaganda program, which was designed to influence West German attitudes for almost two decades during the Cold War. Unlike existing scholarship that primarily addresses intelligence-led disinformation, this study exclusively analyzes military-led information warfare. The article uses previously classified East German military records to examine capabilities and tactics ranging from fake conscription notices to radio broadcasts. The findings offer contemporary US military planners and practitioners insight into the complexities of integrating information-warfare capabilities, measuring the effectiveness of propaganda, and understanding adversarial influence campaigns, with direct implications for current Joint Force planning and …
Strategic Theory And Clausewitz’S Trinitarian Test, Lukas Milevski
Strategic Theory And Clausewitz’S Trinitarian Test, Lukas Milevski
The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
Carl von Clausewitz’s trinity represents a qualitative test for strategy in both theory and practice. With the trinity, Clausewitz transforms competing influences into a mark of theoretical quality. Synthesizing several translations of Clausewitz’s On War and interpretations by experts such as Hew Strachan, Antulio J. Echevarria II, and Frank G. Hoffman, this article suggests that Clausewitz believed that good theory encompasses and accounts for all fundamental forces of war, whereas bad theory emphasizes the extremes of one force. The trinity compels mandatory considerations for students of theory, war planners, and practitioners.
Weather As A Weapon Of War: The Legality Of Cloud Seeding Under International Humanitarian Law, Fatemah Albader
Weather As A Weapon Of War: The Legality Of Cloud Seeding Under International Humanitarian Law, Fatemah Albader
Seattle Journal of Technology, Environmental, & Innovation Law
No abstract provided.
Reviving Novorossiya: Russia’S Invasion Of Ukraine Under International Law
Reviving Novorossiya: Russia’S Invasion Of Ukraine Under International Law
Washington International Law Journal
Abstract: For nearly three years, the Eastern European nation of Ukraine has been entangled in a war it did not instigate, did not desire, but was forced into by its more powerful neighbor, Russia. Since the onset of the war, Russia has faced accusations of widespread atrocities, including severe violations of human rights, international humanitarian law, and breaches of other international norms. Following the inauguration of United States (US) President Donald Trump, there has been a renewed effort to bring both parties to the negotiating table and end the conflict. With the ongoing negotiations, there is no better time to …
Hybrid Warfare: A Collection Of Scenarios, Adrian Borbély
Hybrid Warfare: A Collection Of Scenarios, Adrian Borbély
DRI Press
Hybrid Warfare is nothing new but it has increasingly made the news - even if most of it remains beyond our awareness. Hybrid Warfare gathers all methods through which countries wage war against each other beyond traditional military, diplomatic and economic battlefields (cyber attacks, disinformation, transnational organized crime, appropriation of natural resources, lawfare, corruption, etc.). Such below-the-surface foreign aggressions are not limited to localized regions where armed forces shoot at each other trying to take each other’s positions. In hybrid warfare, society as a whole is the battlefield. In other words, hybrid warfare is not the concern of a few, …
The Lives Of Fritz Haber And Of International Law: Entwined Tales Of Tragedy And Irony, Mark A. Drumbl, C. William Vardy
The Lives Of Fritz Haber And Of International Law: Entwined Tales Of Tragedy And Irony, Mark A. Drumbl, C. William Vardy
Scholarly Articles
This article recounts the life of international law through the story of a single individual. This is the narrative of biographical international law. The subject — equally protagonist and antagonist — of this article is Fritz Haber, a German-Jewish scientist born in 1868. Devoted to the Kaiser, Haber was declared a war criminal by the Allies following World War I for having been ‘the father’ of chemical warfare. Haber argued that chemical weapons were more humane than conventional weapons. While under this shadow, Haber also won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1920 for his pioneering work with ammonia …
Discipline And Punishment, Frank Rosenblatt
Discipline And Punishment, Frank Rosenblatt
Journal Articles
Armed forces must be disciplined, but two bodies of international law relating to military discipline are in tension. On the one hand, international humanitarian law requires armed forces to employ robust disciplinary measures to deter and address military misconduct. On the other hand, some international human rights law scholars recently singled out military disciplinary measures as insufficiently protective of soldiers from unfair treatment. Advocates of this new approach proposed to remedy disciplinary unfairness by permitting soldiers to opt out of disciplinary proceedings and elect military criminal trials instead. This Article critically examines four of the underlying assumptions of this new …
The Birth Of Modern International Criminal Law: The International Military Tribunal At Nuremberg, Frank Rosenblatt
The Birth Of Modern International Criminal Law: The International Military Tribunal At Nuremberg, Frank Rosenblatt
Journal Articles
The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (IMT), the most famous and arguably most important international criminal trial in human history, almost did not occur. In fact, it might even be an accident of history that the most senior perpetrators of the Nazi regime’s atrocities eventually faced the courtroom instead of summary execution. That their fate was decided by rights over might has shaped the world; helped birth the fields of international criminal law and international human rights law; and become the starting point for conversations about international law, transitional justice, genocide, and human rights.
Escape Probability: Rethinking Wartime Protection Of Nuclear Facilities, Pearle M. Lipinski
Escape Probability: Rethinking Wartime Protection Of Nuclear Facilities, Pearle M. Lipinski
Michigan Journal of International Law
The 2022 Russian attacks on the Chernobyl and Zaporizhzhia nuclear facilities in Ukraine shocked the international community. Claims that the attacks constituted war crimes immediately entered the public consciousness, and a flurry of opinions were set forth on the international humanitarian law (“IHL”) protections afforded to nuclear plants, focusing on Article 56 of Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions, which provides special protection to nuclear electrical generating stations. These opinions primarily focused on the immediate applicability and shortcomings of Article 56 on the attacks at hand, often operating on the presumption that a massively consequential environmental and humanitarian disaster …
The United States' Nuclear Deterrent Outlook: Strategies, Challenges, And Future Prospects, Jonathon L. Beening
The United States' Nuclear Deterrent Outlook: Strategies, Challenges, And Future Prospects, Jonathon L. Beening
Graduate Theses/Dissertations
This study contends that the United States cannot sustain a credible nuclear deterrent through the mid-21st century without modernizing its aging nuclear arsenal and revising its nuclear doctrine to address emerging technological, geopolitical, and strategic threats posed by both near-peer adversaries and non-state actors. Through an examination of deterrence theory, historical developments, current force posture, modernization initiatives, doctrinal debates, counterarguments, and prospective geopolitical scenarios, this research assesses the adequacy of existing policies in maintaining strategic stability. The analysis concludes that credible deterrence in the coming decades will require integrated modernization, doctrinal clarity, and strategic adaptability to face any future threat …