Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Articles 1 - 30 of 38

Full-Text Articles in Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies

Drawing Normal Curves: A Visual Analysis Of Feedback In Writing-To-Learn Assignments In An Introductory Statistics Course For Community College Students, Samantha Estrada Aguilera Dec 2020

Drawing Normal Curves: A Visual Analysis Of Feedback In Writing-To-Learn Assignments In An Introductory Statistics Course For Community College Students, Samantha Estrada Aguilera

The Qualitative Report

Writing-to-learn benefits students in polishing their communication skills and understanding of statistical concepts cultivating a deeper understanding of statistics. A series of writing-to-learn activities were given to introductory statistics students at a community college in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. Historically, research on the teaching and learning of statistics has been performed on undergraduates while overlooking the experiences of community college students in learning statistics. A total of 79 students completed the feedback instrument over the course of three semesters (Summer 2017, Fall 2017, and Spring 2018). The feedback instrument included three Likert scale questions, two open-ended …


Workplace Bullying In Healthcare: A Qualitative Analysis Of Bystander Experiences, Neill James Thompson Mr, Madeline Carter, Paul Crampton, Bryan Burford, Jan Illing, Gill Morrow Nov 2020

Workplace Bullying In Healthcare: A Qualitative Analysis Of Bystander Experiences, Neill James Thompson Mr, Madeline Carter, Paul Crampton, Bryan Burford, Jan Illing, Gill Morrow

The Qualitative Report

Bystander action has been proposed as a promising intervention to tackle workplace bullying, however there is a lack of in-depth qualitative research on the direct experiences of bystanders. In this paper, we developed a more comprehensive definition of bullying bystanders, and examined first person accounts from healthcare professionals who had been bystanders to workplace bullying. These perspectives highlighted factors that influence the type and the extent of support bystanders may offer to targets. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 43 healthcare professionals who were working in the UK, of which 24 had directly witnessed bullying. The data were transcribed and …


Pencil Or Keyboard? Boys’ Preferences In Writing, Jennifer L. Sze, Jane Southcott Jul 2020

Pencil Or Keyboard? Boys’ Preferences In Writing, Jennifer L. Sze, Jane Southcott

The Qualitative Report

Handwriting is an important subject in primary schools, especially in the Early Years. The importance of writing skill is now seen as a debate with the increasing demand on children to learn technology skills to help them with 21st Century learning—how to write on the keyboard effectively. The topic is important because handwriting is an essential life skill to have with or without technology. In this study, I looked at the importance of both in the context of the qualitative case studies in three schools in Melbourne, Australia. The aim of the research is to explore how do students …


Exploring Self-Silencing In Workplace Relationships: A Qualitative Study Of Female Software Engineers, Sucharita Maji, Shikha Dixit Jun 2020

Exploring Self-Silencing In Workplace Relationships: A Qualitative Study Of Female Software Engineers, Sucharita Maji, Shikha Dixit

The Qualitative Report

Self-silencing has been extensively studied in the context of the relational aspect of the female psyche. The previous research on self-silencing mostly emphasized on intimate partner relationships and not much is explored in the context of workplace relationships, that is, relationships with colleagues, team managers etc. The present study aims to explore the self-silencing phenomenon in workplace relationships among a sample of female software engineers (N=21) in India. A purposive sampling strategy was used to select the participants of the study. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted to collect the data for the thematic analysis. At first, theoretical thematic analysis was …


The Dynamic Of Performing Social Relations Amongst Managers And Supervisors: A Thematic Analysis, Tri Astuti, Avin Fadilla Helmi, Aniq Hudiyah Bil Haq, Mohamad Dziqie Aulia Al Farauqi Mar 2020

The Dynamic Of Performing Social Relations Amongst Managers And Supervisors: A Thematic Analysis, Tri Astuti, Avin Fadilla Helmi, Aniq Hudiyah Bil Haq, Mohamad Dziqie Aulia Al Farauqi

The Qualitative Report

This study investigated the factors, dimensions, and dynamic flow of the manager-supervisor social relationship in a company with family values. This research was a qualitative study with a thematic analysis approach based on the six-step thematic analysis from Braun and Clarke (2006). The authors used open-ended questionnaires and interviews as data gathering tools. This study found that the three factors that influence four interrelated dimensions can result in group cohesiveness, target achievement, and performance improvement. The results of this study can be used in policy-making by considering the social relationship between employees as a supporting factor in achieving organizational goals. …


Application Of Rigour And Credibility In Qualitative Document Analysis: Lessons Learnt From A Case Study, Leanne M. Wood, Bernadette Sebar, Nerina Vecchio Feb 2020

Application Of Rigour And Credibility In Qualitative Document Analysis: Lessons Learnt From A Case Study, Leanne M. Wood, Bernadette Sebar, Nerina Vecchio

The Qualitative Report

This paper probes functions and processes of qualitative document analysis (QDA), a method widely used in case study research. It firstly demonstrates the application of a QDA framework to inform a case study of women entrepreneurs in rural Australia; and provides insights into the lessons learnt, including strengths and limitations of QDA. Secondly, the paper provides guidelines for novice researchers seeking to use thematic analysis in a QDA process, arguing for rigour in naming assumptions and explicitness about the procedures employed. The paper contributes to discussion in the literature that positions QDA not only as a convenient tool, but as …


Factors Behind Dissuasion To Green Products Among Young Consumers: A Qualitative Study, Anitha Acharya Dr. Dec 2019

Factors Behind Dissuasion To Green Products Among Young Consumers: A Qualitative Study, Anitha Acharya Dr.

The Qualitative Report

The current estimated market share for green consumption is less than five percent worldwide, therefore it is very important to understand the factors that stimulate non green consumption among young consumers since this can promote environmental thinking at an early age and also to increase the demand for green products. In these circumstances, emerging countries like India have contributed very less to the consumption of green products and environmental effects. India is among the fastest growing economies in the world. With the increase in population as well as in disposable income, India is expected to see a growth in green …


Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Home-School Collaboration: Enhancing Learning For Children With Autism, Chana S. Josilowski Dec 2019

Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Home-School Collaboration: Enhancing Learning For Children With Autism, Chana S. Josilowski

The Qualitative Report

This study aimed to explore the relationship between teachers and students’ families and address the deficiencies in the body of research regarding the performance gap between children with autism and their age-equivalent peers. The research question was: How do teachers of children with autism perceive the home-school collaboration and its impact on learning? Ten state-certified special educators with at least 3 years’ experience teaching children with autism, and experience collaborating with their students’ families participated in face-to-face interviews, answering 8 open-ended questions in this generic qualitative study. Inductive thematic analysis yielded 6 themes: (a) collaboration improves learning, (b) communication is …


Undoing Reform: How And Why One School Leader Cleared A Shifting Path To Goal Attainment, Jennifer R. Karnopp Nov 2019

Undoing Reform: How And Why One School Leader Cleared A Shifting Path To Goal Attainment, Jennifer R. Karnopp

The Qualitative Report

Research on school reform highlights challenges school leaders face in implementing and sustaining reforms. While some efforts fade away, others are intentionally dismantled, or “undone” as schools revert back to their traditional model of schooling. Considering how often reforms fail to sustain, there is value in understanding why school leaders decide undo reforms, and how leaders support staff through the undoing process. Utilizing path-goal theory as a framework, this paper I examined the case of one elementary school principal who planned in this undoing of a competency-based reform she had previously championed. Analysis reveals that the shift back to a …


Identification Of Instructional Design Strategies For An Effective E-Learning Experience, B S S Karthik, Brig Bhuvanagiri Chandrasekhar, Dr Rajasekhar David, Dr A Kranthi Kumar Jul 2019

Identification Of Instructional Design Strategies For An Effective E-Learning Experience, B S S Karthik, Brig Bhuvanagiri Chandrasekhar, Dr Rajasekhar David, Dr A Kranthi Kumar

The Qualitative Report

The objective of the study is to identify various instructional design strategies used by the instructional designers for effective the E-learning experience. Thematic analysis is used to generate the factors accountable for the successful implementation of E-learning process. To fulfill the purpose of the study, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the instructional designers, students, and corporate employees, who are associated with E-learning apps. Interviews conducted are broadly classified into three sections. The first section dealt with the personal profiles of the respondents; second part dealt with the discussion on successful instructional strategies adopted by the designers, and the third …


Constructing Professional Identities: Native English-Speaking Teachers In South Korea, Natalie-Jane Howard Jul 2019

Constructing Professional Identities: Native English-Speaking Teachers In South Korea, Natalie-Jane Howard

The Qualitative Report

Responding to globalisation, a ubiquitous obsession with English has pervaded South Korea and led to the employment of tens of thousands of expatriate English teachers. However, native-speaking English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers may be subject to marginalisation and acculturation difficulties as they navigate overseas employment contexts. Moreover, scholars question the legitimacy of their careers and challenge the bias for their native-speaker expertise. Against this contentious backdrop, this study explores how the experiences and beliefs of native-speaking EFL teachers both promote and hinder their professional identity constructions. Adopting a qualitative, interpretivist approach, interviews are mobilised to document the participants’ …


Amputee Perspectives Of Virtual Patient Education, Sandra L. Winkler, Michelle Schlesinger, Krueger Alice, Ann Ludwig Jun 2019

Amputee Perspectives Of Virtual Patient Education, Sandra L. Winkler, Michelle Schlesinger, Krueger Alice, Ann Ludwig

The Qualitative Report

Amputees have expressed the need for more information on the recovery path that follows amputation. Inclusion of education in the amputation rehabilitation process empowers amputees to make decisions about their options and form realistic expectations. Virtual worlds are effective as healthcare support communities because they provide both synchronous and asynchrous communication, voice enabled technology, file sharing and more, enhanced by immersion in a visually stimulating and interactive 3-D environment. The objective of this research was to discover how a virtual world could be used to address amputees’ educational needs. A focus group of three lower limb amputees ages ranging from …


In Search Of Themes – Keys To Teaching Qualitative Analysis In Higher Education, Petra K. Boström May 2019

In Search Of Themes – Keys To Teaching Qualitative Analysis In Higher Education, Petra K. Boström

The Qualitative Report

Teaching research methods in psychology involves communicating a number of methods stemming from diverse philosophical traditions. The process of searching for themes is a central part of various qualitative methods of analysis and involves the transformation of coded raw data into a thematic structure. This process has often been briefly described which can create a problem for students who encounter qualitative analysis for the first time. The aim of the present paper is to explore how the process of transforming codes into a thematic structure can be described and communicated through higher education teaching. Literature on research methods and related …


Indonesian Perspective Of Wellbeing: A Qualitative Study, Herdiyan Maulana, Patricia Obst, Nigar Khawaja Dec 2018

Indonesian Perspective Of Wellbeing: A Qualitative Study, Herdiyan Maulana, Patricia Obst, Nigar Khawaja

The Qualitative Report

Cross-cultural research suggests that wellbeing may be experienced differently by distinct populations. While research on wellbeing in non-Western populations has increased, there is limited empirical evidence regarding wellbeing in Indonesia. As the fourth largest country in the world, and with its unique socio-cultural characteristics, the potentially distinctive Indonesian experience of wellbeing has been overlooked by international scholars. The present research investigated the Indonesian perception of wellbeing using a qualitative thematic analysis approach. Thirty Indonesian adults participated in semi structured interviews which focused on their understanding and experience of wellbeing. The analysis revealed a number of keythemes: fulfilment of basic needs; …


Organizing The Three Forms Of Qualitative Inquiry: A Book Review Of Qualitative Inquiry – Thematic, Narrative And Arts-Based Perspectives, Umair Majid Dec 2018

Organizing The Three Forms Of Qualitative Inquiry: A Book Review Of Qualitative Inquiry – Thematic, Narrative And Arts-Based Perspectives, Umair Majid

The Qualitative Report

In this book review, I examine the structure, form, content, and purpose of Qualitative Inquiry: Thematic, Narrative and Arts-Based Perspectives by Lynn Butler-Kisber. This book aims to augment the teaching and learning of investigators engaging in qualitative inquiry. First, I explicate my positionality and reflexivity to contextualize the approach of this book review. Following this discussion, I analyze the book’s structure and content by comparing the alignment between the background, exemplars, and strategies with the intended purpose of the book. I conclude this book review with a summary of its benefits to novice investigators.


Data Analysis Methods For Qualitative Research: Managing The Challenges Of Coding, Interrater Reliability, And Thematic Analysis, Michael J. Belotto Phd Nov 2018

Data Analysis Methods For Qualitative Research: Managing The Challenges Of Coding, Interrater Reliability, And Thematic Analysis, Michael J. Belotto Phd

The Qualitative Report

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of some of the principles of data analysis used in qualitative research such as coding, interrater reliability, and thematic analysis. I focused on the challenges that I experienced as a first-time qualitative researcher during the course of my dissertation, in the hope that how I addressed those difficulties will better prepare other investigators planning endeavors into this area of research. One of the first challenges I encountered was the dearth of information regarding the details of qualitative data analysis. While my text books explained the general philosophies of the interpretive …


Exploring Intersecting Program Elements In Longer-Term Concurrent Disorder Services For Adults: A Qualitative Evaluation, Aaron Turpin, Micheal L. Shier Oct 2018

Exploring Intersecting Program Elements In Longer-Term Concurrent Disorder Services For Adults: A Qualitative Evaluation, Aaron Turpin, Micheal L. Shier

The Qualitative Report

Previous research highlights multiple factors that impact the attainment of client-identified recovery goals in substance misuse treatment programs. However, fewer studies examine how programs meet the broad range of needs expressed by clients through their intersecting elements of service delivery. This study seeks to develop an understanding of intersecting program and recovery elements in relation to an overall framework for programming, focusing on how overlapping elements of treatment ventured to support clients in multiple areas of their recovery. Qualitative interviews were conducted with clients (n=41) in three longer term substance use treatment programs, and data from interviews were analysed using …


“I Am Just Like Everyone Else, Except For A Nine-Digit Number”: A Thematic Analysis Of The Experiences Of Dreamers, Joanna Méndez-Pounds Ph.D., Denise A. Nicholas, Natali Gonzalez, Jason B. Whiting Feb 2018

“I Am Just Like Everyone Else, Except For A Nine-Digit Number”: A Thematic Analysis Of The Experiences Of Dreamers, Joanna Méndez-Pounds Ph.D., Denise A. Nicholas, Natali Gonzalez, Jason B. Whiting

The Qualitative Report

This qualitative thematic analysis study explored the experiences of DREAMers, undocumented students raised in the US awaiting the passage of the DREAM Act. We used a phenomenologically-informed textual analysis which resulted in a summary essence of the experience of DREAMers, describing how even though DREAMers are like other contributing members of society “except for a nine-digit number,” certain characteristics make their experience unique. Two websites containing experiences of individuals identifying as DREAMers as they wait for the passage of the DREAM Act, were analyzed to draw out specific themes that represented DREAMers’ experiences. Results revealed the following themes, Uncertainty about …


Reaction To Safety Equipment Technology In The Workplace And Implications: A Study Of The Firefighter’S Hood, Brian W. Ward Dec 2017

Reaction To Safety Equipment Technology In The Workplace And Implications: A Study Of The Firefighter’S Hood, Brian W. Ward

The Qualitative Report

In the 1990s the firefighter’s hood became a standard article of safety equipment worn by municipal firefighters, eliciting a negative reaction among many of these firefighters. I used data from interviews with 42 firefighters to explain why this reaction occurred. Data analysis revealed that negative reactions ultimately stemmed from the hood’s disruption of autonomy, repudiation of the complex mental and physical skill needed to perform tasks required of firefighters, and hindrance in negotiating the life-threatening environment created by a fire. These findings indicate that when introducing new safety equipment technology to emergency response workers, their reaction to this equipment, and …


How Do Immigrant Students Develop Social Confidence And Make Friends In Secondary School? A Retrospective Study, Shyanna Albrecht, Gina Ko Sep 2017

How Do Immigrant Students Develop Social Confidence And Make Friends In Secondary School? A Retrospective Study, Shyanna Albrecht, Gina Ko

The Qualitative Report

This paper pertains to a retrospective study of immigrant students’ experience of making friends and gaining social confidence in secondary school. In the study, 17 undergraduate students participated in either a one-to-one semi-structured interview or focus group. Questions were asked to understand their experiences in making friends and gaining social confidence when they came to Canada between grades five to nine. Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) was used to analyse the data. This method was useful in looking for commonalities in meaning in participants’ responses. In total, seven themes and 20 subthemes were discovered, which are discussed in detail. …


Qualitative Analysis Using R: A Free Analytic Tool, Samantha Estrada Apr 2017

Qualitative Analysis Using R: A Free Analytic Tool, Samantha Estrada

The Qualitative Report

R (R Development Core Team, 2011) is a powerful tool to analyze statistical data. In recent years R has gained popularity because the software is free and open source. However, evaluators and researchers do not exclusively use quantitative data. It is possible to perform qualitative analysis in R. Using data from a case study exploring a family psychoeducation recovery course, this article provides users a tutorial on how to perform a qualitative analysis and data visualization using R.


A Moveable Beast: Subjective Influence Of Human-Animal Relationships On Risk Perception, And Risk Behaviour During Bushfire Threat, Joshua L. Trigg, Kirrilly Thompson, Bradley Smith, Pauleen Bennett Oct 2016

A Moveable Beast: Subjective Influence Of Human-Animal Relationships On Risk Perception, And Risk Behaviour During Bushfire Threat, Joshua L. Trigg, Kirrilly Thompson, Bradley Smith, Pauleen Bennett

The Qualitative Report

This article examines how human-animal connections influence risk perception and behaviour in companion animal guardians exposed to bushfire threat in Australia. Although the objective role of psychological bonds with companion animals is well accepted by researchers, subjective interpretations of these bonds by animal guardians are relatively underexamined in this context. We argue that the ways in which connections with pets and other animals are represented influences different forms of safety-risk perception and behaviour when managing animals’ safety in the face of disaster threat. Thematic analysis of 21 semi-structured interviews with South Australian residents in bushfire-affected areas supported the role of …


An Application Of Brand Personality To Green Consumers: A Thematic Analysis, Anitha Acharya, Manish Gupta Aug 2016

An Application Of Brand Personality To Green Consumers: A Thematic Analysis, Anitha Acharya, Manish Gupta

The Qualitative Report

Green products are increasingly becoming popular in India as a fashion statement. Yet, limited attention has been given to understand why users of green products associate themselves with green brands in India. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of brand personality to green products. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions of green product consumers revealed six dimensions of green brand personality (GBP). GBP is a set of human characteristics associated with a green brand. By focusing on the green brand personality dimensions discovered in this paper, marketing managers can better understand why …


Performing A Thematic Analysis: An Exploratory Study About Managers’ Perceptions On Gender Equality, Carlos Costa, Zélia Breda, Isabel Pinho, Fiona Bakas, Marília Durão Apr 2016

Performing A Thematic Analysis: An Exploratory Study About Managers’ Perceptions On Gender Equality, Carlos Costa, Zélia Breda, Isabel Pinho, Fiona Bakas, Marília Durão

The Qualitative Report

The purpose of this paper is to present results from an exploratory study that aims to investigate why gender role alterations in leadership positions is slow. The tourism managers’ perceptions of gender equality, within the workplace, were obtained resorting to focus groups. We chose thematic analysis to identify themes and patterns. This thematic analysis enables a methodological systematization of data. Data were coded using webQDA, a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software that speeds up the team process of analysis. The systematization of information helped overcome the difficulties to synthesize the various interpretations; thus it was possible to generate more ideas …


Applying A Socio-Ecological Framework To Thematic Analysis Using A Statewide Assessment Of Disproportionate Minority Contact In The United States, Dawn X. Henderson, Tiffany Baffour Dec 2015

Applying A Socio-Ecological Framework To Thematic Analysis Using A Statewide Assessment Of Disproportionate Minority Contact In The United States, Dawn X. Henderson, Tiffany Baffour

The Qualitative Report

Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in the United States represents a critical social challenge to promoting the ideals and values of social justice. The ecological nature of DMC, a phenomenon emerging from the intersection of micro- and macro-level factors, necessitates the application of systems theories in understanding the issue and designing solutions to address it. This article illustrates the application of socio-ecological systems theory in thematic analysis, drawing associations across multiple systems between contributing factors to DMC in the juvenile justice system in North Carolina, USA. Analysis examined data from 6 focus groups comprised of 55 statewide stakeholders involved in the …


Importance Of The Student Therapist/Athlete Relationship And Goal-Setting In Injury Rehabilitation, Colin Deal, Chris A. Shields Nov 2015

Importance Of The Student Therapist/Athlete Relationship And Goal-Setting In Injury Rehabilitation, Colin Deal, Chris A. Shields

The Qualitative Report

Previous research has highlighted the importance of relationships (e.g., athletic therapist/client) and psychological skill use to manage negative emotions (e.g., frustration, anger) in order to obtain optimal adherence and injury rehabilitation outcomes. However, the relationship between student athletic therapists and varsity athletes has not been examined. Thus, the objective was to examine the relationship between student therapists and varsity athletes and psychological skill use in injury rehabilitation in relation to adherence. Two senior student therapists and three varsity athletes who had completed injury rehabilitation were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Both groups of …


Do You Like It On The…?: A Case-Study Of Reactions To A Facebook Campaign For Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Myleea D. Hill, Marceline Hayes Nov 2015

Do You Like It On The…?: A Case-Study Of Reactions To A Facebook Campaign For Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Myleea D. Hill, Marceline Hayes

The Qualitative Report

Awareness is a common goal of public health campaigns. However, awareness as an end goal may be counter-productive and may lead to slactivism instead of action. The purpose of the present research was to analyze reactions to the Facebook breast cancer “Do You Like it on the …”game via feedback to an article stating that the game is not cute/sexy/informative. Thematic analysis revealed several themes: Support or Disagreement with the author’s points, the Game is Ineffective, the Game Spreads Awareness, and Awareness is the Beginning. The researchers suggested (1) a distinction be made between awareness and attention and awareness and …


Resilience To Ostracism: A Qualitative Inquiry, Daniel Waldeck, Ian Tyndall, Nik Chmiel Oct 2015

Resilience To Ostracism: A Qualitative Inquiry, Daniel Waldeck, Ian Tyndall, Nik Chmiel

The Qualitative Report

Ostracism is a painful event, which may lead to prolonged psychological distress. However, little is known about the mechanisms which may help people recover from such events. This study explored how people who are not chronically ostracised describe processing and coping with ostracism. Using a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants (age group: 18-59; 12 female) from different occupational status groups. Thematic analyses revealed four major themes within the data: participants' immediate reaction to ostracism (“reflex”), subsequent reflections (“reflection”), efforts to manage their behaviour (“regulation”), and capacities to cope following ostracism (“adjustment”). Intensity emerged as a superordinate …


Embedding Researcher’S Reflexive Accounts Within The Analysis Of A Semi-Structured Qualitative Interview, Nashwa Ibrahim, Alison Edgley Oct 2015

Embedding Researcher’S Reflexive Accounts Within The Analysis Of A Semi-Structured Qualitative Interview, Nashwa Ibrahim, Alison Edgley

The Qualitative Report

This manuscript aims to embed a researcher’s reflexive account within a qualitative interview in an iterative process whereby a self-analytic reflexive exercise was conducted prior to, during the interview, and within the analysis of the interview. This interview was conducted between an overseas PhD student as an interviewer and a native PhD student as interviewee. The researcher’s (interviewer) demonstration of learning about herself is of particular importance in this piece of work. Having the chance to conduct this interview between an overseas PhD student and a native student provided insights about the stereotypes implanted within the researcher which meant that …


Experiences Of Individuals Suffering From Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Qualitative Study, Anindita Bhattacharya, Amool Ranjan Singh Jul 2015

Experiences Of Individuals Suffering From Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Qualitative Study, Anindita Bhattacharya, Amool Ranjan Singh

The Qualitative Report

This study was aimed at giving voice to the experiences of four people suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Five in-depth interviews were conducted on each individual constructing themselves in the light of their own experiences. A “case study approach” was chosen as the suitable method to go in depth into the information and “thematic content analysis” was used as the method of analysis. The life stories of these individuals were reconstructed in terms of themes, and recurring themes were further explored and elucidated and linked with literature. This study helps in reaching the depths of life experiences of individuals …