Medical Anatomy Commons^™

Implications Of Hobnail Features In Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma And Precursor Lesions, Caroline Dunne, Ba, Stacey K. Mardekian, Md

Department of Pathology Honors Program Student Research Symposium

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) has the poorest prognosis of all thyroid cancers. Morphologically, it is characterized by pleomorphic undifferentiated cells. In some cases, a differentiated precursor lesion, either papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) or follicular thyroid carcinoma, can be identified adjacent to the anaplastic component. There are certain morphological variants of PTC that are known to be associated with more aggressive behavior, but a recently described, understudied variant is the hobnail variant. It is characterized histologically by micropapillary structures lined by cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and apically-placed bulging nuclei. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of …

Spinal Cord Trauma: An Overview Of Normal Structure And Function, Primary And Secondary Mechanisms Of Injury, And Emerging Treatment Modalities, Daniel Morin

Senior Honors Theses

The structures of the spinal cord and vertebral column are designed to provide flexibility, while still providing ample protection for the spinal cord deep within. While it does offer remarkable protection against most routine trauma, the spinal cord is still vulnerable to high-force etiologies of trauma and may become damaged as a result. These events are referred to as primary injury. Following the initial injury, the body’s own physiological responses cause a cascade of deleterious effects, known as secondary injury. Secondary injury is a major therapeutic target in mitigating the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI), and much research is …

Thalamocortical Processing Of Temporal Cues In Sounds, Kasey Smith

Honors Scholar Theses

The ability of the brain to extract meaningful information from complex sounds is what allows mammals to understand species-specific communication as well as important environmental cues such as the sound of water or of potential predators or prey. The auditory cortex of humans and other mammals contains multiple cortical regions that unique sensitivities to both spectral and temporal sound cues. This discourse will explore three main factors proposed to determine these distinct processing capabilities in regard to temporal sound cues; the distribution of glutamate transporters in the thalamus, the architecture of afferent pathways between the thalamus and auditory cortex, and …

Functional Anatomy Of Palmar Musculature, Colin W. Moore

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The palmaris longus (PL) and palmaris brevis (PB) are upper limb muscles considered atavistic remnants of those found in animal species. Despite their use in surgical grafting and tendon transfer procedures, the functional role of the PL and PB have not been investigated comprehensively in vivo. Using a multi-modal experimental approach consisting of indwelling fine wire electromyography (EMG), ultrasonography and immunohistochemical muscle staining techniques, the function of the PL and PB in the hand was evaluated both in in vivo and in situ.

The purpose of Study 1 was to determine whether the PL provides synergistic contributions to …

Effects Of Load Carriage And Surface Inclination On Linear And Non-Linear Postural Variability, Rahul Soangra, Hema Bhatt, Ehsan Rashedi

Physical Therapy Faculty Articles and Research

Understanding of inclined-work-related risk of falls and developing novel practical engineering controls for reducing this risk of falls among hilly working population remains in high demand. Standing on sloped surfaces provides a unique environment for examining the biomechanics and neural control of standing. The present investigation examined the variability of postural signals when standing on inclined surfaces and with load carriages by linear and nonlinear analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine if the sloped surface deteriorated in postural stability among healthy individuals with two distinctive kinds of load carriage methods head versus posterior load carriage. We also …

A Closer Look At The Global Management Of Spina Bifida: The Implementation Of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy In The Treatment Of Spina Bifida-Related Hydrocephalus In Africa, Caryssa Burckart

Senior Honors Theses

Spina bifida, specifically myelomeningocele, is a debilitating neural tube defect that affects patients and families throughout the world. Traditional management and treatment methods are described, followed by an explanation of why this is often inadequate in providing care for those in impoverished areas of the world, including many regions of Africa. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is proposed as a promising alternative to traditional methods for treating hydrocephalus, an often associated condition, and the implementation of this treatment method in Africa is explored. In order to relieve Africa of the burden of spina bifida-related hydrocephalus and improve global management of spina bifida, …

Histopathology Report On Colon Cancer Specimens; Measuring Surgical Quality, An Increasing Stress For Surgeons, Stefan Morarasu, Tudor Frunza, Karina Bilavschi, Ana Maria Patrascu, Sorinel Lunca, Gabriel Dimofte

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Introduction. Improving the quality of surgical resections by evaluating surgical specimens is probably the most important feedback a surgeon can receive. Moreover, prognosis of patients with colon cancer is based on achieving appropriate resection margins and assessment of lymph node status. For these reasons we aim to provide a retrospective analysis on colon cancer specimens operated by a single surgical team.

Materials and Methods. 88 patients operated between 2013 and 2016 were included in the study. Data were gathered prospectively and assessed by multivariate analysis for the main variables (age, gender, tumor staging, specimen length, distance to closest resection margin, …

Self-Directed Learning Modules Enhance Mastery Of Diagnostic Imaging In Dissection-Based Anatomy Course For Physician Assistant Students, Guiyan Zhang, Bruce Fenderson, Xuan Zuo

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Posters

Abstract

The virtues of using computer-based learning modules as an alternative to traditional didactic lectures were tested in a human anatomy course for Physician Assistant (PA) students. Self-directed learning modules on diagnostic imaging were created using ArticulateTM software and provided online as homework assignments for PA students taking a human anatomy lecture and dissection laboratory course. These interactive self-learning modules replaced the content of traditional didactic lectures on the same topics that had been given in previous years. For the PA class of 2016 (n=103), diagnostic imaging was taught via traditional lectures, whereas for the PA class of 2017 (n=100), …

Temporal Changes In Innate Immune Signals In A Rat Model Of Alcohol Withdrawal In Emotional And Cardiorespiratory Homeostatic Nuclei., Kate Freeman, Anthony Brureau, Rajanikanth Vadigepalli, Mary M Staehle, Melanie M Brureau, Gregory E Gonye, Jan B Hoek, D Craig Hooper, James S Schwaber

Mary Staehle

BACKGROUND: Chronic alcohol use changes the brain's inflammatory state. However, there is little work examining the progression of the cytokine response during alcohol withdrawal, a period of profound autonomic and emotional upset. This study examines the inflammatory response in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and dorsal vagal complex (DVC), brain regions neuroanatomically associated with affective and cardiorespiratory regulation in an in vivo rat model of withdrawal following a single chronic exposure.

METHODS: For qRT-PCR studies, we measured the expression of TNF-α, NOS-2, Ccl2 (MCP-1), MHC II invariant chain CD74, and the TNF receptor Tnfrsf1a in CeA and DVC …

Sooty Mangabey Genome Sequence Provides Insight Into Aids Resistance In A Natural Siv Host, David Palesch, Steven E. Bosinger, Gregory K. Tharp, Thomas H. Vanderford, Mirko Paiardini, Ann Chahroudi, Zachary P. Johnson, Frank Kirchhoff, Beatrice H. Hahn, Robert B. Norgren, Nirav B. Patel, Donald L. Sodora, Reem A. Dawoud, Caro-Beth Stewart, Sara M. Seepo, R. Alan Harris, Yue Liu, Muthuswamy Raveendran, Yi Han, Adam English, Gregg W.C. Thomas, Matthew W. Hahn, Lenore Pipes, Christopher E. Mason, Donna M. Muzny, Richard A. Gibbs, Daniel Sauter, Kim Worley, Jeffrey Rogers, Guido Silvestri

Journal Articles: Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy

In contrast to infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques, SIV infection of a natural host, sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), is non-pathogenic despite high viraemia. Here we sequenced and assembled the genome of a captive sooty mangabey. We conducted genome-wide comparative analyses of transcript assemblies from C. atys and AIDS-susceptible species, such as humans and macaques, to identify candidates for host genetic factors that influence susceptibility. We identified several immune-related genes in the genome of C. atys that show substantial sequence divergence from macaques or humans. One of these sequence divergences, a …

A Comparison Of Hamstring Injury Recovery Rates In Male And Female Athletes, Amanda Hall

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Excerpt from Introduction

Hamstring injuries are among the most common muscular injuries sustained by athletes across multiple levels of various sports (Askling et al). Most hamstring injuries occur during similar movements and under similar conditions, where the muscle is required to be explosive. Thus, athletes that participate in sports where “sprinting, kicking, or high-speed skilled movements” are required, experience an increased likelihood of suffering a hamstring injury (Erickson and Sherry). After injury, athletes are then subjected to different methods of rehabilitation to heal and strengthen the afflicted area. However, some athletes take longer than others to return and impatience may …

Preliminary Studies On Immune Response And Viral Pathogenesis Of Zika Virus In Rhesus Macaques, Shawna M. Woollard, Omalla A. Olwenyi, Debashis Dutta, Rajnish S. Dave, Saumi Mathews, Santhi Gorantla, Noel Johnson, Luis Giavedoni, Robert B. Norgren, Siddappa N. Byrareddy

Journal Articles: Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites. It can also be transmitted during sexual intercourse and in utero from mother to fetus. To gain preliminary insight into ZIKV pathology and immune responses on route of transmission, rhesus macaques (RMs) were inoculated with ZIKV (PRVABC59) via intravaginal (IVAG) (n = 3) or subcutaneous (sub Q) (n = 2) routes. Systemic ZIKV infection was observed in all RMs, regardless of the route of inoculation. After 9 days postinfection (dpi), ZIKV was not detected in the plasma of IVAG- and sub-Q-inoculated RMs. Importantly, RMs harbored ZIKV up to 60 …

Acute Effects Of Diets Rich In Almonds And Walnuts On Endothelial Function, Ravindra Bhardwaj, Harvinder Dod, Manjinder S. Sandhu, Rohil Bedi, Sachin Dod, Gregory Konat, H.K. Chopra, Rakesh Sharma, Abnash C. Jain, Navin Nanda

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Objective: Omega-3 fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which are present in nuts may reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, by changing vascular inflammation and improving endothelial dysfunction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the acute effects of two different diets, one containing walnuts and the other almonds on endothelial function.

Methods: Twenty-seven overweight volunteers underwent a randomized 2-period, crossover, controlled intervention study. The subjects were given either walnut or almond diets which varied in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. The walnut diet provided 23.1% energy from PUFA and the almond diet provided 7.6% …

Three-Dimensional Imaging Of Kndy Neurons In The Mammalian Brain Using Optical Tissue Clearing And Multiple-Label Immunocytochemistry, Aleisha M. Moore, Kathryn A. Lucas, Robert L. Goodman, Lique M. Coolen, Michael N. Lehman

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a key role in the regulation of fertility. The ability to detect features of KNDy neurons that are essential for fertility may require three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the complete population. Recently developed protocols for optical tissue clearing permits 3D imaging of neuronal populations in un-sectioned brains. However, these techniques have largely been described in the mouse brain. We report 3D imaging of the KNDy cell population in the whole rat brain and sheep hypothalamus using immunolabelling and modification of a solvent-based clearing protocol, iDISCO. This study expands the use of …

Examining Upper Extremity Injuries In Male Baseball Players Between The Ages Of 14 To 22 Years Old, James T. Yancy

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Yancy, James T. (J.T.), MAT., May 2018 AthleticTraining

Examining Upper Extremity Injuries In Male Baseball Players Between The Ages Of 14 To 22 Years Old

Chairperson: Melanie McGrath

The number of upper extremity injuries is increasing in advanced baseball (14 to 22 years old) at an alarming rate. The length of seasons, multiple leagues and the velocity of throwing in overhead sports are the most common causes of elbow and shoulder injuries. In addition, biomechanical variables also influence the risk of injury. Any alteration in range of motion (ROM) directly impacts the biomechanics of overhead activities, such as pitching or …

Induction Of Immune Surveillance Of The Dysmorphogenic Lens., Caitlin M. Logan, Caitlin J. Bowen, A. Sue Menko

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

The lens has been considered to be an immune privileged site not susceptible to the immune processes normally associated with tissue injury and wound repair. However, as greater insight into the immune surveillance process is gained, we have reevaluated the concept of immune privilege. Our studies using an N-cadherin lens-specific conditional knockout mouse, N-cadΔlens, show that loss of this cell-cell junctional protein leads to lens degeneration, necrosis and fibrotic change, postnatally. The degeneration of this tissue induces an immune response resulting in immune cells populating the lens that contribute to the development of fibrosis. Additionally, we demonstrate that the lens …

Ros Control Mitochondrial Motility Through P38 And The Motor Adaptor Miro/Trak., Valentina Debattisti, Akos A. Gerencser, Masao Saotome, Sudipto Das, György Hajnóczky

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

Mitochondrial distribution and motility are recognized as central to many cellular functions, but their regulation by signaling mechanisms remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that reactive oxygen species (ROS), either derived from an extracellular source or intracellularly generated, control mitochondrial distribution and function by dose-dependently, specifically, and reversibly decreasing mitochondrial motility in both rat hippocampal primary cultured neurons and cell lines. ROS decrease motility independently of cytoplasmic [Ca2+], mitochondrial membrane potential, or permeability transition pore opening, known effectors of oxidative stress. However, multiple lines of genetic and pharmacological evidence support that a ROS-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38α, is …

Understanding The Chondrogenic Potential Of Articular Chondrocytes, Krishna Sarma

Theses & Dissertations

Articular cartilage is a smooth, visco-elastic, aneural, avascular tissue made of water, an exquisitely organized framework of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and collagen fibrils and articular chondrocytes. It’s beautiful organization and composition provide it with the flexibility and strength to cover, protect and lubricate the ends of long bones in a diarthrodial joint. Cartilage homeostasis relies on articular chondrocytes to translate the mechanical forces of daily activity into efficient remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Age, joint injury, or other insulting factors can progressively incapacitate articular chondrocytes, resulting in cartilage lesions that devolve to degenerative joint disease. Therefore, the central idea explored in …

Strength-Based Physiological Profiles Of Ncaa Division I Womens Basketball And Gymnastics Athletes: Implications For Injury Risk Assessment, Curtis Cazier

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive strength-based physiological profile of women’s collegiate basketball and gymnastic athletes; and to make sport-specific comparisons for various isokinetic and maximal and rapid isometric strength characteristics of the knee flexor and extensor muscles. A focus on antagonist muscle balance (hamstrings to quadriceps ratios, H:Q) will help elucidate particular vulnerabilities in these at-risk female athletes. Fourteen Division I collegiate level women’s basketball and 13 women’s gymnastics athletes performed isokinetic and isometric strength testing of the knee extensors and flexors. Outcome measures included absolute and body mass normalized (relative) isokinetic and isometric peak …

New Paradigms In The Treatment Of Acute Complicated And Uncomplicated Type B Aortic Dissection, Eric S. Weiss

Eric Weiss, MD, MPH

The treatment of acute type B aortic dissection is a rapidly evolving field, due in a large part to the advent of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). This review will summarize the current literature on the management of both complicated and uncomplicated type B dissections, with special attention paid to emerging evidence supporting earlier aggressive treatment.