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1992

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Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Development Of Athletes Conceptions Of Sport Officials Authority, David W. Rainey, Nicholas R. Santilli, Kevin Fallon Dec 1992

Development Of Athletes Conceptions Of Sport Officials Authority, David W. Rainey, Nicholas R. Santilli, Kevin Fallon

Psychology

This study examined baseball players' conceptions of umpires' authority. Eighty male players, ages 6-22 years, completed an abbreviated Inventory of Piaget's Developmental Tasks (Furth, 1970), which was used to measure cognitive development. They then heard recorded scenarios describing conflicts with an umpire and a parent. Players indicated if they would argue with the authorities, why they obey the authorities (obedience), and why the authorities get to make decisions (legitimacy). Obedience and legitimacy responses were categorized into Damon's (1977) three levels. Measures of arguing, obedience, and legitimacy were analyzed for four age levels and three levels of cognitive development. Older and …

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16pf Personality Profiles For Social Workers: Form A/Form S Comparisons, Stephen J. Guastello Dec 1992

16pf Personality Profiles For Social Workers: Form A/Form S Comparisons, Stephen J. Guastello

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

The goal of this report was to identify the distinguishing features of 16PF personality profiles for social workers that have been collected with Experimental Form S (prototype of Fifth Edition 16PF Questionnaire). In the analysis, the new profile was compared against known profiles for social workers reported in Cattell et al. (1970). Gender differences in personality scores for these groups were noted. The relevance of the 16PF Empathy composite was discussed.

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Lesions Of The Perirhinal Cortex But Not Of The Frontal, Medial Prefrontal, Visual, Or Insular Cortex Block Fear-Potentiated Startle Using A Visual Conditioned Stimulus, Jeffrey B. Rosen, Janice M. Hitchcock, Mindy Miserendino, William A. Falls, Serge Campeau, Michael Davis Dec 1992

Lesions Of The Perirhinal Cortex But Not Of The Frontal, Medial Prefrontal, Visual, Or Insular Cortex Block Fear-Potentiated Startle Using A Visual Conditioned Stimulus, Jeffrey B. Rosen, Janice M. Hitchcock, Mindy Miserendino, William A. Falls, Serge Campeau, Michael Davis

Psychology Faculty Publications

The present study is part of an ongoing series of experiments aimed at delineation of the neural pathways that mediate fear-potentiated startle, a model of conditioned fear in which the acoustic startle reflex is enhanced when elicited in the presence of a light previously paired with shock. A number of cortical areas that might be involved in relaying information about the visual conditioned stimulus (the light) in fear-potentiated startle were investigated. One hundred thirty-five rats were given 10 light-shock pairings on each of 2 consecutive days, and l-2 d later electrolytic or aspiration lesions in various cortical areas were performed. …

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16pf Traits And Work Performance Among Restaurant Workers, Stephen J. Guastello, Lenore Frigo Dec 1992

16pf Traits And Work Performance Among Restaurant Workers, Stephen J. Guastello, Lenore Frigo

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Personality traits have been linked to work performance in a variety of jobs. For as many restaurants as there are in every major city, little is known about the traits that characterize the success of their personnel. Personality traits are thought to be especially relevant to restaurant work because, in the case of the wait staff, interaction with the public is a major part of the job. In the case of the kitchen staff, it is necessary to work under conditions of heat and work load stress, while at the same time make each meal turn out exactly the way …

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The Influence Of Processing Instructions At Encoding And Retrieval On Face Recognition Accuracy, Garrett L. Berman Nov 1992

The Influence Of Processing Instructions At Encoding And Retrieval On Face Recognition Accuracy, Garrett L. Berman

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Whereas previous research has demonstrated that trait ratings of faces at encoding leads to enhanced recognition accuracy as compared to feature ratings, this set of experiments examines whether ratings given after encoding and just prior to recognition influence face recognition accuracy. In Experiment 1 subjects who made feature ratings just prior to recognition were significantly less accurate than subjects who made no ratings or trait ratings. In Experiment 2 ratings were manipulated at both encoding and retrieval. The retrieval effect was smaller and nonsignificant, but a combined probability analysis showed that it was significant when results from both experiments are …

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Perception/Action: An Holistic Approach, John M. Flach Oct 1992

Perception/Action: An Holistic Approach, John M. Flach

Psychology Faculty Publications

A general systems approach is taken to studying the emergent properties of the human perception/action system. Two task domains, the control of locomotion and the recognition of objects, are used to study human performance. The locomotion task involves the control of altitude. Experiments are described that will manipulate the type of texture, the speed of forward motion, and altitude. A general hypothesis is presented that performance in the altitude control task is a function of the signal-to-noise ratio within the flow field--where signal refers to optical activity resulting from change of altitude and noise refers to optical activity resulting from …

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Subjective Fatigue In A-6, F-14, And F/A-18 Aircrews During Operations Desert Shield And Storm, C. A. Dejohn, S. A. Shappell, D. F. Neri Oct 1992

Subjective Fatigue In A-6, F-14, And F/A-18 Aircrews During Operations Desert Shield And Storm, C. A. Dejohn, S. A. Shappell, D. F. Neri

Publications

Fatigue occurring during naval air combat can reduce performance, impair operational effectiveness, and compromise safety. This study examines the effect of combat missions on the subjective fatigue of naval aircrews deployed aboard USS AMERICA during Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Fatigue was determined using three questionnaires that were completed before and after each mission. Although fatigue significantly increased during combat missions, it usually returned to preflight levels by the next day without noticeably increasing as the operation progressed. We feel that judicious aircrew scheduling on the part of operational planners was one of the most important factors contributing to this …

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The Relationship Between Cognitive Maturity And Information About Health Problems Among School Age Children, Lisa D. Lieberman, Noreeen Clark, Karen V. Krone, Mario Orlandi, Ernst L. Wynder Sep 1992

The Relationship Between Cognitive Maturity And Information About Health Problems Among School Age Children, Lisa D. Lieberman, Noreeen Clark, Karen V. Krone, Mario Orlandi, Ernst L. Wynder

Department of Public Health Scholarship and Creative Works

This study of urban, multi-ethnic children was undertaken to explore the relationships between age, cognitive developmental capability (termed ‘cognitive maturity’) and accuracy of information about health problems. A total of 299 children in the first, second and third grades from six public and one private school hi New York City were individually interviewed using an open-ended set of questions. Findings indicated that having accurate health information is not the same as comprehending the abstract internal nature of the ‘facts’. Results supported Piaget's levels of cognitive development applied to the area of health. Findings also showed that age is a better …

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Utah Families- The Issues They Face, Ted W. Warstadt, Larry Forthun Sep 1992

Utah Families- The Issues They Face, Ted W. Warstadt, Larry Forthun

All Archived Publications

With the wide variety of difficulties that our society faces and the limited funding available to address these concerns, it is important to identify and prioritize critical family issues. Because the family is a major contributor to individual and societal development, it is important to focus attention on issues which have a direct impact on family functioning. In identifying issues it is also helpful to understand demographic and geographic influences which may contribute to an individual's perceived urgency of a given issue. This can assist policy makers in their efforts to appropriately allocate limited funds to the best suited and …

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Loss Of Control, Attributions, And Helplessness In The Homeless, Shawn M. Burn Aug 1992

Loss Of Control, Attributions, And Helplessness In The Homeless, Shawn M. Burn

Psychology and Child Development

Control has emerged as an important psychological variable. The purpose of this project was to extend the concept of environmental control to the homeless shelter environment. Data from interviews conducted with residents of a homeless shelter supported the hypothesis that perceived loss of control over the shelter environment would be positively related to giving up on finding a home and employment. The hypothesis that the helplessness created by low control environments is consistent with the external, stable attributional style of “universal” helplessness was partially supported. Suggestions for future research are provided. Changes in the shelter environment are recommended for the …

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The Effects Of Sex And Sexual Orientation On Attractiveness Judgments: An Evolutionary Interpretation, William R. Jankowiak, Elizabeth M. Hill, James M. Donovan Aug 1992

The Effects Of Sex And Sexual Orientation On Attractiveness Judgments: An Evolutionary Interpretation, William R. Jankowiak, Elizabeth M. Hill, James M. Donovan

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

If attractiveness judgments reflect biologically important reproductive criteria, men should base judgments of potential partners on objective physical criteria more than do women; homosexuals and heterosexuals of the same sex should perceive attractiveness in the same terms, regardless of the sex-object choice. To test this theory, photographs of men and women (20 each) were presented to members of four subject groups, solicited on an opportunistic basis. Subjects were asked to rank the sets of photographs separately on the dimensions of physical attractiveness and general social attractiveness. We found some sex differences across sexual orientation. There was less variation among men …

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The Simultaneous Presentation Procedure: Use In Selecting Reinforcers For Behavioral Intervention, Daniel Houlihan, Robert Bates-Purple, Robert N. Jones, Howard N. Sloane Aug 1992

The Simultaneous Presentation Procedure: Use In Selecting Reinforcers For Behavioral Intervention, Daniel Houlihan, Robert Bates-Purple, Robert N. Jones, Howard N. Sloane

Psychology Department Publications

Used a simultaneous presentation procedure to select quality reinforcers for 2 identical twin boys (aged 4 yrs) in a summer school program, who were developmentally delayed, noncompliant, and mute. Use of the simultaneous presentation procedure quickly and efficiently helped determine each boy's preferred reinforcer. This preferred reinforcer was then used in an instructional task. For both Ss, the percentage of compliance increased over baseline levels during both the simultaneous presentation and preferred reinforcer phases. However, increased compliance was associated almost exclusively with the selection of each S's preferred reinforcer. The simultaneous presentation procedure may enable trainers to use positive reinforcement …

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The Effect Of Combat On The Work/Rest Schedules And Fatigue Of A-6 And F-14 Aviators During Operation Desert Shield/Storm, David F. Neri, Scott A. Shappell Aug 1992

The Effect Of Combat On The Work/Rest Schedules And Fatigue Of A-6 And F-14 Aviators During Operation Desert Shield/Storm, David F. Neri, Scott A. Shappell

Publications

During Operation Desert Shield/Storm, A-6 and F-14 aviators aboard USS AMERICA completed daily activity logs and provided subjective measures of fatigue. Aviators flew frequently at night during Desert Storm, but without substantial sleep-related fatigue or problems. A likely contributing factor was the large number of naval aviation assets brought into the combat theater, allowing workload to be shared and activity and rest times to be properly managed. However, raster plots of the data suggest that there may have been an additional contributing factor. The AMERICA travelled eastward from the east coast through seven time zones and became involved in combat …

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Effects Of Dextro-Methamphetamine On Subjective Fatigue, C. A. Dejohn, Scott Shappell, D. F. Neri Aug 1992

Effects Of Dextro-Methamphetamine On Subjective Fatigue, C. A. Dejohn, Scott Shappell, D. F. Neri

Publications

Declining aircrew performance during periods of sustained flight operations (SUSOPs) has underscored the need to develop effective countermeasures. This paper reports on the ability of the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant d-methamphetamine to alleviate the detrimental effects of a simulated SUSOPs on subjective fatigue. Subjective fatigue was repeatedly measured by three questionnaires. The simulated SUSOP started at 1800 and consisted of a 9-h planning session followed by 4 h of rest and a 14-h mission. After 6 h of sleep, the 9/4/14 work/rest/work pattern was repeated. At 4 1/2 h into the second mission, 13 subjects were administered 10 mg …

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Test-Retest Reliability And Synchronous Status Of Heart Rate Recorded In Vivo In Children With Phobic Disorder, Alexander J. Chapunoff Jul 1992

Test-Retest Reliability And Synchronous Status Of Heart Rate Recorded In Vivo In Children With Phobic Disorder, Alexander J. Chapunoff

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The present study assesses the synchrony and test-retest reliability of the three fear response systems in clinically diagnosed phobic disordered (experimental subjects) and non-phobic children (controls). Subjects (five boys and one girl, aged seven to sixteen, in each group) underwent three in vivo phobic assessments, each including a measure of self-report of fear (subjective), degree and duration of approach (behavioral) and heart rate (physiological), resulting in a total of 36 assessments. Synchrony coefficients for both groups indicated low inter-relationships among the systems. Test-retest coefficients of heart rate indicated moderate-to-very high reliability, with reliability being somewhat higher for phobics. Test-retest coefficients …

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Behavioral Clusters And Coronary Heart Disease Risk, B. Kent Houston, Margaret A. Chesney, George W. Black, David S. Cates, Michael H.L. Hecker Jul 1992

Behavioral Clusters And Coronary Heart Disease Risk, B. Kent Houston, Margaret A. Chesney, George W. Black, David S. Cates, Michael H.L. Hecker

Journal Articles: Nebraska Medicine

The purpose of the present study was to empirically identify individuals who differed in their patterns of components derived from the structured interview (SI), and to evaluate whether individuals characterized by the different patterns varied in terms of their risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). The present study represents a reanalysis of data from the Western Collaborative Group Study in which components of Type A were individually related to risk for CHD. Subgroups of individuals who differed in the patterns of their component scores were identified by means of cluster analytic techniques and were found to vary in their risk …

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An Examination Of A Post-Training Strategy To Increase The Transfer Of Training, William Sims Jun 1992

An Examination Of A Post-Training Strategy To Increase The Transfer Of Training, William Sims

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Researchers acknow]edge a problem with the transfer of learning from the training situation to the job situation, suggesting a need to go beyond traditional methods used to increase transfer of training. fhe study presented here extends the research conducted by Erffmeyer (1987) and investigates whether a post-training strategy is an effective technique to increase the maintenance of behaviors learned in training to the transfer context. The study used a post-training strategy consisting of 1) goal setting, 2) specific behavioral feedback, and 3) summative feedback to increase the percentage of freethrows made by an intercollegiate varsity women's basketball team. The results …

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Cross-Motivational Choice: A Comparison Of Delay Reduction And Behavioral Systems Theories, Jorie E. Duttlinger '92 May 1992

Cross-Motivational Choice: A Comparison Of Delay Reduction And Behavioral Systems Theories, Jorie E. Duttlinger '92

Honors Projects

Choice, the simple allocation of responses amongst alternatives, has been extensively studied in the past. Most often, choice has been studied on concurrent variable interval schedules. A variety of quantitative models, including matching, behavioral economics, and momentary maximizing, have had varying degrees of success in accounting for choice behavior. The present study examined predictions of two more recent theories, behavior systems theory and delay reduction theory. Rats were deprived of both food and water and were exposed to a "cross-motivational" choice, in which one alternative produced food, the other water. Periodically, the animal was given the opportunity to change its …

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Dynamics In The Fine Structure Of Schedule-Controlled Behavior, William L. Palya May 1992

Dynamics In The Fine Structure Of Schedule-Controlled Behavior, William L. Palya

Research, Publications & Creative Work

The variability in the behavioral equilibrium established by six basic schedules was characterized. The measures were the pause preceding the first response in each interreinforcement interval; the mean rate of responding in each interreinforcement interval; and the relative frequency of each interresponse time. The temporal windows ranged across the 780-session exposure, across a session, and across the interreinforcement intcrval. A display of individual intcrresponse times as a function of time in the interreinforcemcnt interval indicated clear recurrent responding at somewhat less than 3 Hz in every bird, even after extended exposure to a schedule and regardless of the contingency. No …

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Avoidant Personality Disorder And The Generalized Subtype Of Social Phobia, Craig S. Holt, Richard G. Heimberg, Debra A. Hope May 1992

Avoidant Personality Disorder And The Generalized Subtype Of Social Phobia, Craig S. Holt, Richard G. Heimberg, Debra A. Hope

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Social phobia and avoidant personality disorder (APD) may be given as comorbid diagnoses. However, it is not known if the labels provide independent, useful diagnostic information. We classified social phobics by social phobia subtype and presence of APD. Generalized social phobics with and without APD (ns = 10 and 10) and nongeneralized social phobics without APD (n = 10) were distinguished on measures of phobic severity. The generalized groups also showed earlier age at onset and higher scores on measures of depression, fear of negative evaluation, and social anxiety and avoidance than did the nongeneralized group. APD …

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The Effect Of Combat On Aircrew Subjective Readiness And Lso Grades During Operation Desert Shield/Storm, Scott A. Shappell, David F. Neri May 1992

The Effect Of Combat On Aircrew Subjective Readiness And Lso Grades During Operation Desert Shield/Storm, Scott A. Shappell, David F. Neri

Publications

The effect of operational tasking on aircrew readiness during combat operations continues to be an area of intense investigation within the U.S. Navy. The recent Persian Gulf War provided a unique opportunity to collect data examining aircrew work/rest cycles and operational tasking in a combat environment. For 4 consecutive weeks during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 18 A-6 and 18 F-14 aviators onboard the USS AMERICA (CV-66) completed daily work/rest logs of their activities while conducting operations from the Red Sea. Activities on the work/rest logs were coded to a resolution of one-half hour. Several flight parameters were also …

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A Study Of The Relationship Between Self-Concept And Heterogeneous And Homogeneous Grouping Procedures With Seventh-Grade Students, Wanda Hughes Johnson May 1992

A Study Of The Relationship Between Self-Concept And Heterogeneous And Homogeneous Grouping Procedures With Seventh-Grade Students, Wanda Hughes Johnson

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Homogeneous grouping, a technique which assigns learners by ability levels into class sections for instruction, has undergone considerable controversy. This study investigated the relationship between global self-concept and two procedures used to group seventh-grade students for instruction. The two procedures were heterogeneous and homogeneous grouping The Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Inventory Scale was administered to 76 heterogeneously grouped students and 70 homogeneously grouped students. A T-Test was applied to study the data by total groups. It was concluded that there was insufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that there was no difference between the two groups.

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Learning Disabled Students' Performance On The Child Behavior Checklist, Dawn Wright '92 Apr 1992

Learning Disabled Students' Performance On The Child Behavior Checklist, Dawn Wright '92

Honors Projects

The research to date on the behavioral and emotional problems of learning disabled students has focused mainly on young boys. A majority of the studies in this area have been done by Michael Epstein (Epstein, Cullinan, & Rosemier, 1983; Epstein & Cullinan, 1984; Epstein, Cullinan, & Neiminen, 1984; Epstein, Bursack, & Cullinan, 1985; Epstein, Cullinan, & Lloyd, 1986). He used the Behavior Problem Checklist (Quay & Peterson, 1987) to determine which behavioral/emotional items, rated by teachers of learning disabled students, loaded on certain factors. However, this instrument has been shown to be relatively unreliable; therefore, the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach …

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The Effect Of Self-Rated Attractiveness On Personal And Interpersonal Functioning, Bonnie Mathis Apr 1992

The Effect Of Self-Rated Attractiveness On Personal And Interpersonal Functioning, Bonnie Mathis

Opportunities for Undergraduate Research Experience Program (OURE)

Self-ratings of erne's own physical attractiveness among 455 students (311 male and 144 female) were compared with their scores on a scale measuring personality (the California Psychological Inventory) and subjective perceptions of their body weight In addition, they completed two measures of shyness; the Social Provisions scale (Russell & Cutrona, 1984); the Student Adjustment to College Questionnaire (Baker & Siryk, 1984); and the Interpersonal Betrayal Scale. For both sexes, self-rated physical attractiveness correlated significantly with (a) all seven folk scales (dominance, capacity for status, sociability, social presence, self-acceptance, independence, and empathy) on Cluster I (extraversion) of the CPI; (b) two …

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A Pessimistic Look At Optimism, Maureen Sidio Apr 1992

A Pessimistic Look At Optimism, Maureen Sidio

Opportunities for Undergraduate Research Experience Program (OURE)

The personality construct of optimism has been shown to be related to important outcome measures like depression, physical health and achievement. Several recent studies have questioned the psychometric uniqueness of the concept of optimism and its relationship to neuroticism. This study examined this relationship and found that the measures of optimism were as highly correlated with neuroticism as they were with each other. Results are discussed in the context of optimism being a subordinate construct in the multifaceted construct of neuroticism.

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Reinforcement Of Compliance With Postitive And Negative Commands And Its Effect On Inappropriate Behavior In Children, Mary Jacobs Zielinski, Howard Levine, Daniel Houlihan Apr 1992

Reinforcement Of Compliance With Postitive And Negative Commands And Its Effect On Inappropriate Behavior In Children, Mary Jacobs Zielinski, Howard Levine, Daniel Houlihan

Psychology Department Publications

This study examined reinforcement of compliance with positive (''do'') and negative ("don't") commands, along with its effects on inappropriate behavior in children. The design of the study was A-B· A-C-B-C counterbalanced across two subjects. In both subjects, reinforcement of compliance to .. do" commands resulted in increased compliance to this type of command. Similarly, reinforcement of compliance with "don't" commands resulted in increased compliance to "don't" commands. In addition, a tendency for compliance with the reinforced type of command to generalize to the nonreinforced type was observed in some phases. Response covariation was.also observed in some phases. Response covariation was …

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Comprehension Of Role Reversal In Chimpanzees: Evidence Of Empathy?, Daniel J. Povinelli, Kurt E. Nelson, Sarah T. Boysen Apr 1992

Comprehension Of Role Reversal In Chimpanzees: Evidence Of Empathy?, Daniel J. Povinelli, Kurt E. Nelson, Sarah T. Boysen

Sentience Collection

Four chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, were individually trained to cooperate with a human partner on a task that allowed both participants to obtain food rewards. In each chimpanzee-human dyad, one of the participants (the informant) could see which pair of food trays on a four-choice apparatus was baited, but had no means of obtaining it. The other participant (the operator) could pull one of four handles to bring a pair of the trays within reach of both participants, but could not see which choice was correct. Two of the chimpanzees were initially trained as informants and adopted spontaneous gestures to indicate …

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Extinction Of Fear-Potentiated Startle: Blockade By Infusion Of An Nmda Antagonist Into The Amygdala, Michael Davis, William A. Falls, Mindy Miserendino Mar 1992

Extinction Of Fear-Potentiated Startle: Blockade By Infusion Of An Nmda Antagonist Into The Amygdala, Michael Davis, William A. Falls, Mindy Miserendino

Psychology Faculty Publications

Data derived from in vitro preparations indicate that NMDA receptors play a critical role in synaptic plasticity in the CNS. More recently, in vivo pharmacological manipulations have suggested that an NMDA-dependent process may be involved in specific forms of behavioral plasticity. All of the work thus far has focused on the possible role of NMDA receptors in the acquisition of responses. However, there are many examples in the behavioral literature of learning-induced changes that involve the reduction or elimination of a previously acquired response. Experimental extinction is a primary example of the elimination of a learned response. Experimental extinction is …

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The Energetic Costs Of Rough And Tumble Play In The Juvenile Rat, Stephen M. Siviy, Dale M. Atrens Mar 1992

The Energetic Costs Of Rough And Tumble Play In The Juvenile Rat, Stephen M. Siviy, Dale M. Atrens

Psychology Faculty Publications

The metabolic costs of rough-and-tumble play behavior were studied in juvenile rats. Using indirect calorimetry, it was determined that energy expenditure during play is increased by 66-104% over the resting metabolic rate, indicating that play accounts for between 2% and 3% of the total daily energy budget of the rat. In a subsequent experiment, food intake and body weight were monitored for three weeks in rats allowed to play for one hour per day and in rats not allowed to play. While the body weights of the two groups did not differ significantly from each other, those rats allowed to …

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Colostrum Intake By Newborn Piglets, David Fraser, Jeffrey Rushen Mar 1992

Colostrum Intake By Newborn Piglets, David Fraser, Jeffrey Rushen

Feeding Behavior Collection

Colostrum intake by newborn piglets was studied by weighing piglets every 10 min for their first 1-4 h with the sow, and their cumulative weight increases were used as estimates of colostrum intake. In seven litters, four piglets were monitored for 4 h beginning about 2 h after the birth of the first piglet in order to determine if colostrum is available continuously or released in discrete ejections. There was little synchrony between litter-mates in their intake in the first hour, but by the second hour of monitoring (starting about 3 h after farrowing began), much of the colostrum was …

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