Anatomy Commons^™

Hominoid Intraspecific Cranial Variation Mirrors Neutral Genetic Diversity, Julia M. Zichello, Karen L. Baab, Kieran P. Mcnulty, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Michael E. Steiper

Publications and Research

Natural selection, developmental constraint, and plasticity have all been invoked as explanations for intraspecific cranial variation in humans and apes. However, global patterns of human cranial variation are congruent with patterns of genetic variation, demonstrating that population history has influenced cranial variation in humans. Here we show that this finding is not unique to Homo sapiens but is also broadly evident across extant ape species. Specifically, taxa that exhibit greater intraspecific cranial shape variation also exhibit greater genetic diversity at neutral autosomal loci. Thus, cranial shape variation within hominoid taxa reflects the population history of each species. Our results suggest …

Proteomic Profiling Of Serum Derived Exosomes From Prostate Cancer Patients, David Turay

David Turay, MD

Touted among the major achievements in the diagnosis and management of Prostate cancer (PCa) in the past few decades has been, the dramatic decline of men with advanced/metastatic PCa at diagnosis coupled with a significant improvement ( >90%) in the five and ten year survival rates of the disease. Non-palpable PCa (potentially clinically treatable disease) now accounts for 70-80% of all newly diagnosed cases of PCa. Preceding these changes by about a decade was the introduction of Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA) into clinical practice; first as biomarker for monitoring response to therapy and subsequently as a complementary screening tool. It …

The Role Of Cholinergic Midbrain Neurons In Startle And Prepulse Inhibition, Erin Azzopardi, Andrea G. Louttit, Cleusa Deoliveira, Steven R, Laviolette, Susanne Schmid

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

One of the two major cholinergic centers of the mammalian brain is located in the midbrain, i.e., the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) and the adjacent laterodorsal tegmentum. These cholinergic neurons have been shown to be important for e.g., arousal, reward associations, and sleep. They also have been suggested to mediate sensorimotor gating, measured as prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI). PPI disruptions are a hallmark of schizophrenia and are observed in various other psychiatric disorders, where they are associated with, and often predictive of, other cognitive symptoms. PPI has been proposed to be mediated by a short midbrain circuitry including inhibitory cholinergic …

Als Yeast Models-Past Success Stories And New Opportunities, Sonja E. Di Gregorio, Martin L. Duennwald

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

In the past two decades, yeast models have delivered profound insights into basic mechanisms of protein misfolding and the dysfunction of key cellular pathways associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Expressing ALS-associated proteins, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD1), TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and Fused in sarcoma (FUS), in yeast recapitulates major hallmarks of ALS pathology, including protein aggregation, mislocalization and cellular toxicity. Results from yeast have consistently been recapitulated in other model systems and even specimens from human patients, thus providing evidence for the power and validity of ALS yeast models. Focusing on impaired ribonucleic acid (RNA) metabolism …

Everolimus In Advanced Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, J Raphael, C Lefebvre, A Allan, J Helou, G Boldt, T Vandenberg

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

No abstract provided.

Behavioral Plasticity Of Audiovisual Perception: Rapid Recalibration Of Temporal Sensitivity But Not Perceptual Binding Following Adult-Onset Hearing Loss, Ashley L. Schormans, Brian L. Allaman

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

The ability to accurately integrate or bind stimuli from more than one sensory modality is highly dependent on the features of the stimuli, such as their intensity and relative timing. Previous studies have demonstrated that the ability to perceptually bind stimuli is impaired in various clinical conditions such as autism, dyslexia, schizophrenia, as well as aging. However, it remains unknown if adult-onset hearing loss, separate from aging, influences audiovisual temporal acuity. In the present study, rats were trained using appetitive operant conditioning to perform an audiovisual temporal order judgment (TOJ) task or synchrony judgment (SJ) task in order to investigate …

Overall Survival (Os) Implications For Patients With Mcrpc Through Coverage And Adoption Of Nuclear Ar-V7 Testing By Healthcare Systems, J Hornberger, R P. Graf, M Hulling, G Attard, A Allan, R Dittamore, H Scher

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

No abstract provided.

Air Pollution: A Silent Common Killer For Stroke And Dementia, Mahmoud R. Azarpazhooh, Vladimir Hachinski

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

No abstract provided.

Implementing The Proclamation Of Stroke And Potentially Preventable Dementias, Vladimir Hachinski, Detlev Ganten, Daniel Lackland, Reinhold Kreutz, Konstantinos Tsioufis, Werner Hacke

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Brain health plays a central role in wellbeing and in the management of chronic diseases. Stroke and dementia pose the two greatest threats to brain health, but recent developments suggest the possibility that preventing stroke may also prevent some dementias: 1. A large population study showed a 32% decrease in the incidence of stroke and a concomitant 7% reduction in the incidence of dementia; 2. Treatment of atrial fibrillation resulted not only in stroke reduction, but a 48% decrease in dementia; 3. A hypothesis free analyses has shown that the first phase of Alzheimer disease involves vascular dysregulation, opening the …

Immune Checkpoints In Cancer Treatment, Matthew A. Cherubino

Student Publications

Despite the human immune system, cancer thrives in an extremely hostile environment. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the U.S. with about 600,000 deaths every year, and cancer is expected to surpass heart disease as the most common cause of death in the U.S. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a novel and promising therapeutic for treating cancer in its late stages.

Response Of The Axial Skeleton To Bipedal Loading Behaviors In An Experimental Animal Model, G. A. Russo, D. Marsh, A. D. Foster

Osteopathic Medicine, Jerry M. Wallace School of

No abstract provided.

Altered Auditory Processing, Filtering, And Reactivity N The Cntnap2 Knock-Out Rat Model For Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Kaela E. Scott, Ashley L. Schormans, Katharine Y. Pacoli, Cleusa De Oliveria, Brian L. Allman, Susanne Schmid

Anatomy and Cell Biology Publications

Sensory processing, and auditory processing in particular, is altered in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The typical maturation of the auditory system is perturbed in these individuals during early development, which may underlie altered auditory reactivity that persists in later life. Of the many genes that regulate the auditory system development, loss-of-function mutations in the CNTNAP2 gene are strongly associated with language processing deficits and ASD. Therefore, using a novel Cntnap2 knock-out rat model, we tested the impact of Cntnap2 loss on auditory processing, filtering, and reactivity throughout development and young adulthood in male and …

The Role Of Cholinergic Signaling In Cardiac Function, Rachel Reingold

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in Canada. Treatment currently focuses on preventing the increase of sympathetic signaling seen in heart failure. However, it has recently been noted that cardiac function is dependent on parasympathetic tone. Previous studies have demonstrated the development of heart failure when cholinergic targets are knocked out in cardiomyocytes. Transgenic mouse models that have increased cholinergic transmission show protection against cardiovascular insults. We have shown that transgenic mice overexpressing vesicular acetylcholine transporter in cholinergic cells show cardiovascular protection in response to ex vivo insults. As well, this protection is seen when cholinergic …

Editorial: Ion Channel Trafficking And Cardiac Arrhythmias, Marcel A. G. Van Der Heyden, Brian P. Delisle, Hugues Abriel

Physiology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Chapman Bone Algorithm: A Diagnostic Alternative For The Evaluation Of Osteoporosis, Elise Levesque, Anton Ketterer, Wajiha Memon, Cameron James, Noah Barrett, Cyril Rakovski, Frank Frisch

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and goes largely undiagnosed throughout the world, due to the inaccessibility of DXA machines. Multivariate analyses of serum bone turnover markers were evaluated in 226 Orange County, California, residents with the intent to determine if serum osteocalcin and serum pyridinoline cross-links could be used to detect the onset of osteoporosis as effectively as a DXA scan. Descriptive analyses of the demographic and lab characteristics of the participants were performed through frequency, means and standard deviation estimations. We implemented logistic regression modeling to find the best classification algorithm for osteoporosis. All calculations and …

Examining The Tissue-Level And Gross Phenotypic Effects Of The Connexin43i130t/+ Mutation On The Developing Mouse Skull, Sommer G.E. Jarvis

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reduced Connexin43 function on the developing skull phenotype, osteoblast and chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, and to determine if a correlation exists between cell processes and gross morphology. Using the Cx43^I130T/+mouse model, skull shape was analyzed using geometric morphometrics and cell proliferation and differentiation were assessed using immunohistochemistry at late embryonic and early post-natal stages. The largest shape changes between Cx43^I130T/+ and wildtype mice were observed in the cranial base and facial skeleton. Changes infacial morphology correspond to reduced osteoblast differentiation. However, no changes in chondrocyte proliferation …

Experimental Evaluation Of The Importance Of Colonization History In Early-Life Gut Microbiota Assembly, Inés Martínez, Maria X. Maldonado-Gomez, João Carlos Gomes-Neto, Hatem Kittana, Hua Ding, Robert J. Schmaltz, Payal Joglekar, Roberto Jiménez Cardona, Nathan L Marsteller, Steven W. Kembel, Andrew K. Benson, Daniel A. Peterson, Amanda Ramer-Tait, Jens C. Walter

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

The factors that govern assembly of the gut microbiota are insufficiently understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that inter-individual microbiota variation can arise solely from differences in the order and timing by which the gut is colonized early in life. Experiments in which mice were inoculated in sequence either with two complex seed communities or a cocktail of four bacterial strains and a seed community revealed that colonization order influenced both the outcome of community assembly and the ecological success of individual colonizers. Historical contingency and priority effects also occurred in Rag1^-/- mice, suggesting that the adaptive immune system …

Myocyte [Na+]I Dysregulation In Heart Failure And Diabetic Cardiomyopathy, Sanda Despa

Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

By controlling the function of various sarcolemmal and mitochondrial ion transporters, intracellular Na⁺ concentration ([Na⁺]_i) regulates Ca²⁺ cycling, electrical activity, the matching of energy supply and demand, and oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes. Thus, maintenance of myocyte Na⁺ homeostasis is vital for preserving the electrical and contractile activity of the heart. [Na⁺]_i is set by the balance between the passive Na⁺ entry through numerous pathways and the pumping of Na⁺ out of the cell by the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. This equilibrium is perturbed in heart failure, …

Interfering With Dna Decondensation As A Strategy Against Mycobacteria, Enzo M. Scutigliani, Edwin R. Scholl, Anita E. Grootemaat, Sadhana Khanal, Jakub A. Kochan, Przemek M. Krawczyk, Eric A. Reits, Atefeh Garzan, Huy X. Ngo, Keith D. Green, Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova, Jan M. Ruijter, Henk A. Van Veen, Nicole N. Van Der Wel

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Tuberculosis is once again a major global threat, leading to more than 1 million deaths each year. Treatment options for tuberculosis patients are limited, expensive and characterized by severe side effects, especially in the case of multidrug-resistant forms. Uncovering novel vulnerabilities of the pathogen is crucial to generate new therapeutic strategies. Using high resolution microscopy techniques, we discovered one such vulnerability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We demonstrate that the DNA of M. tuberculosis can condense under stressful conditions such as starvation and antibiotic treatment. The DNA condensation is reversible and specific for viable bacteria. Based on these observations, we hypothesized …

The Effects Of Tracheal Occlusion On Wnt Signaling In A Rabbit Model Of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, Martina M. Mudri

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Purpose: Tracheal occlusion (TO) reverses pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), but its effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung development remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to a) confirm the CDH rabbit model produced PH which was reversed by TO and b) determine the effects of CDH +/- TO on EMT pathways.

Methods: CDH was created at 23 days, TO at 28 days and lung collection at 31 days gestation in fetal rabbits. Lung body weight ratio (LBWR), mean terminal bronchiole density (MTBD), and expression of mRNA and micro-RNA was determined.

Results: Fifteen CDH, …