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Full-Text Articles in Psychology
The Influence Of Postevent Credibility In The Report Of Eyewitnessed Events, Shelly Wolesky, Gloria Marmolejo
The Influence Of Postevent Credibility In The Report Of Eyewitnessed Events, Shelly Wolesky, Gloria Marmolejo
Modern Psychological Studies
Previous research dealing with the effects of source credibility on eyewitness' memories has found that sources that are seen as credible by the eyewitness' are more likely to be believed and more often change the witness' original memory than do sources seen as not credible. The present experiment is an extension of the previous research testing if adults that witness an event are affected differently by the misinformation presented by a child (non credible source) or an adult (credible source). Fifty-two people were shown a video depicting a scene of a husband and a wife arguing in their home. They …
The Influence Of Gender On The Relationship Between Problem-Solving And Agression, Maria Evola
The Influence Of Gender On The Relationship Between Problem-Solving And Agression, Maria Evola
Modern Psychological Studies
The continuous rise of violence among young people has caused aggression to become a variable of interest for society. Many people believe that controlling external factors will prevent the aggressive nature of children from developing. However, the key to reducing aggression may lie in the development of proper internal coping skills. The present study focused on problem-soling ability, a component that can be taught. The relationship between problem-solving and aggression was examined, as well as how gender moderates this connection. It was hypothesized that a negative relationship existed between the two variables and that the correlation would be stronger for …
Spontaneous Countermeasures During Polygraph Examinations: An Apparent Exercise In Futility, Kimberly D. Otter-Henderson, Charles R. Honts
Spontaneous Countermeasures During Polygraph Examinations: An Apparent Exercise In Futility, Kimberly D. Otter-Henderson, Charles R. Honts
Modern Psychological Studies
The frequency and effects of spontaneous countermeasures against a polygraph examination were examined in a mock employment screening study. Eighty subjects were debriefed concerning their use of spontaneous countermeasure following the completion of their Relevant-irrelevant employment screening polygraph examination. Overall, 53.8% of the participants reported the use of at least one spontaneous countermeasure. In a departure from other studies in this area, 30% of the truthful subjects reported trying some intervention in an effort to make themselves look more truthful. An ANOVA revealed neither main effects nor interactions involving the use of a spontaneous countermeasure.
The Relationship Between Single-Sex And Co-Educational Environments On Socioemotional Development, Jennifer M. Bonds-Raacke, Sandra D. Nicks
The Relationship Between Single-Sex And Co-Educational Environments On Socioemotional Development, Jennifer M. Bonds-Raacke, Sandra D. Nicks
Modern Psychological Studies
There have been many debates over the advantages and disadvantages of single-sex education with regards to socioemotional development. Although some research shows that girls are often neglected in the classroom when boys are present, other research states that single-sex education may not be as beneficial as thought. The purpose of this study was to examine the discrepancies between previous research on single-sex and co-educational environments in relation to socioemotional development. Specifically, we investigated the differences in perceived competence, self-esteem, locus of control, and perceived social support. Within these areas of socioemotional development, we expect differences to exist based on educational …
The Correlation Of Social Approachability, Social Interaction, And Tolerance Levels Depending On The Presence Of A Dog, Darla J. Lawson
The Correlation Of Social Approachability, Social Interaction, And Tolerance Levels Depending On The Presence Of A Dog, Darla J. Lawson
Modern Psychological Studies
This study attempted to measure social approachability, social interactions, and tolerance levels of other people towards another person depending upon the presence of a dog was conducted. The study itself was divided into two parts. Part one measured the amount of approaches and social interactions made by other people towards a confederate when she was accompanied by a dog versus if a dog did not accompany her. The results indicate that there was a significant increase in social approachability and social interactions when being accompanied by a dog versus not being accompanied by a dog. Part two of the study …
How Gender Differences And The Visual/Verbal Aspect Of Instructions Affect Problem Solving, Tracy Forman
How Gender Differences And The Visual/Verbal Aspect Of Instructions Affect Problem Solving, Tracy Forman
Modern Psychological Studies
The childrens board game Mouse Trap served as a task in this experiment that was designed to study an interactive effect of gender and type of instructions used. Gender dyads operated in male-female, male-male, or female-female pairs and all dyads used either visual or verbal instructions. Male dyads were expected to have the game assembled in the least amount of time based on research that indicates that males are better problem solvers. The visual instructions were expected to produce faster completion of assembly for both genders, which is reminiscent of a picture being worth a thousand words. It was observed …
Effects Of Campus Climate And Attitudes On The Identity Development Of Gay, Lesbian And Bisexual College Students, Katherine M. Yamakawa, Elizabeth Nutt Williams
Effects Of Campus Climate And Attitudes On The Identity Development Of Gay, Lesbian And Bisexual College Students, Katherine M. Yamakawa, Elizabeth Nutt Williams
Modern Psychological Studies
To investigate campus climate and its effect on the identity development and college experiences of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students, undergraduate college students were asked to complete measures of homophobia and campus climate. Results indicated that males and firstyear students report higher levels of homophobia than females and seniors. However, students reported knowing of or engaging in only few instances of homophobic behaviors and felt that the college community was relatively openminded. Four qualitative interview examples are also provided, documenting the experience of gay students' identity development and the effects that campus climate has had on their undergraduate experiences. The …
Influence Of Question-Phrasing And Response-Scale In Speed Estimation Of Witnessed Accidents, Melissa M. Winter, Gloria Marmolejo
Influence Of Question-Phrasing And Response-Scale In Speed Estimation Of Witnessed Accidents, Melissa M. Winter, Gloria Marmolejo
Modern Psychological Studies
The effect of question phrasing on speed estimation is assessed by means of two rating systems, a verbal rating scale (VRS) and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Subjects were asked to watch a short video depicting the scene of a car accident and then answer a short memory test concerning the video. The test contained the question, "About how fast was the car going when the crash occurred?" Other subjects received the word "fender-bender" or "impact" in place of the word "crash". Subjects were asked to estimate speed using either a verbal rating or a visual analogue scale. Results indicated …
Influence Of Social Facilitation And Gender Differences On Purchasing Behavior Of Consumers In A Mall, Laura J. Lee, Allison L. Martin
Influence Of Social Facilitation And Gender Differences On Purchasing Behavior Of Consumers In A Mall, Laura J. Lee, Allison L. Martin
Modern Psychological Studies
Consumers were observed in order to investigate whether it is more likely that lone or group shoppers will make a purchase and to what extent gender differences in purchasing behavior exist. As shoppers exited a Georgia mall, variables such as gender, group orientation, and the presence or absence of a package were recorded. Observations revealed that of 1269 shoppers, nearly 54% of lone shoppers made purchases, compared to 41% of group shoppers, and women carried packages more often than did men. Both the comparison of lone versus group shoppers and the difference in men's and women's buying showed p<.05 from a test for significance between two proportions. Contrary to the social facilitation theory, group shoppers did not consume more than lone individuals. This study suggests that social facilitation effects may be unique to particular environments.
Peer Perception Of Physically Attractive Children And Prejudicial Biases Against Physically Unattractive Children, Darla J. Lawson
Peer Perception Of Physically Attractive Children And Prejudicial Biases Against Physically Unattractive Children, Darla J. Lawson
Modern Psychological Studies
This paper discusses peer perceptions of children based, upon the physical appearance of other children. The suggestion that physical attractiveness is related to intellect, social status, and personal achievement may seem absurd or unrealistic, however, current research establishes it as fact. Physically attractive children are assumed to have better characteristics than unattractive children. These perceptions are shaped, in part, by the physical appearance of children. This study evaluated the perceptions of a group of children who viewed photographs of other children in which the group members considered to be physically attractive, of average appearance, and physically unattractive. Results of the …
"Woman Is Man's Best Friend And Her Own Worst Enemy": Jury Bias, Ashley C. Nielson, Laura K. Jones, Timothy M. Woodrum
"Woman Is Man's Best Friend And Her Own Worst Enemy": Jury Bias, Ashley C. Nielson, Laura K. Jones, Timothy M. Woodrum
Modern Psychological Studies
The Supreme Court recently ruled that no jury could be chosen on the basis of sex. This study was conducted to determine whether jury biases exist in the sentencing of murder cases. It was therefore hypothesized that women would judge female murderers more severely than their male counterpart. The severity of sentences were determined by the participants' marks on a severity of sentence scale. These participants evaluated both domestic and mutilation murder cases, each of which varied in the gender of the accused. Using a 2X2 ANOVA in the evaluation of the results, no significant differences were found between the …
Sex: The Defining Variable In Mate Selection, Shirley A. Forbes, Tanacha Brown, Timothy Adams, Lenore Davis
Sex: The Defining Variable In Mate Selection, Shirley A. Forbes, Tanacha Brown, Timothy Adams, Lenore Davis
Modern Psychological Studies
The evolutionary hypothesis of mate selection was tested by combining traits deemed as evolutionarily valued (Cramer, Schaeffer Et Reid, 1996) with pictures showing facial features deemed as physically attractive according to the evolutionary hypothesis (Buss, 1989; Singh, 1995). Traits and pictures not congruent with the evolutionary hypothesis were also presented. Four stimulus persons were presented to ninety-one male subjects and 114 female subjects who were asked to rate their desirability as a mate. The results showed a main effect for stimulus condition, with the physical attractiveness pictures receiving the highest ratings when combined with the valued evolutionary traits, F (3, …
Deception In Research: How College Students View Deception, David Devries
Deception In Research: How College Students View Deception, David Devries
Modern Psychological Studies
This study asked college students to evaluate the use of deceptive techniques in psychological research. Ninety-two undergraduates evaluated via a three-point Likert Scale four classic deceptive studies in psychology. Students were asked to rate each study as to how deceptive and harmful it was, how valuable it was, and the cost-benefit to science of the study. Respondents generally believed these studies worth doing; however, around 20 percent felt the cost to the subjects was too high.
Divorce In The Family: How Does It Affect Personality And Views Of Love And Marriage?, Kymberley K. Bennett
Divorce In The Family: How Does It Affect Personality And Views Of Love And Marriage?, Kymberley K. Bennett
Modern Psychological Studies
This study was conducted to investigate the impact of parental divorce on such personality variables as global optimism and self-esteem, and attitudes toward love and marriage. Eighty-seven women and 48 men enrolled in a small, private university participated in this study. A questionnaire was developed specifically for this study which included Sheier and Carver's (1985) Life Orientation Test, Rosenberg's (1965) Self-Esteem Scale, and several other established measures. In addition, participants read five scenarios depicting couples on the verge of divorce and were asked to rate each impending divorce for its likelihood and its acceptability. Results indicated that all participants were …
Body Image Distortion In College Females: Effects On Exercise Identity And Commitment, Marie Schroder, Lauren Leslie, Mary Leigh Gregory
Body Image Distortion In College Females: Effects On Exercise Identity And Commitment, Marie Schroder, Lauren Leslie, Mary Leigh Gregory
Modern Psychological Studies
Body image concerns have been related to behavioral aspects of exercise. This study examined the psychological aspect of exercise on role identity. It was hypothesized that college females who overestimated percentage body fat were more likely to identify exercise as an integral self-concept and commit strongly to exercise than correct or underestimators. Twenty-five undergraduate females, never diagnosed with an eating disorder, completed an Exercise Identity Scale and a Commitment to Exercise scale. Body fat was assessed using calipers at three body sites. Body image distortion is prevalent among normal populations but shows no significant relation to exercise identity and commitment. …
Occupational Ego Identity Statuses In College Students, Nicole Surething, Kathleen Crowley-Long
Occupational Ego Identity Statuses In College Students, Nicole Surething, Kathleen Crowley-Long
Modern Psychological Studies
The purpose of this study was to investigate college students who were in the process of deciding on a career, and to then classify them according to the identity statuses described by Marcia (1980). The occupational identity statuses used were achieved, foreclosed, moratorium, diffused, and finally undecided was used for participants not meeting the full criteria for the other statuses. Participants, from The College of Saint Rose in Albany, NY, were given the Deltas Identity Status Inventory for Occupation. A total of 159 participants completed the survey, 109 females and 50 males. The participants included 66 freshmen, 41 sophomores, 34 …
Walk In My Shoes: College Students' And Their Parents' Predictions Of Their Own Health Practices If They Were Each Others' Age, Amy B. Clineff, Colleen Frantz, Charles I. Brooks, Jean P. O'Brien
Walk In My Shoes: College Students' And Their Parents' Predictions Of Their Own Health Practices If They Were Each Others' Age, Amy B. Clineff, Colleen Frantz, Charles I. Brooks, Jean P. O'Brien
Modern Psychological Studies
College students and their parents completed a survey of their present health practices. They then completed the same survey for health behaviors they thought they would practice if they were either between the ages of 18 - 22 (for the parent respondents) or 45 - 55 (for the student respondents). The results generally showed the students predicted they would lead healthier lifestyles if older than their parents actually do, and the parents would lead less healthy lifestyles if younger than their children actually do. This distortion of each others' health practices, however, depended to some extent on the specific health …
The Relationship Between Adolescent Self-Esteem And Delinquent, Extracurricular, And Employment Behaviors, Tina M. Lane, Ann N. Elliott
The Relationship Between Adolescent Self-Esteem And Delinquent, Extracurricular, And Employment Behaviors, Tina M. Lane, Ann N. Elliott
Modern Psychological Studies
This study investigated the relationship between level of self-esteem, delinquent behavior, participation in extracurricular activities, and part-time employment in adolescents. The study consisted of 157 ninth and tenth grade students who attended rural Appalachian high schools in Southwest Virginia. Adolescents with higher self-esteem were significantly less likely to engage in delinquent behaviors than adolescents with lower self-esteem. Students with higher self-esteem also participated in a greater number of extracurricular activities. Finally, self-esteem was positively correlated with the number of hours worked by male adolescents, but negatively correlated for female subjects.
The Relationships Between Acting Experience, Self-Esteem, And Self-Monitoring, Tamara C. Peters
The Relationships Between Acting Experience, Self-Esteem, And Self-Monitoring, Tamara C. Peters
Modern Psychological Studies
This study is an investigation of whether relationships exist to link acting experience with self-esteem and/or self-monitoring. Participants included 30 undergraduate students with acting experience and 30 without acting experience. The participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Self-Monitoring Scale. Individuals with acting experience were expected to indicate having a higher self-esteem than those without such experience. However, no significant relationship between self-esteem and acting experience was found. It was also hypothesized that students who had experience in acting would score higher on the Self-Monitoring Scale than students who had not. A significant positive relationship did exist between acting …
Behavioral Self-Handicapping Among Male And Femal Athletes, Richanne C. Sniezek
Behavioral Self-Handicapping Among Male And Femal Athletes, Richanne C. Sniezek
Modern Psychological Studies
Self-handicapping is a term used to refer to the strategic creation of obstacles that interfere with successful performance of a task. Self-handicapping allows a person to credit failure to an external cause (the handicap) or to credit success to an internal cause (e.g., ability to overcome an obstacle), thereby protecting self-esteem in either case. The general consensus among researchers has been that women do not behaviorally self-handicap. The goal of the present study is twofold. The first goal is to explore possible paradigms in which females behaviorally selfhandicap. It is proposed that self-handicapping women do choose behavioral handicaps in high …