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Articles 1 - 30 of 34
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Applicability Of Fluidized Bed Reactor In Recalcitrant Compound Degradation Through Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Applicability Of Fluidized Bed Reactor In Recalcitrant Compound Degradation Through Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Treatment of industrial waste water (e.g. textile waste water, phenol waste water, pharmaceutical etc) faces limitation in conventional treatment procedures. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) do not suffer from the limits of conventional treatment processes and consequently degrade toxic pollutants more efficiently. Complexity is faced in eradicating the restrictions of AOPs such as sludge formation, toxic intermediates formation and high requirement for oxidants. Increased mass-transfer in AOPs is an alternate solution to this problem. AOPs combined with Fluidized bed reactor (FBR) can be a potential choice compared to fixed bed or moving bed reactor, as AOP catalysts life-span last for only …
Investigation Of Convection And Diffusion During Biodiesel Production In Packed Membrane Reactor Using 3d Simulation, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Investigation Of Convection And Diffusion During Biodiesel Production In Packed Membrane Reactor Using 3d Simulation, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The 3D simulation of convection and diffusion phenomena within a ceramic membrane during transesterification reaction was the aim of this study. The ceramic membrane was a tubular micro porous TiO2/Al2O3 packed with the heterogeneous catalyst. The Navier-Stokes, Brinkman and Stephan-Maxwell equations were applied for investigation of fluid flow reaction and mass transfer within the system. The value of the convection was generally between 104 and 107 times higher than diffusion. It depends on concentration component, the diffusion coefficient and components velocity. A good agreement was found with the maximum deviation of 8% from experimental data. © 2013 The Korean Society …
Activity Of Solid Acid Catalysts For Biodiesel Production: A Critical Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Activity Of Solid Acid Catalysts For Biodiesel Production: A Critical Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Homogeneous acid catalysts received wide acceptability because of their fast reaction rates. However, postproduction costs incurred from aqueous quenching, wastewater and loss of catalysts led to the search for alternatives. Until recently, heterogeneous base catalyzed-biodiesel production also gained the attention of most researchers. This was because the process minimized the problems of homogeneous catalysis in terms of catalyst regeneration and recycling in continuous processes. However, despite these advances, the ultimate aim of producing biodiesel at affordable cost is yet to be realized. Further, the process requires refined feedstocks which account for as high as 88% of the final production costs. …
3d Simulation Of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production In A Packed Membrane Reactor, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
3d Simulation Of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production In A Packed Membrane Reactor, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The current work is aimed to simulate the production of high quality fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) production from palm oil in a micro porous ceramic membrane reactor. The TiO2/Al2O3 ceramic membrane was used as the separator and catalytic bed. It was packed with potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon. The investigation of component distribution within the system was not possible. Hence CFD analysis was used to predict the distribution of the fatty acid methyl ester and the other by-products in the membrane module. The Brinkman equation was used to simulate fluid flow within the porous media. …
Kinetic Modeling Of A Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidative Treatment Of Petroleum Refining Wastewater, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Kinetic Modeling Of A Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidative Treatment Of Petroleum Refining Wastewater, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The mineralisation kinetics of petroleum refinery effluent (PRE) by Fenton oxidation were evaluated. Within the ambit of the experimental data generated, first-order kinetic model (FKM), generalised lumped kinetic model (GLKM), and generalized kinetic model (GKM) were tested. The obtained apparent kinetic rate constants for the initial oxidation step (k 2 ′), their final oxidation step (k 1 ′), and the direct conversion to endproducts step (k 3 ′) were 10.12, 3.78, and 0.24 min-1 for GKM; 0.98, 0.98, and nil min-1 for GLKM; and nil, nil, and >0.005 min-1 for FKM. The findings showed that GKM is superior in estimating …
Kinetic Modeling Of A Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidative Treatment Of Petroleum Refining Wastewater, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Kinetic Modeling Of A Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidative Treatment Of Petroleum Refining Wastewater, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The mineralisation kinetics of petroleum refinery effluent (PRE) by Fenton oxidation were evaluated. Within the ambit of the experimental data generated, first-order kinetic model (FKM), generalised lumped kinetic model (GLKM), and generalized kinetic model (GKM) were tested. The obtained apparent kinetic rate constants for the initial oxidation step (k 2 ′), their final oxidation step (k 1 ′), and the direct conversion to endproducts step (k 3 ′) were 10.12, 3.78, and 0.24 min-1 for GKM; 0.98, 0.98, and nil min-1 for GLKM; and nil, nil, and >0.005 min-1 for FKM. The findings showed that GKM is superior in estimating …
Review On The Application Of Modified Iron Oxides As Heterogeneous Catalysts In Fenton Reactions, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Review On The Application Of Modified Iron Oxides As Heterogeneous Catalysts In Fenton Reactions, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Heterogeneous Fenton reaction is an advanced oxidation process which has gained wide spread acceptance for higher removal efficiency of recalcitrant organic contaminants under wide range of pH compared to homogeneous reactions. Conventionally, iron oxides are used as heterogeneous catalysts for Fenton oxidation system because of their abundance, easy separation and lower cost. This paper reviews the substitution of iron in an iron oxide with other transition metals as a mean to improve the properties of the iron oxide towards higher performance for contaminant degradation. Several studies have reported enhanced performance resulted from this substitution based on two possible mechanisms. First …
Fibre Optic Sensors For Selected Wastewater Characteristics, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Fibre Optic Sensors For Selected Wastewater Characteristics, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Demand for online and real-time measurements techniques to meet environmental regulation and treatment compliance are increasing. However the conventional techniques, which involve scheduled sampling and chemical analysis can be expensive and time consuming. Therefore cheaper and faster alternatives to monitor wastewater characteristics are required as alternatives to conventional methods. This paper reviews existing conventional techniques and optical and fibre optic sensors to determine selected wastewater characteristics which are colour, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The review confirms that with appropriate configuration, calibration and fibre features the parameters can be determined with accuracy comparable to conventional method. …
Optimization And Modeling Of Extraction Of Solid Coconut Waste Oil, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Optimization And Modeling Of Extraction Of Solid Coconut Waste Oil, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Solid coconut waste was produced after coconut milk extraction process and may still contain up to 24 wt.% oil content. In this work, extraction of oil from coconut waste using batch and soxhlet extractor was studied. Effect of particle size diameter, type of solvent and solvent to solid ratio on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters; entropy, enthalpy and free energy of extraction were investigated. The maximum oil yields for soxhlet and batch reactor were 23.6% at 80 °C and 21.9% at 65 °C, respectively for particle size diameter <0.5 mm when hexane was used as solvent. The kinetic of coconut waste oil extraction was found to be a first order mass transfer model. The ΔG, ΔS and ΔH values were 10.94–13.35 kJ/mol, 33.10–39.57 J/mol K and 0.12–1.25 kJ/mol, respectively shows that the extraction process was spontaneous, irreversible and endothermic based on thermodynamic parameters.
Status Of Biodiesel Research And Development In Pakistan, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Status Of Biodiesel Research And Development In Pakistan, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Performance of biodiesel in engines is well established and biodiesel is currently adjudged as a low carbon fuel with the most potential of replacing fossil fuels. The fossil fuel sources are dwindling in Pakistan resulting in importation of about 8.1 million tonnes at approximately US$ 9.4 billion per annum. In the ambit of this justification, augmenting the energy scarce resources in Pakistan through intense harnessing of the varied biodiesel sources can adequately address the deficiency and can ensure energy security. Towards this end, the progress attained in biodiesel related researches in Pakistan are evaluated and presented with the view of …
The Effects Of Water On Biodiesel Production And Refining Technologies: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The Effects Of Water On Biodiesel Production And Refining Technologies: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Presence of water during biodiesel production and purification processes, storage and use in compression ignition (diesel) engines causes problems that cannot be ignored. These problems include: difficulties in biodiesel processing especially during alkali-catalyzed transesterification process, deterioration of biodiesel quality, decrease in heat of combustion, corrosion of fuel system components, and acceleration of hydrolytic reaction. Beside use of water during biodiesel purification results in wastewater discharges which causes environmental effects, due to high contents of chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and higher pH values. Thus, this study critically analyzed and examined the effects of water on biodiesel production and the …
Production Of Biodiesel Using High Free Fatty Acid Feedstocks, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Production Of Biodiesel Using High Free Fatty Acid Feedstocks, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The enormous challenges faced in the search for suitable and profitable feedstocks to produce biodiesel cannot be over-emphasis. This paper has provided an overview of different catalysts used in processing different kinds of feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. Although the process of biodiesel production from refined feedstocks is less cumbersome and could provide biodiesel yield of more than 98%, but its product cost is high. Thus, the recent biodiesel production from low-quality feedstocks, though presents challenges but has equally provided biodiesel yield comparable to that obtained from refined feedstocks. Furthermore the physicochemical properties of biodiesel derived from low-quality feedstocks …
Hydrogen Production By Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii In A Two-Stage Process With And Without Illumination At Alkaline Ph, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Hydrogen Production By Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii In A Two-Stage Process With And Without Illumination At Alkaline Ph, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
This work presents the results of a two-stage (carbon fixation and hydrogen production) experimental study for hydrogen production from microalgae using optical fiber as an internal light source. Effect of absence and presence of light on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture's pH shift is also evaluated. The culture pH value is a function of light intensity; the pH in the alkaline range changes from 7.5 to 9.5 in the presence and absence of optical fiber respectively. The maximum rate of hydrogen production in the presence of exogenic glucose and optical fiber is 6 mL/L cult/hour, which is higher than other reported values. …
Oxidative Mineralisation Of Petroleum Refinery Effluent Using Fenton-Like Process, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Oxidative Mineralisation Of Petroleum Refinery Effluent Using Fenton-Like Process, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Petroleum refinery effluents (PREs) are wastewaters characterised by high values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). Mineralisation of PRE is not commonly reported. For Fenton oxidation, in particular, reported PRE mineralisation is low. In this paper, treatability of a petroleum refinery effluent using a Fenton-like oxidative reaction is described. A statistically designed experimental matrix was used to evaluate the individual and combined effects of process variables based on a five-level central composite design (CCD). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise the parameters of interest (COD and TOC), and response surface equations were subsequently developed. …
Performance Evaluation Of Biodiesel From Used Domestic Waste Oils: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Performance Evaluation Of Biodiesel From Used Domestic Waste Oils: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Global warming, high-energy demand and availability of new technologies are among the factors catalyzing the search for alternative sources of energy. Currently, there is renewed interest in obtaining energy from wastes hitherto meant for disposal. Increased costs of disposal and their attendant problems of heavy environmental loading are some aspects making the disposal option unattractive. These wastes are sources of energy and among the several sources of generating this energy are the waste-to-energy (WTE) categories with potentials for useable fuel production. The WTE materials are mainly used domestic waste oils (UDWOs), municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural and industrial wastes. However, …
Reactive Extraction Of Solid Coconut Waste To Produce Biodiesel, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Reactive Extraction Of Solid Coconut Waste To Produce Biodiesel, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced using transesterification method where edible or non edible oil and alcohol reacts in the presence of catalyst. Biodiesel is expensive than fossil fuels because of higher raw material and production costs. Solid coconut waste is an alternative raw material from waste and suitable for biodiesel production to lower the production cost. Solid coconut waste is produced after coconut milk extraction and may still contain 17–24 wt% extractable oil content. This study introduces reactive extraction of solid coconut waste for biodiesel production. Effects of catalyst amount, KOH (0.8–2.0%), temperature (55–65 °C) and mixing intensity …
Study Of Various Curved-Blade Impeller Geometries On Power Consumption In Stirred Vessel Using Response Surface Methodology, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Study Of Various Curved-Blade Impeller Geometries On Power Consumption In Stirred Vessel Using Response Surface Methodology, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The geometry of an impeller is a determining factor in power demand, which in turn determines the cost of mixing operation in stirred tanks. In this work, the power requirements for seven types of 6-curved blade impellers of varying curvature angles and central disk sizes, were analyzed via response surface methodology (RSM) and compared to a Ruston turbine. The experiments were conducted using water as the working fluid in a standard mixing vessel. Power consumptions were measured using a load cell arrangement for a wide range of speeds in both aerated and un-aerated conditions. The data revealed that the power …
Biodegradation Of Used Motor Oil In Soil Using Organic Waste Amendments, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Biodegradation Of Used Motor Oil In Soil Using Organic Waste Amendments, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Soil and surface water contamination by used lubricating oil is a common occurrence in most developing countries. This has been shown to have harmful effects on the environment and human beings at large. Bioremediation can be an alternative green technology for remediation of such hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Bioremediation of soil contaminated with 5% and 15% (w/w) used lubricating oil and amended with 10% brewery spent grain (BSG), banana skin (BS), and spent mushroom compost (SMC) was studied for a period of 84 days, under laboratory condition. At the end of 84 days, the highest percentage of oil biodegradation (92%) was recorded …
Membrane Biodiesel Production And Refining Technology: A Critical Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Membrane Biodiesel Production And Refining Technology: A Critical Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Membranes processes for the production and refining of biodiesel are being increasingly reported. Membrane technology has attracted the interest of researchers for its ability to provide high purity and quality biodiesel fuel besides its remarkable biodiesel yields. Membranes have numerous numbers of useful properties such as resistance to mechanical, chemical and thermal stress, high available surface area per unit volume, high selectivity, and ability to control the components contact between the two phases makes them potential. These properties have made them to be potential candidates for both upstream and downstream biodiesel production and refining applications. In this regards, this paper …
Refining Technologies For The Purification Of Crude Biodiesel, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Refining Technologies For The Purification Of Crude Biodiesel, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
In biodiesel production, downstream purification is an important step in the overall process. This article is a critical review of the most recent research findings pertaining to biodiesel refining technologies. Both conventional refining technologies and the most recent biodiesel membrane refining technology are reviewed. The results obtained through membrane purification showed some promise in term of biodiesel yield and quality. Also, membranes presented low water consumption and less wastewater discharges. Therefore, exploration and exploitation of membrane technology to purify crude biodiesel is necessary. Furthermore, the success of membrane technology in the purification of crude biodiesel could serve as a boost …
Application Of Natural Clay To Formulate Nontraditional Completion Fluid That Triples Oil Productivity, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Application Of Natural Clay To Formulate Nontraditional Completion Fluid That Triples Oil Productivity, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Adverse effect of the highly biorecalcitrant compound phenol to the environment is well established and its concentrations in industrial effluents vary greatly from 2.8 to 6,800 mg/l depending on the source. Fenton process effectively mineralises to CO(2) and H(2)O but reported works consumed more reagents and require longer reaction times. Due to the strong interaction between the several predictor variables in the Fenton oxidation, response surface methodology was used to optimise the mineralization treatment. Efficient, faster and economical operating conditions for phenol removal were explored by investigating four parameters namely the concentration ratio of hydrogen peroxide to phenol - ((H(2)O(2)):(Phenol)), …
Measuring Powder Flowability With A Modified Warren Spring Cohesion Tester, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Measuring Powder Flowability With A Modified Warren Spring Cohesion Tester, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The measurement of powder flowability is a major concern for most industrial processes that deal with the handling of bulk solids as raw materials, intermediates, or products. The development of devices that measure the flowability of non-aerated powders has not progressed as rapidly as might have been hoped since most research activities have been based on various types of shear testers intended to aid the design of hoppers. A new flowability indicator named as weighted cohesion (WS) is established using newly improved version of direct cohesion texture. A cornerstone of the proposed technique is that the procedure is automated, using …
Rheological And Statistical Evaluation Of Nontraditional Lightweight Completion Fluid And Its Dependence On Temperature, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Rheological And Statistical Evaluation Of Nontraditional Lightweight Completion Fluid And Its Dependence On Temperature, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
This study presents a concise rheological and statistical evaluation of a novel super lightweight completion fluid (SLWCF) and the effect of temperature on its viscosity. Eight rheological models were proposed in order to describe the viscoplastic behavior of the fluid. Based on the results, the fluid is best described both by the Sisko model and the Mizahri-Berk model. These two models are not only able to quantify the relationship between shear rate and shear stress accurately, but also accommodate the physical characteristics of the fluids. On the study of fluid's viscosity dependence on temperature, the result shows that the activation …
Biodiesel Separation And Purification: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Biodiesel Separation And Purification: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Conventional technologies used for biodiesel separation such as gravitational settling, decantation, filtration and biodiesel purification such as water washing, acid washing, and washing with ether and absorbents have proven to be inefficient, time and energy consumptive, and less cost effective. The involvement of membrane reactor and separative membrane shows great promise for the separation and purification of biodiesel. Membrane technology needs to be explored and exploited to overcome the difficulties usually encountered in the separation and purification of biodiesel. In this paper both conventional and most recent membrane technologies used in refining biodiesel have been critically reviewed. The effects of …
A Packed Bed Membrane Reactor For Production Of Biodiesel Using Activated Carbon Supported Catalyst, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
A Packed Bed Membrane Reactor For Production Of Biodiesel Using Activated Carbon Supported Catalyst, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
In this study, a novel continuous reactor has been developed to produce high quality methyl esters (biodiesel) from palm oil. A microporous TiO 2/Al 2O 3 membrane was packed with potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon. The central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, catalyst amount and cross flow circulation velocity on the production of biodiesel in the packed bed membrane reactor. The highest conversion of palm oil to biodiesel in the reactor was obtained at 70°C employing 157.04g catalyst per unit volume of the reactor …
Treatment Technologies For Petroleum Refinery Effluents: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Treatment Technologies For Petroleum Refinery Effluents: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
This paper presents a brief account of different technologies used for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluents (PRE). Broadly, PRE treatment is accomplished in two stages, namely, a series of pre-treatment steps, in which suspended matter, oil and grease are reduced, and an advanced stage, in which wastewater contaminants are decreased to certain acceptable discharge limits. Photocatalytic degradation techniques have been widely used in water and wastewater treatment. However, the literature regarding PRE treatment is scarce, and the technique is still not being utilised on an industrial scale in refineries. This is largely due to limited research findings discussing PRE …
Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst Supported On Palm Shell Activated Carbon For Transesterification Of Palm Oil, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst Supported On Palm Shell Activated Carbon For Transesterification Of Palm Oil, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
In this study, potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon was developed for transesterification of palm oil. The Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, catalyst loading and methanol to oil molar ratio on the production of biodiesel using activated carbon supported catalyst. The highest yield was obtained at 64.1 °C reaction temperature, 30.3 wt.% catalyst loading and 24:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. The physical and chemical properties of the produced biodiesel met the standard specifications. This study proves that activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide …
High Quality Biodiesel And Its Diesel Engine Application: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
High Quality Biodiesel And Its Diesel Engine Application: A Review, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
The continuous increasing demand for energy and the diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel is best substitute for petro-diesel and also most advantageous over petro-diesel for its environmental friendliness. The quality of biodiesel fuel was found to be significant for its successful use on compression ignition engines and subsequent replacement of non-renewable fossil fuels. Conventional biodiesel separation and purification technologies were noticed to yield lower quality biodiesel fuel with resultant excessive energy and water consumptions. Membrane technology showed more potential for effective and efficient separation and purification of biodiesel. …
Cohesiveness And Flowability Properties Of Silica Gel Powder, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Cohesiveness And Flowability Properties Of Silica Gel Powder, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Problem statement: The measurement of powder flowability is a major concern for most industrial processes that deal with the handling of bulk solids as raw materials, intermediates, or products. Approach: The influence of particle size on the flowability of silica gel was investigated using aerated and non-aerated methods. The aerated method involved the measurement of the Hausner Ratio (HR) and Angle Of Repose (AOR) using a Hosokawa Powder Tester (PT-S), while the non-aerated method involved a Cohesion Index (CI) measurement based on a Stable Micro Systems TA.XT Plus texture analyzer. The mean size diameters of the fine and coarse powders …
Application Of Natural Clay To Formulate Nontraditional Completion Fluid That Triples Oil Productivity, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Application Of Natural Clay To Formulate Nontraditional Completion Fluid That Triples Oil Productivity, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
In the last decades, the problem of perforation damage has been considered as the major factor for the reduction of oil productivity. Underbalance perforation is considered as one of the best means to minimize or overcome this problem. By maintaining wellbore pressure lower than formation pressure, perforation damage could be minimize or eliminated. This can be achieved by the use of nontraditional lightweight completion fluid. This paper presents the effect of natural clay in formulating nontraditional completion fluid to ensure successful perforation job and increase of production rate. Natural clay is used as homogenizing agent to create a stable and …