Increasing The Value Of Xai For Users: A Psychological Perspective, 2023 Florida Institute for Human & Machine Cognition
Increasing The Value Of Xai For Users: A Psychological Perspective, Robert R. Hoffman, Timothy Miller, Gary Klein, Shane T. Mueller, William J. Clancey
Michigan Tech Publications
This paper summarizes the psychological insights and related design challenges that have emerged in the field of Explainable AI (XAI). This summary is organized as a set of principles, some of which have recently been instantiated in XAI research. The primary aspects of implementation to which the principles refer are the design and evaluation stages of XAI system development, that is, principles concerning the design of explanations and the design of experiments for evaluating the performance of XAI systems. The principles can serve as guidance, to ensure that AI systems are human-centered and effectively assist people in solving difficult problems.
Dualism And Psychosemantics: Holography And Pansematism In Early Buddhist Philosophy, 2023 San Jose State University
Dualism And Psychosemantics: Holography And Pansematism In Early Buddhist Philosophy, Federico Divino
Comparative Philosophy
In the Indian philosophical debate, the relationship between the structure of knowledge and external reality has been a persistent issue. This debate has been particularly prominent in Buddhism, as evidenced by the earliest Buddhist attestations in the Pāli canon, where reality is described as a perceptual defection. The world (loka) is perceived through cognition (citta), and the theme of designation (paññatti) is central to the analysis of the Abhidhamma. Buddhism can be viewed as navigating between nominalism and cognitive normativism, as it deconstructs language, which is seen as an obfuscating element that separates the subject from the world. In this …
Self-Beliefs, Transactive Memory Systems, And Collective Identification In Teams: Articulating The Socio-Cognitive Underpinnings Of Cohumain, 2023 Case Western Reserve University
Self-Beliefs, Transactive Memory Systems, And Collective Identification In Teams: Articulating The Socio-Cognitive Underpinnings Of Cohumain, Gabriela Cuconato
Student Scholarship
Socio-cognitive theory conceptualizes individual contributors as both enactors of cognitive processes and targets of a social context's determinative influences. The present research investigates how contributors’ metacognition or self-beliefs, combine with others’ views of themselves to inform collective team states related to learning about other agents (i.e., transactive memory systems) and forming social attachments with other agents (i.e., collective team identification), both important teamwork states that have implications for team collective intelligence. We test the predictions in a longitudinal study with 78 teams. Additionally, we provide interview data from industry experts in human–artificial intelligence teams. Our findings contribute to an emerging …
Hippocampal Volume And The Detection Of Mild Cognitive Impairment In An Older Adult Population: Assessing Performance On Cognitive Screeners Administered In-Person And Electronically, 2023 National Louis University
Hippocampal Volume And The Detection Of Mild Cognitive Impairment In An Older Adult Population: Assessing Performance On Cognitive Screeners Administered In-Person And Electronically, Kristen Fabrizi
Dissertations
The present study investigated how performance on in-person and electronic neuropsychological assessment measures predicted subcortical hippocampal volume and cognitive decline consistent with mild cognitive impairment. It was hypothesized that the Montreal Cognitive Assessment would display better predictive strength than the Cogstate Brief Battery when evaluating subcortical hippocampal volume measured via structural magnetic resonance imaging. It was further hypothesized that the Montreal Cognitive Assessment would be more sensitive to predicting group membership to the diagnostic classification of mild cognitive impairment compared to the Cogstate Brief Battery. The sample included 445 older adult participants selected from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 3. …
Using Neural Signals To Investigate Athlete Burnout, 2023 University of Victoria
Using Neural Signals To Investigate Athlete Burnout, Mathew R. Hammerstrom, Thomas D. Ferguson, Hendrik L. Pepler, Anthony Pluta, Gordon Binsted, Olave Krigolson
Journal for Sports Neuroscience
Objective: In the present study, we examined the relationships between athlete burnout, brain function, and self-assessment of performance, and how these relationships can be quantified using mobile electroencephalography (mEEG). Specifically, we performed this study to determine whether mEEG can be utilized as an objective measure of athlete burnout. In addition, we sought to determine whether there was any relationship between athlete burnout and athlete self-assessment of performance while controlling for our neural results.
Methods: We tested these relationships in a sample of high-performance athletes – whereby we had athletes complete an mEEG assessment and also had the athletes complete a …
Say That Again: The Role Of Multimodal Redundancy In Communication And Context, 2023 Dartmouth College
Say That Again: The Role Of Multimodal Redundancy In Communication And Context, Brandon Javier Dormes
Cognitive Science Senior Theses
With several modes of expression, such as facial expressions, body language, and speech working together to convey meaning, social communication is rich in redundancy. While typically relegated to signal preservation, this study investigates the role of cross-modal redundancies in establishing performance context, focusing on unaided, solo performances. Drawing on information theory, I operationalize redundancy as predictability and use an array of machine learning models to featurize speakers' facial expressions, body poses, movement speeds, acoustic features, and spoken language from 24 TEDTalks and 16 episodes of Comedy Central Stand-Up Presents. This analysis demonstrates that it is possible to distinguish between these …
Epistemic Mentalizing And Causal Cognition Across Agents And Objects, 2023 Dartmouth College
Epistemic Mentalizing And Causal Cognition Across Agents And Objects, Bryan S. Gonzalez
Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations
This dissertation examines mentalizing abilities, causal reasoning, and the interactions thereof. Minds are so much more than false beliefs, yet much of the existing research on mentalizing has placed a disproportionately large emphasis on this one aspect of mental life. The first aim of this dissertation is to examine whether representing others’ knowledge states relies on more fundamentally basic cognitive processes than representations of their mere beliefs. Using a mixture of behavioral and brain measures across five experiments, I find evidence that we can represent others' knowledge quicker and using fewer neural resources than when representing others’ beliefs. To be …
Using The Hands To Learn About The Brain: Testing Action-Based Instruction In Brain Anatomy, 2023 Case Western Reserve University
Using The Hands To Learn About The Brain: Testing Action-Based Instruction In Brain Anatomy, Fey Parrill
Faculty Scholarship
Brain anatomy is typically taught using static images. We asked participants to use their own hands to represent the brain and perform gestures during learning. We measured learning via a pretest/postest design. We compared five video trainings in which participants heard similar audio and repeated terminology aloud. Conditions were: (1) Image: Participants saw images of a physical model of the brain. (2) Physical model: Participants saw hands pointing to the physical model. (3) Physical model + action: Participants performed actions on the physical model. (4) Hand model: Participants saw images of hands being used to represent the brain. (5) Hand …
Association Strength Between Concepts As The Origin Of The "Foreign Language Effect", 2023 The Graduate Center, City University of New York
Association Strength Between Concepts As The Origin Of The "Foreign Language Effect", Emilia Ezrina
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Bilinguals sometimes make decisions in verbal tasks differently in their first (L1) and second (L2) language. This phenomenon is known as the foreign language effect (FLE), and it suggests strong connections between language and cognition. On the one hand, it is possible that L2 “blunts” emotional language. However, the FLE can be observed in non-emotional tasks. Therefore, it is possible that L2 requires more deliberate processing due to increased cognitive load, leading to more rational decisions. The support for each explanation is mixed.
In this thesis we propose looking for a single explanation for all instances of the FLE. After …
What You Don’T Know Matters: An Ignorance-Focused Investigation Of Theory Of Mind, 2023 Dartmouth College
What You Don’T Know Matters: An Ignorance-Focused Investigation Of Theory Of Mind, Steven M. Shin, Jonathan S. Phillips
Cognitive Science Senior Theses
This project examines the ways in which knowledge, or ignorance, impact healthy adults’ theory of mind (i.e. their considerations of others’ mental states). In a pilot study, and four experiments, an effect is found which supports the hypothesis that knowledge states influence the execution of theory of mind. The present findings suggest that attention is directed differently when participants reason from positions of knowledge, or positions of ignorance, in regard to a task-relevant fact. This project provides a starting point for further research, investigating the rich contextual contributions to the fluent functioning of the ‘theory of mind system.’
Who Am I?: How Natives’ Mental Trauma Develop During Precolonial And Colonial Eras As Seen In Achebe’S Things Fall Apart And Fanon’S The Wretched Of The Earth, 2023 Pepperdine University
Who Am I?: How Natives’ Mental Trauma Develop During Precolonial And Colonial Eras As Seen In Achebe’S Things Fall Apart And Fanon’S The Wretched Of The Earth, Sophia D. Casetta
Pepperdine Journal of Communication Research
Colonialism is a long, brutal process, where natives’ identities are uprooted as colonizers establish their influence in a foreign land. Consequently, through the exploration of the natives’ response to this upheaval throughout the precolonial and colonial eras, the psychological toll that is placed on the colonized is evident. Such mental trauma that is incited is explored in Chinua Achebe’s fictional novel Things Fall Apart, which unveils the slowly lost of the natives’ identities during the precolonial shift, and the non-fiction work of Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth that details psychological disorders of the colonized due to colonization. …
Bridging Philosophy And Neuroscience: How Behavioral Experiments Inform A Recent Theory Of Animal Consciousness, 2023 Dartmouth College
Bridging Philosophy And Neuroscience: How Behavioral Experiments Inform A Recent Theory Of Animal Consciousness, Qasim Abrar Qureshi
Cognitive Science Senior Theses
Consciousness is a loaded term and can mean many different things to different people. The goal of this paper is to investigate animal consciousness with an emphasis on rats. We investigated different ways of approaching the problem of animal consciousness including neuroscientific and philosophical methods. Next, we examined, a recent theory of animal consciousness in detail and examined neuroscientific evidence to support animals possessing the features described in the theory. The theory posited that consciousness includes five different components: perceptual richness, evaluative richness, self-consciousness, unity, and temporality. After, we discussed the phenomenon of “insight” and how it is similar and …
The Plausibility Transition Model For Sensemaking, 2023 MacroCognition, LLC
The Plausibility Transition Model For Sensemaking, Gary Klein, Mohammadreza Jalaeian, Robert R. Hoffman, Shane Mueller
Michigan Tech Publications
When people make plausibility judgments about an assertion, an event, or a piece of evidence, they are gauging whether it makes sense that the event could transpire as it did. Therefore, we can treat plausibility judgments as a part of sensemaking. In this paper, we review the research literature, presenting the different ways that plausibility has been defined and measured. Then we describe the naturalistic research that allowed us to model how plausibility judgments are engaged during the sensemaking process. The model is based on an analysis of 23 cases in which people tried to make sense of complex situations. …
The Plausibility Transition Model For Sensemaking, 2023 LLC
The Plausibility Transition Model For Sensemaking, Gary Klein, Mohammadreza Jalaeian, Robert R. Hoffman, Shane T. Mueller
Michigan Tech Publications
When people make plausibility judgments about an assertion, an event, or a piece of evidence, they are gauging whether it makes sense that the event could transpire as it did. Therefore, we can treat plausibility judgments as a part of sensemaking. In this paper, we review the research literature, presenting the different ways that plausibility has been defined and measured. Then we describe the naturalistic research that allowed us to model how plausibility judgments are engaged during the sensemaking process. The model is based on an analysis of 23 cases in which people tried to make sense of complex situations. …
Cognitive Feedback Theories And Artificial Intelligence: A Case For A Grammarly Of Ui/Ux Design, 2023 Dartmouth College
Cognitive Feedback Theories And Artificial Intelligence: A Case For A Grammarly Of Ui/Ux Design, Jordan Buchanan Paff
Dartmouth College Undergraduate Theses
This thesis is concerned with utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) techniques and cognitive theories of feedback to enhance learning outcomes in the field of user interface and user experience (UI/UX) design. The capabilities of AI/ML have expanded immensely over the past several years, and it is now being effectively used in software programs like Grammarly, a tool that provides intelligent feedback on writing skills including grammar, tone, and clarity. Grammarly has been uniquely successful as a feedback tool because it relies on lessons from cognitive science regarding student feedback and learning outcomes. Currently, there is no comparable software …
Security-Enhanced Serial Communications, 2023 University of South Florida
Security-Enhanced Serial Communications, John White, Alexander Beall, Joseph Maurio, Dane Fichter, Dr. Matthew Davis, Dr. Zachary Birnbaum
Military Cyber Affairs
Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are widely used by critical infrastructure and are ubiquitous in numerous industries including telecommunications, petrochemical, and manufacturing. ICS are at a high risk of cyber attack given their internet accessibility, inherent lack of security, deployment timelines, and criticality. A unique challenge in ICS security is the prevalence of serial communication buses and other non-TCP/IP communications protocols. The communication protocols used within serial buses often lack authentication and integrity protections, leaving them vulnerable to spoofing and replay attacks. The bandwidth constraints and prevalence of legacy hardware in these systems prevent the use of modern message authentication and …
The Model 2.0 And Friends: An Interim Report, 2023 University of California, San Diego
The Model 2.0 And Friends: An Interim Report, Garrison W. Cottrell, Martha Gahl, Shubham Kulkarni, Shashank Venkatramani, Yash Shah, Keyu Long, Xuzhe Zhi, Shivaank Agarwal, Cody Li, Jingyuan He, Thomas Fischer
MODVIS Workshop
Last year, I reported on preliminary results of an anatomically-inspired deep learning model of the visual system and its role in explaining the face inversion effect. This year, I will report on new results and some variations on network architectures that we have explored, mainly as a way to generate discussion and get feedback. This is by no means a polished, final presentation!
We look forward to the group’s suggestions for these projects.
How Object Segmentation And Perceptual Grouping Emerge In Noisy Variational Autoencoders, 2023 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne
How Object Segmentation And Perceptual Grouping Emerge In Noisy Variational Autoencoders, Ben Lonnqvist, Zhengqing Wu, Michael H. Herzog
MODVIS Workshop
Many animals and humans can recognize and segment objects from their backgrounds. Whether object segmentation is necessary for object recognition has long been a topic of debate. Deep neural networks (DNNs) excel at object recognition, but not at segmentation tasks - this has led to the belief that object recognition and segmentation are separate mechanisms in visual processing. Here, however, we show evidence that in variational autoencoders (VAEs), segmentation and faithful representation of data can be interlinked. VAEs are encoder-decoder models that learn to represent independent generative factors of the data as a distribution in a very small bottleneck layer; …
Constraining The Binding Problem Using Maps, 2023 Purdue University
Constraining The Binding Problem Using Maps, Zhixian Han, Anne Sereno
MODVIS Workshop
We constrained the binding problem by creating maps of different attributes. We compared the performance of different models with different maps in our current study. Our preliminary results showed that the performance of the model is the highest when location maps were used. These results suggest that the optimal way to constrain the binding problem is to create location maps of different attributes.
Eco-Interoception: What Plants, Fungi And Protista Have Taught My Body, 2023 Southern Methodist University
Eco-Interoception: What Plants, Fungi And Protista Have Taught My Body, Sara Riley Dotterer
Art Theses and Dissertations
To me, ecology is the relational, full-body awareness that I am made up of and deeply connected to everything around me; and for better or worse, this is reciprocal. I form ecotones, an ecological transitional zone between two ecosystems, with the world around me. I use this ecotonal lens to blur binaries and dissolve boundaries between me and the world “outside my body.” During my Masters of Fine Arts at Southern Methodist University, I have continuously explored and represented the lives of various more-than-human species outside of my body, including plants, fungi and protista through an ecotonal lens. Although these …