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Articles 1 - 19 of 19
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Stimulus Type, Level Of Categorization, And Spatial-Frequencies Utilization: Implications For Perceptual Categorization Hierarchies, Assaf Harel, Shlomo Bentin
Stimulus Type, Level Of Categorization, And Spatial-Frequencies Utilization: Implications For Perceptual Categorization Hierarchies, Assaf Harel, Shlomo Bentin
Psychology Faculty Publications
The type of visual information needed for categorizing faces and nonface objects was investigated by manipulating spatial frequency scales available in the image during a category verification task addressing basic and subordinate levels. Spatial filtering had opposite effects on faces and airplanes that were modulated by categorization level. The absence of low frequencies impaired the categorization of faces similarly at both levels, whereas the absence of high frequencies was inconsequential throughout. In contrast, basic-level categorization of airplanes was equally impaired by the absence of either low or high frequencies, whereas at the subordinate level, the absence of high frequencies had …
Annotated Bibliography: Parental Incarceration, Kolina J. Delgado
Annotated Bibliography: Parental Incarceration, Kolina J. Delgado
Psychology Student Publications
This annotated bibliography focuses on psychology sources dealing with parental incarceration.
Ohio Women In Psychology: A Biographical Account Of Mary Henle And Janet Taylor Spence, Kolina J. Delgado
Ohio Women In Psychology: A Biographical Account Of Mary Henle And Janet Taylor Spence, Kolina J. Delgado
Psychology Student Publications
In conducting a review of major contributors to the field of psychology, one would undoubtedly come across the names Mary Henle and Janet Taylor Spence. Not only were these two psychologists instrumental in the development of the field but they were also faced with challenges inexperienced by many of their colleagues. These challenges were due simply to the fact that they were women in a male dominated field and within a greater context, a male dominated society. In addition to their shared gender, these women have in common that they are both natives of Ohio. The current paper will provide …
Identity: Theory And Clinical Implications, Kolina J. Delgado
Identity: Theory And Clinical Implications, Kolina J. Delgado
Psychology Student Publications
The term identity refers to how one defines the self. As can probably be inferred based on the previous statement, the concept of identity formation is complex. Scholars from several schools of thought have hypothesized about identity for centuries, yet the concept of identity development remains an elusive one to say the least. The lack of consensus regarding what the term 'identity' encompasses has made research endeavors rather difficult. Nevertheless, there is an extensive literature base on identity and selfhood, making it all but impossible to provide an exhaustive review within the confines of one paper. Therefore, the current paper …
Social Psychology In Action: A Critical Analysis Of Alive, Kolina J. Delgado
Social Psychology In Action: A Critical Analysis Of Alive, Kolina J. Delgado
Psychology Student Publications
Frank Marshall's 1993 film Alive captures several key theories of social psychology. The film depicts a true story of a Uruguayan rugby team, who together with friends and family were crossing the Andes Mountains to play a game with neighboring Chile when their plane crashed, leaving them stranded. Twenty-nine people survived the plane crash but only sixteen survived a treacherous seventy days atop the mountain before they were rescued. During their time in the snow covered Andes Mountains the group had to make difficult decisions in order to survive. This paper seeks to provide a thorough analysis of a several …
Personality And Cardiovascular Disease: Implications For Assessment, Kolina J. Delgado
Personality And Cardiovascular Disease: Implications For Assessment, Kolina J. Delgado
Psychology Student Publications
The term cardiovascular disease refers to several diseases of the cardiovascular system such as coronary heart disease (CHD), coronary artery disease, high blood pressure (HBP), and stroke. According to the American Heart Association (AHA, 2009), CVD has been responsible for more American deaths each year than any other cause of death since the year 1900. The most recent data suggests that 2400 Americans die of CVD per day, averaging to one death every 37 seconds. Furthermore, the AHA reports that 1 in 3 Americans are currently living with one or more forms of CVD. There has been vast research into …
Creating Safety In The Diagnostic Testing Processes Of Family Medical Practices, Timothy Ryan Mcewen
Creating Safety In The Diagnostic Testing Processes Of Family Medical Practices, Timothy Ryan Mcewen
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Four mid-Western family practices were studied using three methods (observations, interviews, and an audit of patient records) in effort to discover the dynamics and constraints of their diagnostic testing processes. We have found further evidence that errors do occur at many of the steps in the processes, but that the patterns of those errors are not independent of each other and are a function of systemic factors unique to each practice. Furthermore, while many employees or steps in the process may be considered a source of error, they were also shown to be major sources of quality and safety in …
The Development Of The Wright Work Engagement Scale, Gene Michael Alarcon
The Development Of The Wright Work Engagement Scale, Gene Michael Alarcon
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Recent developments in organizational attitude research have focused on the concept of engagement. Despite the growing literature on engagement there is little agreement on the conceptualization of engagement. The current study sought to conceptualize and measure work engagement using Item Response Theory. The Wright Work Engagement Scale was created using two samples, a student sample for exploratory analyses and a working sample for item analyses. Results indicate engagement is a unidimensional construct. The 12 item Work Engagement Scale was created and demonstrated sufficient convergent and discriminant validity.
Effects Of Big 5 Personality Traits On Outcomes For Error Encouragement And Error Avoidant Training, Keith Alan Leas
Effects Of Big 5 Personality Traits On Outcomes For Error Encouragement And Error Avoidant Training, Keith Alan Leas
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the type of training used (error avoidant or error encouragement) as a moderator of the relationship between personality variables and training outcomes. Specifically, we hypothesized that we would observe stronger effects of personality (i.e., conscientiousness and openness) on performance (Hypothesis 1) and affectivity (Hypothesis 2) for individuals in the error encouragement condition than for individuals in the error avoidant condition. Further, we hypothesized that we would see stronger moderating effects for training type for the above personality variables than for extraversion or agreeableness (Hypothesis 3). We recruited 257 participants …
Measuring Applicant Faking With Job Desirability: Prevalence, Selection, And Measurement Issues In An Applied Sample, Esteban Tristan
Measuring Applicant Faking With Job Desirability: Prevalence, Selection, And Measurement Issues In An Applied Sample, Esteban Tristan
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Research has found that the use of social desirability scales to measure faking is problematic. The current study employed a job desirability scale consisting of job-specific bogus biographical items as an alternative faking measure in an applied setting. Using a 2 (applicants versus incumbents) x 2 (sales versus managers) design, participants (N = 958), participants completed a set of personality, social desirability, and job desirability measures. Results indicated that applicants outscored incumbents on personality measures. However, the effect size for conscientiousness was larger for the manager job whereas the effect size for extraversion was larger for the sales job, indicating …
Attentional Limitations And The Visual Pathways, Satomi Maeda
Attentional Limitations And The Visual Pathways, Satomi Maeda
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The present study tested the hypothesis that three visual pathways (i.e. parvocellular, magnocellular, and koniocellular pathways) may influence the degree of dual-task interference using dual-task methodology. The magnocellular pathway consists of feature-coding mechanisms that are sensitive to transients and motion, and is thought to process information about the locations and movements of objects. The parvocellular pathway consists of feature-coding mechanisms that are sensitive to red-green and brightness information, while the koniocellular pathway consists of feature-coding mechanisms that are sensitive to blue-yellow chromatic information. Both the parvocellular and the koniocellular pathway are thought to process information useful for identifying objects. The …
Role Of Enriched Representations In Collaborative Planning Processes, Elizabeth A. Lerner
Role Of Enriched Representations In Collaborative Planning Processes, Elizabeth A. Lerner
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The current study addressed the function of representing constraints in a display that is used for the process of planning on a team level. The experimental task was a modification of a game entitled 10 Days in Africa in which the players must complete a journey through the continent of Africa. Dyads participated in the game by constructing their own planning representations, as well as collaborating with the other player. We augmented the standard Gantt chart representation of timeline events with representations for the constraints holding between adjacent events. To examine the function of constraint representation in planning, we examined …
Bounded Rationality In The Emergency Department, Markus Alexander Feufel
Bounded Rationality In The Emergency Department, Markus Alexander Feufel
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This research aimed at understanding bounded rationality - that is, how simple heuristics result in satisfactory outcomes - in a naturalistic setting where agents have to meet environmental demands with limited resources. To do so, two methodological approaches were taken, an observational and an experimental study of U.S. emergency physicians who have to provide a satisfactory level of care while simultaneously coping with uncertainty, time and resources constraints. There are three major findings. First, based on observations of 12 resident and 6 attending physicians at two Midwestern emergency departments (ED), ED physicians use at least two general heuristics. One heuristic …
Role Of Assigned Team Goals In The Relationship Between Individual Difference Factors And Self-Set Goals In A Pre-Team Context, Anupama Narayan
Role Of Assigned Team Goals In The Relationship Between Individual Difference Factors And Self-Set Goals In A Pre-Team Context, Anupama Narayan
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of individual difference factors, i.e., core self evaluations, cognitive ability, and task specific self-efficacy, on self-set goals and whether those effects were moderated by an assigned team goal in a pre-team context. It was hypothesized that the relationship between individual difference factors and self-set goals for potential team members would be differentially affected by the difficulty of the assigned team goal. I assessed these relationships for individual performance and individual satisfaction. In addition, I examined whether gender, task type, and team composition interacted in their effects on self-set goals. …
Dynamic Decision Making In Surgery, Lisa Marie Kervin
Dynamic Decision Making In Surgery, Lisa Marie Kervin
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Following Dominguez (1997), we tested for differences among 10 resident surgeons' eye-scanning patterns during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy video. We measured time, number of fixations on anatomy and instruments, discomfort level ratings, notation of cystic artery, and conversion to open-incision. We expected our 10 residents would fall into two scanning strategies, proactive or reactive. Proactive strategists were defined as more skilled (year in residency, cases performed), anticipatory of danger (time and fixations on anatomy), observant of the pulsing cystic artery, and converting from laparoscopy to open when highly uncomfortable. Reactive strategists were expected to spend more time on instruments, have low …
Visual Contributions To Spatial Perception During A Remote Navigation Task, Candace Lee Eshelman-Haynes
Visual Contributions To Spatial Perception During A Remote Navigation Task, Candace Lee Eshelman-Haynes
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The purpose of this study was to explore the implications of perception and action coupling for the design of control and display interfaces in remotely piloted vehicles. Three experiments were conducted: spatial arrangement, path perception, and remote navigation. The results showed that panning independent of forward motion gives observers a greater sense of depth in a scene and aides in efficient navigation while rotation during forward motion results in ambiguities during passive observation. This research has implications for the design of control and visualization interfaces for remote navigation.
Error Management Training: Further Tests Of Mediation And Moderation, Zachary T. Kalinoski
Error Management Training: Further Tests Of Mediation And Moderation, Zachary T. Kalinoski
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This study investigated an alternative training approach that would improve transfer performance scores above traditional training approaches. Specifically, error-management training was proposed to help trainees learn complex tasks, as opposed to error-avoidant training approaches, which sought to give trainees step-by-step protocols for learning that would minimize the occurrence of errors during training. This study was designed to examine the effects of training type on transfer performance and transfer errors, as well as the effects of meta-cognition, emotion control and cognitive appraisals as mediators of the training type-performance relationship. A third issue of this study investigated the personality-training type interactions from …
The Effect Of Story Structure On Memory For Technical Instructions, Pamela R. Dowling
The Effect Of Story Structure On Memory For Technical Instructions, Pamela R. Dowling
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Stories represent an important key to how people remember information. Psychology has characterized stories in terms of grammars, which are lists of components typically found in stories (e.g., setting, protagonist, causal sequence etc.). This has a tendency to limit the definition of a story to grammars and negate the importance of ideas such as content. The present research hopes to expand the definition of a story by introducing another set of literature, namely speech act theory. According to speech act theory, conversations include more information than regular text regarding expectations among the conversational participants and common patterns of conversational exchange. …
Type I Error Rates And Power Estimates For Several Item Response Theory Fit Indices, Bradley R. Schlessman
Type I Error Rates And Power Estimates For Several Item Response Theory Fit Indices, Bradley R. Schlessman
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Despite frequent use of the adjusted chi-square to degrees of freedom ratio (χ2/df) test for Item Response Theory fit (Drasgow, Levine, Tsien, Williams. and Mead, 1995), there remains a lack of empirical testing of the statistic's Type I error rates and power. The present study compared the adjusted χ2/df test to two other commonly used IRT fit statistics. The other fit indices examined were S-χ2 (Orlando and Thissen, 2000) and χ2* (Stone's, 2000). This study also addressed misfit based on the possibility that the item responses analyzed were created based on a different response process than that assumed by the …