Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

The Effects Of Question Placement On Reading Comprehension Scores Of High Comprehenders, Katharine Beideck, Kristen Bartlett, Jessica Kuiphoff, Jane Biedron, Shemika Cookbey, Thomas Sutherlin, Katelyn Staples

Celebration of Undergraduate Scholarship

Previous research has shown that embedded questions hurt the reading comprehension of high comprehenders. All participants had high reading comprehension skills scoring at or above 66 percent on the ACT/SAT. Participants either read a packet with questions embedded about every paragraph or a packet where questions were all located at the end of the reading. Participants answered the questions as they came to them. After a week of delay, the participants came back and took a test with questions that were either: target, non-target, or related. For all of the dependent variables, people who had taken a statistics course ...

Motivation Rulers For Smoking Cessation: A Prospective Observational Examination Of Construct And Predictive Validity, Edwin D. Boudreaux, Ashley F. Sullivan, Beau W. Abar, Steven L. Bernstein, Adit A. Ginde, Carlos A. Camargo Jr.

Open Access Articles

BACKGROUND: Although popular clinically, the psychometric properties of motivation rulers for tobacco cessation are unknown. This study examined the psychometric properties of rulers assessing importance, readiness, and confidence in tobacco cessation.

METHODS: This observational study of current smokers was conducted at 10 US emergency departments (EDs). Subjects were assessed during their ED visit (baseline) and reassessed two weeks later. We examined intercorrelations between the rulers as well as their construct and predictive validity. Hierarchical multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine the rulers' predictive ability after controlling for covariables.

RESULTS: We enrolled 375 subjects. The correlations between the three rulers ...

Smoking, Cardiac Symptoms, And An Emergency Care Visit: A Mixed Methods Exploration Of Cognitive And Emotional Reactions, Karyn A. Tappe, Edwin D. Boudreaux, Beth Bock, Erin L. O'Hea, Brigitte M. Baumann, Steven Hollenberg, Bruce M. Becker, Gretchen B. Chapman

Open Access Articles

Emergency departments and hospitals are being urged to implement onsite interventions to promote smoking cessation, yet little is known about the theoretical underpinnings of behavior change after a healthcare visit.

This observational pilot study evaluated three factors that may predict smoking cessation after an acute health emergency: perceived illness severity, event-related emotions, and causal attribution. Fifty smokers who presented to a hospital because of suspected cardiac symptoms were interviewed, either in the emergency department (ED) or, for those who were admitted, on the cardiac inpatient units. Their data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to capture the individual ...

Self-Reported Adherence With The Use Of A Device In A Clinical Trial As Validated By Electronic Monitors: The Vibes Study, Brianne A. Jeffrey, Marian T. Hannan, Emily K. Quinn, Sheryl Zimmerman, Bruce A. Barton, Clinton T. Rubin, Douglas P. Kiel

Open Access Articles

BACKGROUND: Adherences to treatments that require a behavioral action often rely on self-reported recall, yet it is vital to determine whether real time self reporting of adherence using a simple logbook accurately captures adherence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether real time self-reported adherence is an accurate measurement of device usage during a clinical trial by comparing it to electronic recording.

METHODS: Using data collected from older adult men and women (N=135, mean age 82.3 yrs; range 66 to 98 yrs) participating in a clinical trial evaluating a vibrating platform for the treatment of osteoporosis ...

Reduced Duration Mismatch Negativity In Adolescents With Psychotic Symptoms: Further Evidence For Mismatch Negativity As A Possible Biomarker For Vulnerability To Psychosis., Jennifer R. Murphy, Caroline Rawdon, Ian Kelleher, Deirdre Twomey, Patrick S. Markey, Mary Cannon, Richard Ap Roche

Psychiatry Articles

BACKGROUND: Deficits in the mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a components are the most reliable and robust findings in schizophrenia. These abnormalities have also been recently documented in individuals clinically at risk for psychosis, indicating that the MMN may be a potential biomarker for psychosis. However, the at risk samples included in MMN studies are characterised by pre-existing clinical symptomatology and significant functional decline which are related to MMN amplitude. These factors may be potential confounds in determining whether deficient MMN is present prior to clinical manifestation of the disorder. Therefore, investigating the MMN in the extended psychosis phenotype comprising adolescents ...

Defining The Developmental Parameters Of Temper Loss In Early Childhood: Implications For Developmental Psychopathology, Heide Hullsiek, Margaret J. Briggs-Gowan

Articles - Research

Abstract

Background

Temper modulation problems are both a hallmark of early childhood and a common mental health concern. Thus, characterizing specific behavioral manifestations of temper loss along a dimension from normative misbehaviors to clinically significant problems is an important step toward identifying clinical thresholds.

Methods

Parent-reported patterns of temper loss were delineated in a diverse community sample of preschoolers (n = 1,490). A developmentally sensitive questionnaire, the Multidimensional Assessment of Preschool Disruptive Behavior (MAP-DB), was used to assess temper loss in terms of tantrum features and anger regulation. Specific aims were: (a) document the normative distribution of temper loss in ...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Brain Tissue Abnormalities: Transverse Relaxation Time In Autism And Tourette Syndrome And Development Of A Novel Whole-Brain Myelin Mapping Technique, Yann Gagnon

University of Western Ontario - Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The transverse relaxation time (T2) is a fundamental parameter of magnetic resonance imaging sensitive to tissue microstructure and water content, thus offering a non-invasive approach to evaluate abnormalities of brain tissue in-vivo. Prevailing hypotheses of two childhood psychiatric disorders were tested using quantitative T2 imaging and automated region of interest (ROI) analyses. In autism, the under-connectivity theory, which proposes aberrant connectivity within white matter (WM) was assessed, finding T2 to be eleveted in the frontal and parietal lobes, while dividing whole brain data into neurodevelopmentally relevant WM ROIs found increased T2 in bridging and radiate WM. In Tourette syndrome, tissue ...

Body Image And Disordered Eating Patterns In African-American College Women, Amazing Grace L. Danso

Senior Honors Papers

Currently, increasing scholarly attention is being given to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. A bulk of the research on the issue has focused on Caucasian women. As a result, the body of research may be limited in its generalization to other racial and ethnic groups. This study, therefore, sought to study disordered eating among African-American college women. Two models based on research questions were tested. The first focused on how body mass index (BMI) impacted disordered eating, while the second focused on how the difference between perceived actual and ideal body image impacted disordered eating ...

Team Leadership: The Chilean Mine Case, Terri A. Scandura, Monica M. Sharif

Terri A. Scandura

No abstract provided.

Dsm V: Hope Or Hype?, Amresh Srivastava

Amresh Srivastava

DSM V: HOPE OR HYPE?

Amresh Shrivastava,

MD,MPM,MRCPsych,FRCPC

Associate professor of Psychiatry

Western University

London, Ontario

Since more than 50 years psychiatric diagnostic is being developed by a number of organisations. As research has advanced in understanding mental illnesses,need for a common language has been felt in order to provide best possible care to our patients.

The process of psychiatric diagnosis has evolved significantly. WHO as well APA both have made significant advances in developing diagnostic systems. DSM 5 recently approved by board of trustees by Americal psychiatric Association is scheduled to be released on 18th ...

Early Life Stress, Drug Abuse, Exercise Effects On Bdnf And Sex-Influenced Excercise Differences, Karissa Dold

UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones

In 2011, the U.S. reported 3 million child maltreatment cases, an uncomfortably high but recurring figure each year. Research shows exposure to early life stress (ELS) increases an individual’s susceptibility to substance abuse, specifically of nicotine, alcohol, and cocaine. Increased susceptibility may result from dysregulation of the HPA axis sustaining activation into adulthood after ELS. Hyperactivation of the HPA axis significantly reduces hippocampal BDNF, a neurotrophin involved in neuronal growth and plasticity. Reduced hippocampal BDNF may be a factor in substance abuse vulnerability. Additionally, research shows exercise protects hippocampal BDNF from stress induced down-regulation. To explore these relationships ...

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction And Change In Health-Related Behaviors, Elena Salmoirago-Blotcher, Matthew Hunsinger, Lucas Morgan, Daniel Fischer, James Carmody

Cardiovascular Medicine Publications and Presentations

How best to support change in health-related behaviors is an important public health challenge. The role of mindfulness training in this process has received limited attention. We sought to explore whether mindfulness training is associated with changes in health-related behaviors. The Health Behaviors Questionnaire was used to obtain self-reported dietary behaviors, drinking, smoking, physical activity and sleep quality before and after attendance at an eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program. T-test for paired data and chi-square were used to compare pre-post intervention means and proportions of relevant variables with p = .05 as level of significance. Participants (n = 174; mean age 47 ...

Reducing Vocal Stereotypy Through An Antecedent And Consequence Intervention Package, Kari Anne Dunlop

Counseling Psychology Master's Theses

Stereotypy is an interfering behavior often observed in individuals diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The present study examined the effects of an antecedent and consequence intervention package, including a visual cue card paired with verbal instructions and a trade-in opportunity, on the rates of vocal stereotypy in a student with ASD. The study made use of an alternating treatment design. Results indicated that the treatment package was effective in reducing vocal stereotypy during the red-card sessions. Follow-up probes and anecdotal information indicate that the treatment results were maintained over time and that the treatment required minimal training to ...

Exploring The Neural Basis Of Top-Down Guided Action In Macaque Monkeys, Jessica M. Phillips

University of Western Ontario - Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

To thoroughly characterize any brain mechanism requires an appropriate animal model for invasive studies. An invaluable model system used toward a comprehension of cognitive neurophysiology is the macaque monkey. It is important to delineate similarities and limitations for this model in relation to the human brain and cognition. In this thesis, we have thus conducted three experiments to investigate putative generalizations between monkeys and humans regarding the neural processes associated with top-down action control in monkeys.

Our daily behaviour is largely comprised of automatic routine actions. The frequent repetition of certain behaviours in response to particular contexts can give rise ...

The Link, One Health, And Social Capital: A New Strategy For Empathy Education And Social Work, Phil Arkow

International Veterinary Social Work Summit

For 150 years, animal welfare and veterinary advocates have promoted a doctrine that animal welfare will be enhanced by teaching children kindness to animals and responsible animal husbandry practices. However, these efforts have been stymied by societal and professional perceptions that “animal” causes are less worthy than “human” services. Ten significant challenges have made it difficult, if not impossible, to gain access to educators’ curricula and social work training. In a society that continues to place humans’ interests above animals’, it is time to try a new approach that focuses on the human benefits of animal welfare. In particular, a ...

Natural Dog Training Provides New Ways To Understand And Manage Stresses Of Canine Assistance Work, Jean Marie Thompson, Kevin Behan

International Veterinary Social Work Summit

Limiting dis-stress experienced by assisted therapy, crisis response, and combat comfort dogs is a concern of handlers, organizations, and researchers. Dogs communicate feelings via body language especially muzzle expressions and physical behaviors that people and other animals recognize. Projection of dis-stress by dogs negatively impacts therapeutic interactions, distracting and detracting from beneficial flow of feelings. Dog welfare is risked. Behan's Natural Dog Training ("NDT") presents an alternative paradigm for understanding dog dis-stress. NDT is an energy flow model that is different from but compatible with positive reinforcement techniques and attuned to Adrian Bejan's constructal law of nature, a ...

Cruelty Intervention Advocacy, A New Approach To Animal Hoarding Interventions, Allison Cardona

International Veterinary Social Work Summit

Animal hoarding affects thousands of animals and people across the United States. Conservative estimates place the number of new cases at two to three thousand per year, though no centralized database exists, so the full scope of the problem is unknown. Unlike intentional, single acts of cruelty, animal hoarding impacts a large number of animals over a prolonged period of time. Any type of animal can be hoarded, though the majority of hoarding situations involve cats and dogs, with numbers ranging from a few dozen to several hundred and even thousands of animals living in a single location. Accumulation of ...

The Selection And Assessment Of Potential Therapy Animal Candidates: Animal Welfare And Ethical Considerations In Aai, Kirby Wycoff

International Veterinary Social Work Summit

As the field of Human-Animal Interactions continues to evolve, there is an increasing demand for carefully selected and highly trained animals to serve humans in multiple and varied capacities. Regardless of the species, or the particular role (AAT, Psychiatric Support Dog, Equine Assisted Learning), animals are increasingly being “drafted” for roles in human health services. As the field continues to expand, we have a critical obligation to humanely utilize animals to serve our needs, without ignoring their own. Central to this issue is the question of how human service professionals make decisions about the suitability of potential therapy animal candidates ...

Query Theory - Knowing What We Want By Arguing With Ourselves, Elke Weber

Psychology Colloquia

Psychologists and behavioral economists agree that many of our preferences are constructed, rather than innate or pre-computed and stored. Little research, however, has explored the implications that established facts about human attention and memory have when people marshal evidence for their decisions. This talk provides an introduction to Query Theory, a psychological process model of preference construction that explains a broad range of phenomena in individual choice with important personal and social consequences, including our reluctance to change and excessive impatience when asked to delay consumption.

Frequency Of Private Spiritual Activity And Cardiovascular Risk In Post-Menopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative, Elena Salmoirago Blotcher, George Fitchett, Kathleen M. Hovey, Eliezer Schnall, Cynthia Thomson, Christopher A. Andrews, Sybil Crawford, Mary Jo O'Sullivan, Stephen Post, Rowan T. Chlebowski, Judith K. Ockene

Cardiovascular Medicine Publications and Presentations

Purpose: Spirituality has been associated with better cardiac autonomic balance, but its association with cardiovascular risk is not well studied. We examined whether more frequent private spiritual activity was associated with reduced cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.

Methods: Frequency of private spiritual activity (prayer, Bible reading, and meditation) was selfreported at year 5 of follow-up. Cardiovascular outcomes were centrally adjudicated, and cardiovascular risk was estimated from proportional hazards models.

Results: Final models included 43,708 women (mean age: 68.9±7.3; median follow-up: 7.0 years) free of cardiac disease ...