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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Regulating Religious Coexistence : The Intricacies Of Interfaith Cooperation In Coastal Kenya, Erik Meinema
Regulating Religious Coexistence : The Intricacies Of Interfaith Cooperation In Coastal Kenya, Erik Meinema
Ohio University Press Open Access Books
Regulating Religious Coexistence offers a compelling ethnographic analysis of how Muslims, Christians, and practitioners of indigenous African religions negotiate coexistence in Kenya’s coastal region. The book conceptualizes religious diversity as a dynamic field shaped by multiple partly intersecting and partly conflicting models of interaction. These include the political secularism promoted by the Kenyan state and civil society organizations focused on interfaith harmony, forms of competition between religious groups, and pluralistic practices in which individuals draw on multiple traditions to meet spiritual needs.
Through a close examination of civil society initiatives funded by Western donors to foster peacebuilding and to counter …
The Lived Liturgical Experience Of Non-Catholic Participants In The Roman Catholic Mass: Tactical Ecumenism In Overlapping Ritual Systems, Sarah Kathleen Johnson
The Lived Liturgical Experience Of Non-Catholic Participants In The Roman Catholic Mass: Tactical Ecumenism In Overlapping Ritual Systems, Sarah Kathleen Johnson
Journal of Global Catholicism
In religiously diverse social contexts, liturgical practices anchored in one reli-
gious tradition often gather diverse communities. In such contexts, it is wise to
assume that people who are not Catholic may be present at any Roman Cath-
olic Mass. This article explores the lived liturgical experience of non-Catholic
Christians who participate routinely in the Roman Catholic Mass through a
mixed-methods study of a religiously diverse treble vocal ensemble that sings
weekly at Mass on a Catholic university campus. It describes how Catholic and
non-Catholic Christian singers interpret practices surrounding the eucharistic
meal in contrasting ways: non-Catholic Christians experience the …
Negotiating Plurality: Korean Catholic Funerals As Lived Religion, Jieun Han
Negotiating Plurality: Korean Catholic Funerals As Lived Religion, Jieun Han
Journal of Global Catholicism
This article examines Korean Catholic funeral rites through the lenses of ritual
guidebooks and lived religion, arguing that Catholic funerary practice in Korea
has emerged through sustained engagement with Confucian and Buddhist tradi-
tions as well as modern nationalism. Focusing on Catholic manuals such as the
Sangjang yesik [Rites for Mourning and Funerals] and related texts, it traces how
officially sanctioned liturgical forms coexist with, accommodate, and reinterpret
indigenous ritual logics surrounding mourning, burial, ancestor veneration, and
care for the dead. Rather than viewing Korean Catholic funerals as a simple
localization of Roman rites, the article conceptualizes them as a …
Editor's Introduction, Brent H. Otto S.J.
Editor's Introduction, Brent H. Otto S.J.
Journal of Global Catholicism
No abstract provided.
Fashion, Lifestyle, And Symbolic Capital: Identity And Resistance In Eka Kurniawan’S Beauty Is A Wound, Dewi Meyrasyawati, Cysakaren Diva Pratiwi, Nisar Ul-Haq
Fashion, Lifestyle, And Symbolic Capital: Identity And Resistance In Eka Kurniawan’S Beauty Is A Wound, Dewi Meyrasyawati, Cysakaren Diva Pratiwi, Nisar Ul-Haq
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
This study examines how fashion culture and lifestyle, understood as modes of self presentation, social performance, and everyday practice, operate as tools of identity construction and resistance in Eka Kurniawan’s Beauty Is a Wound. The objective is to reveal how beauty, personal choices, and public perception function as symbolic capital in negotiating gendered power relations, class hierarchies, and political constraints. Using close textual analysis, the research explores how female characters, particularly Dewi Ayu, mobilize appearance, behavior, and life decisions to challenge dominant ideologies and redefine their roles in society. The findings show that fashion culture in the novel extends beyond …
Representasi Identitas Dan Gastronomi Budaya Kuliner Jawa Dalam Lima Lagu Karya Ki Narto Sabdo, Aditya Pratama, Darmoko -, Ari Prasetiyo, Dwi Woro Retno Mastuti
Representasi Identitas Dan Gastronomi Budaya Kuliner Jawa Dalam Lima Lagu Karya Ki Narto Sabdo, Aditya Pratama, Darmoko -, Ari Prasetiyo, Dwi Woro Retno Mastuti
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
Culinary is not just food and drink, but has transformed into a study of culinary gastronomy which focuses on aspects of history, values, philosophy, taste and components. The study of the problems discussed in this research is related to the cultural identity of Javanese culinary gastronomy in the five songs by Ki Narto Sabdo. Descriptive qualitative research methods with an objective approach were applied in this research. This research uses Santich's culinary gastronomy theory and Stuart Hall's theory of cultural identity representation with a constructionist approach. As a result, the representation of Javanese culinary gastronomic cultural identity is built on …
Pengantar Dari Editor Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026), Rahayu Surtiati
Pengantar Dari Editor Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026), Rahayu Surtiati
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
No abstract provided.
Pendidikan Sebagai Pengasingan: Politik Kolonial Terhadap Keluarga Singamangaraja Pasca-1907, Uli Kozok
Pendidikan Sebagai Pengasingan: Politik Kolonial Terhadap Keluarga Singamangaraja Pasca-1907, Uli Kozok
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
This article examines the post-1907 trajectories of the family of Singamangaraja following the death of Ompu Pulo Batu and the final military campaign of the Dutch colonial state in the Batak lands. It traces how the colonial government integrated his widows and children into the colonial order through internment, Christianisation, exile, and education in Java. Drawing on colonial archives, contemporary newspapers, and mission reports, the article reconstructs the life trajectories of the five surviving sons of Singamangaraja and situates them within the framework of colonial strategies of conquest and stabilisation. The study shows that these policies combined elements of protection, …
Shaping Disease: Colonial Stigma And The Politics Of Health In Banyuwangi, The Early Twentieth Century, Rifa'i Shodiq Fathoni, Skriptyan Noor Hidayatullah Syuhri, Vini’Matu Hikmah, Ardhita Zahra Namira
Shaping Disease: Colonial Stigma And The Politics Of Health In Banyuwangi, The Early Twentieth Century, Rifa'i Shodiq Fathoni, Skriptyan Noor Hidayatullah Syuhri, Vini’Matu Hikmah, Ardhita Zahra Namira
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
This article examines the colonial stigma attached to Banyuwangi as an “unhealthy region” in the early 20th century, a label used to justify massive exploitation of its natural resources. Using a historical method, this research analyzes how this stigma not only served as a tool for colonial legitimation but also causatively created conditions that triggered ecological disasters and a public health crisis in a previously isolated area. Through an analysis of primary sources such as colonial reports, health journals, and newspapers, this article traces how large-scale plantation exploitation, enabled by the stigma, led to deforestation, uncontrolled labor migration, and poor …
From Mandala To Palace: The Transformation Of Kidung Artati Into Ranggasutrasna Version Of Serat Kidungan From The Surakarta, Agung Kriswanto, I Made Suparta
From Mandala To Palace: The Transformation Of Kidung Artati Into Ranggasutrasna Version Of Serat Kidungan From The Surakarta, Agung Kriswanto, I Made Suparta
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
This article examines the transformation of Kidung Artati from the Merapi–Merbabu milieu into the version preserved in Serat Kidungan compiled by Ranggasutrasna in the Surakarta court. The study aims to trace the process of textual transmission and ideological transformation that occurred when a kidung originating in an ascetic milieu was incorporated into a later courtly literary context. The sources used in this research consist of Kidung Artati and Kidung Rumeksa Ing Wengi from the Merapi–Merbabu manuscripts, as well as the Ranggasutrasna version of Serat Kidungan. The method applied is textual criticism and comparative textual analysis in order to identify …
The Negotiated Identities Of Refugee-Background Women During Resettlement, Iuliia Fakhrutdinova
The Negotiated Identities Of Refugee-Background Women During Resettlement, Iuliia Fakhrutdinova
Graduate Doctoral Dissertations
Refugee-background women experience unique challenges while resettling in the U.S. as they navigate complicated transnational gender roles, education gaps, migration trauma, learning a new language, and literacy in the adaptation process during resettlement, which can derail the productive paths they are on. Therefore, ignoring refugee-background women’s unique experiences and failing to understand their identities prevents our society from doing social justice and creating a space for a smooth adaptation to the new context. Language plays a paramount role in identity formation, as it moves away from the belief that identity is an essential concept. For refugee-background women during resettlement, their …
Agrarian Festivals Of India- Embedded Traditional Knowledge About Environment And Ecology Preserved Across Millennia, Lopamudra Maitra
Agrarian Festivals Of India- Embedded Traditional Knowledge About Environment And Ecology Preserved Across Millennia, Lopamudra Maitra
International Journal of Traditional Knowledge
With a prominent agrarian economy, it is important to note the many agrarian festivals from across the nation. These festivals also help to highlight many rites, rituals and folklore, which forms the basic ethos of the celebrations and within the many layers of these are embedded knowledge about environment and ecology, which has been passed down through thousands of centuries. These have also been variously corroborated through archaeological, historical and epigraphical records of ancient India. This paper is an attempt to highlight this historicity of the agrarian festivals of India, which also corresponds to the mainstream festivals from across India, …
Co-Dominion: The Changing Nature Of The Adamic Covenant In An Age Of Artificial Intelligence, Corey Hastings
Co-Dominion: The Changing Nature Of The Adamic Covenant In An Age Of Artificial Intelligence, Corey Hastings
Masters Theses
Theologians and religious bodies attest to the rising influence of artificial intelligence (AI) in governments, the economy, and the lives of the people of God. Through the covenant with Adam, God gave humans the blessing of dominion and capabilities unique to creation to till the earth. Today, humans retain the image of God but AI increasingly displaces human functions with coordinated agency. Using Hebrew language exegesis of passages from Genesis, Exodus, and Leviticus, this study compares capabilities gifted to humans with the scope of current and near future AI models. It incorporates direct artifact analysis of a large-language model as …
The Relativity Of Education: Student Perspectives On Artificial Intelligence In Community College, Ashley Greta Magana
The Relativity Of Education: Student Perspectives On Artificial Intelligence In Community College, Ashley Greta Magana
Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations
This hermeneutic phenomenological study examined how diverse community college students experience and make meaning of the integration of generative artificial intelligence (AI) into their educational contexts. Although AI is quickly transforming higher education through automated grading, personalized learning systems, and new models of assessment, the discourse surrounding its implementation remains dominated by administrators, faculty, and institutional stakeholders, while the perspectives of students, specifically community college students who are often historically underrepresented and economically marginalized, are systematically excluded. Most existing research is quantitative and centered on universities, leaving a critical gap in qualitative understanding of the most diverse population in higher …
Tales, Traditions, And Tides: The Little Logan River And Its Role In Cache Valley's History, Culture, And Conservation, Emily A. Kovacic
Tales, Traditions, And Tides: The Little Logan River And Its Role In Cache Valley's History, Culture, And Conservation, Emily A. Kovacic
All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present
The Little Logan River (LLR) plays a vital role in the cultural, historical, and ecological landscape of Cache Valley, Utah. Amid growing concerns raised by the Logan River Watershed Project (LRWP), which threatens to alter the river’s environment, this project seeks to understand the significance of the LLR as a cultural and recreational asset through collected oral histories. Building on folkloric perspectives of place-based storytelling, this thesis introduces the idea of vivus locum, or “that place which is alive,” through the example of the LLR to the study of folkloristics. The concept of vivus locum emphasizes the importance of …
Witchcraft Dialogues : Anthropological And Philosophical Exchanges, George Clement Bond, Diane M. Ciekawy
Witchcraft Dialogues : Anthropological And Philosophical Exchanges, George Clement Bond, Diane M. Ciekawy
Ohio University Press Open Access Books
Witchcraft Dialogues analyzes the complex manner in which human beings construct, experience, and think about the occult. It brings together anthropologists, philosophers, and sociologists, from diverse social and cultural backgrounds, to engage the metaphysical properties of witchcraft and sorcery and to explore their manifestations in people’s lived experiences.
While many Africanist scholars shun the analysis of witchcraft as an appropriate domain of investigation, the experiences, thoughts, activities, and powers that witchcraft encompasses have become increasingly the source of interest and debate. Concepts of witchcraft and the phenomena to which they are applied express something fundamental to the human condition and …
'We Will Be Here': Modeling Hunting Community Narratives In Avanersuaq, Greenland, Talor Stone
'We Will Be Here': Modeling Hunting Community Narratives In Avanersuaq, Greenland, Talor Stone
Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations
The Inughuit, a small Indigenous population in Northwest Greenland with a rich history of subsistence hunting in one of Earth’s harshest environments, have long been portrayed in Western media and academic literature as symbols of vulnerability and resilience, often depicted more as icons of climate change and a culture under threat than as actual people with hopes and aspirations. Indigenous voices are strikingly absent from these Western accounts.
As the Arctic gains prominence amid rapid growth in climate discourse, regional geopolitics, and tourism, the implications of these representations become increasingly significant. When Western crisis narratives dominate discourse and shape regulatory …
Reinforcing Media Governance In Indonesian Dynamic Cyber Space, Poppy Setiawaty Nurisnaeny, Hendra Kaprisma, Chrisna Yudhawinata, Sudirman Sudirman
Reinforcing Media Governance In Indonesian Dynamic Cyber Space, Poppy Setiawaty Nurisnaeny, Hendra Kaprisma, Chrisna Yudhawinata, Sudirman Sudirman
International Review of Humanities Studies
Following the rapid change in technology development, the Indonesian mass media have undergone a digital transformation. This digital mass media and its users have evolved, assimilated, and integrated themselves to fit in the cyber world. This distinguishing feature distinguishes them from traditional mass media. The cyber environment's infinite international boundaries are both advantageous and disadvantageous, as it is difficult to govern digital activity outside Indonesia's jurisdiction. This unregulated environment became a breeding ground for cybercrime, making the digital space unsafe for individuals and threatening national security. In response to this issue, the Indonesian government has enacted various laws and policies, …
The Indonesian Conjunction Dan ‘And’ And Its Chinese Correspondences: A Corpus-Based Approach To Syntactic And Register Variation, Hatmi Idris
International Review of Humanities Studies
This study examines how the Indonesian conjunction dan ‘and’ is rendered in Chinese across syntactic units using a corpus-based contrastive approach. Focusing on children’s books, classic novels, and online news, it analyzes coordination at word, phrase, and clause level from a syntactic and register perspective. Findings show that dan ‘and’ does not correspond to a single Chinese form. At the word and phrase level, nominal coordination employs hé (和) ‘and’, yǔ (与) ‘and’, and yǐjí (以及) ‘as well as’ , with formal news discourse favoring yǔ (与) ‘and’ and yǐjí (以及) ‘as well as’. In verbal coordination, bìng (并) ‘furthermore’ …
Social Archeology In Colonial Capitalism: Space Analysis, Class, And Race In The Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij Batavia In Early Twentieth Century, Rendy Dharmawansyah, Irmawati Marwoto Imj
Social Archeology In Colonial Capitalism: Space Analysis, Class, And Race In The Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij Batavia In Early Twentieth Century, Rendy Dharmawansyah, Irmawati Marwoto Imj
International Review of Humanities Studies
The research is to analyze the building of Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM) in its position as a Dutch Trade Company in the Dutch East Indies. It shows an influence of the colonial image, that is discriminative against the social condition of the native Indonesian in its structural architecture. By applying a Marxist theory on the analysis of social class, this writing examines the building of the NHM trade office and the material remains that revealed social class and racial segregation. The result of the study discloses that the architecture of the NHM building pointed out the dominating colonial power over …
Persuasive Strategies In Umrah Marketing On Social Media: A Comparative Study Of Arabic And Indonesian, Stevania C. Asahri
Persuasive Strategies In Umrah Marketing On Social Media: A Comparative Study Of Arabic And Indonesian, Stevania C. Asahri
International Review of Humanities Studies
This study examines persuasive strategies in Arabic- and Indonesian-language Umrah marketing flyers circulated on social media. As public interest in Umrah continues to grow, travel agencies increasingly rely on digital platforms not only to promote travel packages but also to construct spiritual appeal, religious credibility, and consumer trust. This study therefore aims to analyze how spiritual imagery is constructed, how rhetorical and pragmatic persuasive strategies are used, and how persuasive patterns differ between Arabic- and Indonesian-language Umrah marketing flyers. The study adopts a qualitative-dominant convergent parallel mixed-methods design. The qualitative analysis is based on Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), integrated …
Radical Responsibility: Sartre And The Ecocentric Erosion Of Human Agency, Khodadad Azizi, Naupal Asnawi, Abby Gina Boang Manalu
Radical Responsibility: Sartre And The Ecocentric Erosion Of Human Agency, Khodadad Azizi, Naupal Asnawi, Abby Gina Boang Manalu
International Review of Humanities Studies
Contemporary ecological crisis persists despite decades of environmental ethics discourse and rising public awareness, a discrepancy researchers have named the awareness-action gap. One influential corrective, running from Aldo Leopold’s land ethic through Arne Naess’s deep ecology, addresses anthropocentric domination by folding the human being back into the biotic community as one member among others. This article argues that such levelling, whatever its merits against domination, carries an underexamined cost: it erodes the very ground on which anyone can be held responsible for ecological destruction, since only a being capable of choice, not soil, water, or rock, can be asked to …
Hairdressing Service Request In Japanese, Kirana Insyafira Rafa, Filia Filia Dr.
Hairdressing Service Request In Japanese, Kirana Insyafira Rafa, Filia Filia Dr.
International Review of Humanities Studies
This study aims to explain the request for hairdressing services in Japanese beauty salon, focusing on the use of verbal and nonverbal markers. This study use descriptive qualitative design. The data source consists of video conversations between clients and hairstylist on the NARIKYO channel on YouTube. The results of analysis revealed 128 request data through two strategies, such as 77 verbal and 51 nonverbal. Verbally, desiderative forms (such as -tai and -hoshii) with 33 data, followed by declarative forms (such as -ga ii, omakase de, unfinished tense) with 17 data and embedded forms (such as -you na, -mitai na, -hou …
Onomatopoeia In The Digital Comic The Wormworld Saga (2010), Nur Kholidah, Julia Wulandari
Onomatopoeia In The Digital Comic The Wormworld Saga (2010), Nur Kholidah, Julia Wulandari
International Review of Humanities Studies
This study examines the forms and meanings of onomatopoeia derived from concrete sounds in the digital comic The Wormworld Saga. The study aims to explore the use of onomatopoeia in The Wormworld Saga and to describe its forms and meanings using a descriptive qualitative method. This study analyzes the forms of onomatopoeia based on the categories proposed by Gross (1988) and analyzes their meanings based on the classification proposed by Körtvélyessy and Štekauer (2024). The results show that there are 54 onomatopoeia classified as concrete sounds. In terms of form, the most common onomatopoeia are non-word forms, accounting for 41 …
Constructing Geisha Representation: Textual Analysis Of Memoirs Of A Geisha On Social Media X, Khadijah Hamumpuni Setyawan, Rouli Esther Pasaribu
Constructing Geisha Representation: Textual Analysis Of Memoirs Of A Geisha On Social Media X, Khadijah Hamumpuni Setyawan, Rouli Esther Pasaribu
International Review of Humanities Studies
Geisha are professional entertainers who have mastered Japanese traditional arts and often appear in various media covering Japanese culture. However, there are frequent misunderstandings about geisha outside Japan. The release of the Japanese-produced film Shogun has sparked discussions about older films from the west that are set in Japan, such as Memoirs of a Geisha. This study aims to analyze the representation of geisha in Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) and how that representation is constructed and reinterpreted by Japanese and Western audiences through the social media platform X. Using textual analysis, this study examines the movie as a cultural …
Myth As A System Of Meaning: Naturalization In The Expression “Ojo Lungguh Ning Tengah Lawang, Mengko Ora Ilok”, Sara Dwi Anjani, Triaswarin Sutanarihesti
Myth As A System Of Meaning: Naturalization In The Expression “Ojo Lungguh Ning Tengah Lawang, Mengko Ora Ilok”, Sara Dwi Anjani, Triaswarin Sutanarihesti
International Review of Humanities Studies
The phrase “ojo lungguh ning tengah lawang, mengko ora ilok” is a traditional prohibition still known and applied in everyday life by Javanese people. This phrase not only functions as a rule of behavior, but as part of a system of cultural meaning passed down from generation to generation. This study aims to explain how Javanese people of different generations understand this phrase and how it functions as a myth in social life. This study employs a qualitative approach utilizing Roland Barthes’s semiotic framework and the identity perspectives of Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall. Data were collected through …
Voters’ Perception Of Nigeria’S Electoral Process: An X-Ray Of The 2023 Presidential Election, Omamurhieme Julia Akpodovhan, Chukwuma Anyanwu Dr
Voters’ Perception Of Nigeria’S Electoral Process: An X-Ray Of The 2023 Presidential Election, Omamurhieme Julia Akpodovhan, Chukwuma Anyanwu Dr
International Review of Humanities Studies
In its six decades of post-independence, Nigeria has experienced the best and worst in military and democratic governance fluctuating from one to the other. It has purportedly settled into a democracy but with highly flawed electoral processes. This paper interrogates the February 25, 2023 Presidential election with a view to assessing the perception of voters in the exercise to determine whether there has been an improvement or otherwise in the status quo of how previous elections were conducted. Drawing from historical antecedents, participant observation and opinion poll research techniques, the authors relied on information from five of ten polling booths …
Contested Borders And National Identity In Southeast Asia: An Analysis Of Thailand– Cambodia Dispute Through Nontawat Numbenchapol’S Documentary Film, Boundary, Mirwan Andan
International Review of Humanities Studies
Southeast Asia remains a region marked by numerous interstate border disputes. Among these, the Thailand–Cambodia border dispute surrounding the Preah Vihear Temple, located between Sisaket Province in Thailand and Preah Vihear Province in Cambodia, represents one of the conflicts with the greatest potential to affect regional stability and harmony in the region. This dispute extends beyond questions of territorial sovereignty, encompassing the construction of national identity, historical memory, and the domestic political dynamics of both countries. This article examines the representation of nationalism in Boundary (2013), a documentary film directed by Thai independent filmmaker Nontawat Numbenchapol. Drawing on perspectives interdisciplinary …
Morphological And Woodworking Technology Analysis Of Wooden Piles From The Molenvliet Canal, Mrt Jakarta Phase 2 Cp-202 Project, Central Jakarta, Aisyah F. Sugoro, R. Cecep Permana
Morphological And Woodworking Technology Analysis Of Wooden Piles From The Molenvliet Canal, Mrt Jakarta Phase 2 Cp-202 Project, Central Jakarta, Aisyah F. Sugoro, R. Cecep Permana
International Review of Humanities Studies
The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the wooden embankment structure (wooden beams, wooden piles, and wooden planks) in the embankment installation system and the geographical conditions of Batavia along Jalan Hayam Wuruk and Jalan Gajah Mada, where the embankment structure has shifted due to ground movement. The research stages consist of observation, description, and explanation or interpretation of the processed data. Based on the analysis of wooden piles from the Molenvliet Canal embankment structure, it can be concluded that 17th century Batavian society applied a multi-stage pile production process, ranging from raw material selection, …
Sanggit And The Essence Of Power In The Wayang Performing Arts Play Jaka Tingkir By Ki Purbo Asmoro, Darmoko Darmoko
Sanggit And The Essence Of Power In The Wayang Performing Arts Play Jaka Tingkir By Ki Purbo Asmoro, Darmoko Darmoko
International Review of Humanities Studies
The puppeteer as a director composes an art performance based on material, understanding the context of history and genealogy, myths and beliefs, traditions and conventions, the breadth of imagination, sensitivity of intuition, breadth of knowledge and experience, and depth of understanding of cultural codes and conventions. The play Jaka Tingkir, an episode in Babad Tanah Jawi, is composed and presented in the performing arts to foster artistic creativity and innovation, while showcasing strength and ability in narrative strategies and staging creativity. Power is arranged based on a person's status, role, and knowledge obtained through the traditional method of nglakoni in …