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Articles 391 - 420 of 433
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Relationship Factors In Treating Substance Use Disorders, Jay L. Lebow, John Kelly, Lynne M. Knobloch-Fedders, Rudolf Moos
Relationship Factors In Treating Substance Use Disorders, Jay L. Lebow, John Kelly, Lynne M. Knobloch-Fedders, Rudolf Moos
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
No abstract provided.
Comparability Of Functional Mri Response In Young And Old During Inhibition, Kristy A. Nielson, Scott Aaron Langenecker, Thomas J. Ross, Hugh Garavan, Stephen M. Rao, Elliot Stein
Comparability Of Functional Mri Response In Young And Old During Inhibition, Kristy A. Nielson, Scott Aaron Langenecker, Thomas J. Ross, Hugh Garavan, Stephen M. Rao, Elliot Stein
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
When using fMRI to study age-related cognitive changes, it is important to establish the integrity of the hemodynamic response because, potentially, it can be affected by age and disease. However, there have been few attempts to document such integrity and no attempts using higher cognitive rather than perceptual or motor tasks. We used fMRI with 28 healthy young and older adults on an inhibitory control task. Although older and young adults differed in task performance and activation patterns, they had comparable hemodynamic responses. We conclude that activation during cognitive inhibition, which was predominantly increased in elders, was not due to …
Fmri Of Healthy Older Adults During Stroop Interference, Scott Aaron Langenecker, Kristy A. Nielson, Stephen M. Rao
Fmri Of Healthy Older Adults During Stroop Interference, Scott Aaron Langenecker, Kristy A. Nielson, Stephen M. Rao
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
The Stroop interference effect, caused by difficulty inhibiting overlearned word reading, is often more pronounced in older adults. This has been proposed to be due to declines in inhibitory control and frontal lobe functions with aging. Initial neuroimaging studies of inhibitory control show that older adults have enhanced activation in multiple frontal areas, particularly in inferior frontal gyrus, indicative of recruitment to aid with performance of the task. The current study compared 13 younger and 13 older adults, all healthy and well educated, who completed a Stroop test during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Younger adults were more accurate across conditions, …
Frontal Recruitment During Response Inhibition In Older Adults Replicated With Fmri, Scott Aaron Langenecker, Kristy A. Nielson
Frontal Recruitment During Response Inhibition In Older Adults Replicated With Fmri, Scott Aaron Langenecker, Kristy A. Nielson
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Recent research has explored age-related differences in multiple areas of cognitive functioning using fMRI, PET, and SPECT. However, because these studies used different tasks, subjects, and methods, little is known about whether the results of these studies are generalizable or repeatable. The present study replicated a previous study [Psychol. Aging 17 (2002) 56] using the same Go/No-go task with a subset of 11 of the original older adult subjects, and using the same fMRI scanner and imaging methods. A direct comparison was made between these participants at Time 1 and Time 2 for both behavioral and functional data. These participants …
Differences In The Functional Neuroanatomy Of Inhibitory Control Across The Adult Life Span, Kristy A. Nielson, Scott Aaron Langenecker, Hugh Garavan
Differences In The Functional Neuroanatomy Of Inhibitory Control Across The Adult Life Span, Kristy A. Nielson, Scott Aaron Langenecker, Hugh Garavan
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Inhibitory control, the ability to suppress irrelevant stimuli, is a fundamental cognitive function that deteriorates during aging, but little is understood about the bases of decline. Thus, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study inhibitory control in healthy adults aged 18 to 78. Activation during "successful inhibition" occurred predominantly in right prefrontal and parietal regions and was more extensive, bilaterally, and prefrontally, in the older groups. Presupplementary motor area was also more active in poorer inhibitory performers. Therefore, older adults activate areas that are comparable to those activated by young adults during inhibition, as well as additional …
Convergence And Divergence Of Themes In Successful Psychotherapy: An Assimilation Analysis, Lynne M. Knobloch-Fedders, Linda M. Endres, William B. Stiles, George Silberschatz
Convergence And Divergence Of Themes In Successful Psychotherapy: An Assimilation Analysis, Lynne M. Knobloch-Fedders, Linda M. Endres, William B. Stiles, George Silberschatz
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Theme convergence is the linking of seemingly unrelated problem domains as they advance through assimilation stages-a developmental sequence of cognitive and affective changes through which problematic content is hypothesized to pass during successful psychotherapy. Theme divergence is the contradiction or conflict of solutions to different problems, so that progress in one domain leads to stagnation or regression in another domain. An intensive qualitative method called assimilation analysis was used to examine theme convergence and divergence in a successful psychodynamic psychotherapy with a 20–yr–old female patient. Because specific problems often fail to progress monotonically, even in successful psychotherapy cases, it is …
Intact Physiological Response To Arousal With Impaired Emotional Recognition In Alexithymia, Linda Ann Stone, Kristy A. Nielson
Intact Physiological Response To Arousal With Impaired Emotional Recognition In Alexithymia, Linda Ann Stone, Kristy A. Nielson
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Background: The purpose of the present study was to clarify the relationship between the recognition of emotion and physiological response to emotion (i.e. arousal) in alexithymia. Methods: This study investigated differences in physiological arousal state, as measured by continuous heart rate, electrodermal activity (EDA) and self-reported emotional intensity before and after exposure to an emotionally arousing or neutral videotape among 41 high- or low-alexithymic young adult participants. Results: Across subjects, emotionally negative stimuli produced increased physiological arousal. However, high-alexithymic participants exposed to the arousing videotape did not report increased subjective emotional intensity, as did low-alexithymic participants. In addition, the baseline …
Nonlinear Dynamics In Psychology, Stephen J. Guastello
Nonlinear Dynamics In Psychology, Stephen J. Guastello
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
This article provides a survey of the applications of nonlinear dynamical systems theory to substantive problems encountered in the full scope of psychological science. Applications are organized into three topical areas – cognitive science, social and organizational psychology, and personality and clinical psychology. Both theoretical and empirical studies are considered with an emphasis on works that capture the broadest scope of issues that are of substantive interest to psychological theory. A budding literature on the implications of NDS principles in professional practice is reported also.
Examining The Relationship Between The Therapeutic Bond And The Phases Of Treatment Outcome, Stephen M. Saunders
Examining The Relationship Between The Therapeutic Bond And The Phases Of Treatment Outcome, Stephen M. Saunders
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Examined the association between the therapeutic bond—an element of the therapeutic alliance—and treatment effectiveness. 114 psychotherapy clients completed self-report questionnaires at intake and throughout open-ended, psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy. Three bond scales, role investment (RI), empathic resonance (ER), and mutual affirmation (MA), were contrasted to session quality and the three phases of outcome (remoralization, remediation, and rehabilitation). Results indicated that different aspects of the bond predicted session quality and treatment outcome. Clients who felt motivated and invested in therapy (relatively high RI) and who reported that the therapeutic environment was friendly and affirmative (relatively high MA) were likely to rate the …
Clients' Assessment Of The Affective Environment Of The Psychotherapy Session: Relationship To Session Quality And Treatment Effectiveness, Stephen M. Saunders
Clients' Assessment Of The Affective Environment Of The Psychotherapy Session: Relationship To Session Quality And Treatment Effectiveness, Stephen M. Saunders
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
This study investigated clients' affective experience during therapy. Clients (N = 268) completed Therapy Session Reports (TSR) in an early session of treatment. The two sections of the TSR that assess how the client felt and how the client perceived the therapist to be feeling were combined and factor analyzed. Six stable and meaningful factors were derived (Client Distressed, Client Remoralized, Reciprocal Intimacy, Therapist Confident Involvement, Client Inhibited, and Therapist Distracted). Affect scale scores were created and compared to session quality and treatment effectiveness. Clients' affective experience was highly correlated with patient‐rated session quality. The association between clients' affective …
Age And Gender Differences In Body Attitudes: A Comparison Of Young And Elderly Adults, Stephen L. Franzoi, Virginia Koehler
Age And Gender Differences In Body Attitudes: A Comparison Of Young And Elderly Adults, Stephen L. Franzoi, Virginia Koehler
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
One hundred and thirty-two young adults (Mean = 19 years) and 142 elderly adults (Mean = 74 years) evaluated thirty-five different aspects of their own bodies. As hypothesized, elderly adults expressed less positive attitudes than young adults toward body items associated with body functioning (physical coordination, agility, sex drive, health). These differences are consistent with research indicating a progressive decline in bodily function efficiency with advancing age (Christofalo, 1988; Lakatta, 1990). Also as expected, the elderly held less positive attitudes toward body aspects associated with facial attractiveness (lips, appearance of eyes, cheek/cheekbones). These differences are in line with the structural …
Book Review: A Review Of Chaos, Catastrophe, And Human Affairs: Applications Of Nonlinear Dynamics To Work, Organizations, And Social Evolution By Stephen J. Guastello, Stephen J. Guastello
Book Review: A Review Of Chaos, Catastrophe, And Human Affairs: Applications Of Nonlinear Dynamics To Work, Organizations, And Social Evolution By Stephen J. Guastello, Stephen J. Guastello
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
No abstract provided.
The Progression Of Β-Amyloid Deposition In The Frontal Cortex Of The Aged Canine, Takao Satou, Brian J. Cummings, Elizabeth Head, Kristy A. Nielson, Fletcher F. Hahn, Norton W. Milgram, Peter Velazquez, David H. Cribbs, Andrea J. Tenner, Carl W. Cotman
The Progression Of Β-Amyloid Deposition In The Frontal Cortex Of The Aged Canine, Takao Satou, Brian J. Cummings, Elizabeth Head, Kristy A. Nielson, Fletcher F. Hahn, Norton W. Milgram, Peter Velazquez, David H. Cribbs, Andrea J. Tenner, Carl W. Cotman
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Brains from 41 aged canines (≥10 years of age) were examined immunohistochemically to characterize the laminar distribution and age-related progression of β-amyloid (Aβ) in frontal cortex. We classified the Aβ patterns into four distinct types. Type I was characterized by small, faint deposits of Aβ in deep cortical layers. Type II consisted of diffuse deposits of Aβ mainly in layers V and VI. Type III had both dense plaques in superficial layers, and diffuse deposits in deep layers. Finally, Type IV had solely dense plaques throughout all layers of cortex. We compared the A …
Caregiver And Clinician Assessment Of Behavioral Disturbances: The California Dementia Behavior Questionnaire, Jeff Victoroff, Kristy A. Nielson, Dan Mungas
Caregiver And Clinician Assessment Of Behavioral Disturbances: The California Dementia Behavior Questionnaire, Jeff Victoroff, Kristy A. Nielson, Dan Mungas
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
As part of a multicenter project to study noncognitive behavioral disturbances in dementia, the authors developed a comprehensive caregiver-rated questionnaire for these behaviors. The authors determined the reliability of caregiver ratings and compared caregiver ratings with clinician ratings using standard instruments. Caregivers showed good test/retest reliability for ratings of all types of patient behavioral disturbance. Caregiver interrater reliability was highest for depression and lowest for psychosis. The correlation between caregiver reports and professional assessments was highest for agitation, intermediate for psychosis, and lowest for depression. The match between caregiver and clinician assessments of patient behaviors appears to vary significantly by …
In Reply: Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus And Alzheimer's Disease, Kristy A. Nielson, Curt A. Sandman, Ruth A. Mulnard, Carl W. Cotman
In Reply: Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus And Alzheimer's Disease, Kristy A. Nielson, Curt A. Sandman, Ruth A. Mulnard, Carl W. Cotman
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
No abstract provided.
The Decline In World Wide Oceanic Fishing Harvests: Lotka-Volterra And Related Dynamics, Stephen J. Guastello
The Decline In World Wide Oceanic Fishing Harvests: Lotka-Volterra And Related Dynamics, Stephen J. Guastello
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
No abstract provided.
Applicants' Experience Of Social Support In The Process Of Seeking Psychotherapy, Stephen M. Saunders
Applicants' Experience Of Social Support In The Process Of Seeking Psychotherapy, Stephen M. Saunders
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Examined informal social support during the process of seeking psychotherapy, conceptualized as four steps: realizing there is a problem; deciding therapy might help; deciding to seek therapy; and contacting the clinic. 315 psychotherapy applicants (aged 18–62 yrs) completed a questionnaire asking them whether they had talked to anyone about the problem prior to seeking therapy, whether they had help at any of the steps, and from whom they had obtained such help. Results indicated that social support was important across the process. Almost three-fourths of all Ss had help with at least 2 of the 4 steps, and almost one-third …
The Search For A Natural Rate Of Price Inflation: Us 1948-1995, Stephen J. Guastello
The Search For A Natural Rate Of Price Inflation: Us 1948-1995, Stephen J. Guastello
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
No abstract provided.
Two Social Worlds: Social Correlates And Stability Of Adolescent Status Groups, Stephen L. Franzoi, Mark H. Davis, Kristin A. Vasquez-Suson
Two Social Worlds: Social Correlates And Stability Of Adolescent Status Groups, Stephen L. Franzoi, Mark H. Davis, Kristin A. Vasquez-Suson
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Examined adolescents' peer group status in high school using self-report, peer nominations, and archival data collected during 2 consecutive school yrs. 408 students participated in the 1st yr, and 404 students participated in the 2nd yr. 60% of the 2nd yr Ss had also participated in the 1st yr. Higher status students (popular and controversial) had more close friends, engaged more frequently in peer activities, and self-disclosed more than lower status students (rejected and neglected). They were also more involved in extracurricular school activities and received more social honors from their schoolmates. Although the higher status students were more alike …
Does The Chaos Exercise Produce Chaotic Behavior?, Stephen J. Guastello
Does The Chaos Exercise Produce Chaotic Behavior?, Stephen J. Guastello
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
No abstract provided.
The Content Of Several Measures Of Social Desirability, Stephen J. Guastello, Marvin W. Berkowitz, Steven W. Billings, Mark L. Rieke
The Content Of Several Measures Of Social Desirability, Stephen J. Guastello, Marvin W. Berkowitz, Steven W. Billings, Mark L. Rieke
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
The question of whether to remove socially desirable responding (SDR) variance from self-report personality inventories, or to treat it as a facet of personality, has been the center of a debate spanning the last 25 years (Furnham, 1986). Recently, this controversy again came to the forefront of the literature via an exchange between a group of researchers (Block, 1990; Edwards, 1990; Nicholson & Hogan, 1990; Walsh, 1990). The essence of this debate is whether the correlation between a SDR scale and a personality scale indicated that the personality scale is contaminated by SDR bias, or if it merely indicates that …
Applicants' Experience Of The Process Of Seeking Therapy, Stephen M. Saunders
Applicants' Experience Of The Process Of Seeking Therapy, Stephen M. Saunders
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Assessed the process of seeking psychotherapy, conceptualized as 4 steps: recognizing the problem; deciding therapy might help; deciding to seek therapy; and contacting the mental health system. A process of seeking therapy questionnaire was completed by 275 adult therapy applicants. It ascertained problem duration, alternative coping strategies, difficulty achieving and time needed to achieve the steps, and whether the S had informal help achieving the steps. Results indicated that problems tended to be long-standing; Ss attempted a variety of coping strategies before seeking therapy; and informal help was important throughout the process. Problem recognition was the most difficult, time-consuming step. …
16pf Personality Profiles For Social Workers: Form A/Form S Comparisons, Stephen J. Guastello
16pf Personality Profiles For Social Workers: Form A/Form S Comparisons, Stephen J. Guastello
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
The goal of this report was to identify the distinguishing features of 16PF personality profiles for social workers that have been collected with Experimental Form S (prototype of Fifth Edition 16PF Questionnaire). In the analysis, the new profile was compared against known profiles for social workers reported in Cattell et al. (1970). Gender differences in personality scores for these groups were noted. The relevance of the 16PF Empathy composite was discussed.
16pf Traits And Work Performance Among Restaurant Workers, Stephen J. Guastello, Lenore Frigo
16pf Traits And Work Performance Among Restaurant Workers, Stephen J. Guastello, Lenore Frigo
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Personality traits have been linked to work performance in a variety of jobs. For as many restaurants as there are in every major city, little is known about the traits that characterize the success of their personnel. Personality traits are thought to be especially relevant to restaurant work because, in the case of the wait staff, interaction with the public is a major part of the job. In the case of the kitchen staff, it is necessary to work under conditions of heat and work load stress, while at the same time make each meal turn out exactly the way …
The Therapeutic Bond Scales: Psychometric Characteristics And Relationship To Treatment Effectiveness, Stephen M. Saunders, Kenneth I. Howard, David E. Orlinsky
The Therapeutic Bond Scales: Psychometric Characteristics And Relationship To Treatment Effectiveness, Stephen M. Saunders, Kenneth I. Howard, David E. Orlinsky
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
The Therapeutic Bond Scales assess the quality of the therapeutic relationship from the patient's perspective. The therapeutic bond is composed of 3 aspects: working alliance, empathic resonance, and mutual affirmation. Scales were developed to measure these aspects and the therapeutic bond as a whole. The correlations between these scales and 2 measures of outcome (session quality assessed by the patient and termination outcome evaluated by nonparticipant raters) were examined. All scales were significantly correlated with session quality. Therapeutic bond was significantly correlated with termination outcome in both a linear and a curvilinear fashion, suggesting that, at least in the initial …
Studying Situations And Identities Using Experiential Sampling Methodology, Peter J. Burke, Stephen L. Franzoi
Studying Situations And Identities Using Experiential Sampling Methodology, Peter J. Burke, Stephen L. Franzoi
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
This paper explores a central question in social psychology: How are particular meanings of particular identities selected in a situation? This question was examined in a field setting, using experiential sampling techniques in which participants carried an electronic timer for two days as they engaged in their normal activities on a college campus. When the timer signalled them, participants responded to a questionnaire concerning who they were with, what they were doing, what identities and roles they were involved in at the time, and what their perceptions were of the situation. From the work of Burke and Reitzes, which postulates …
Adolescent Loneliness, Self-Disclosure, And Private Self-Consciousness: A Longitudinal Investigation, Mark H. Davis, Stephen L. Franzoi
Adolescent Loneliness, Self-Disclosure, And Private Self-Consciousness: A Longitudinal Investigation, Mark H. Davis, Stephen L. Franzoi
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Examined the causal relations that exist among loneliness, self-disclosure, and private self-consciousness, building on an earlier study by S. L. Franzoi and M. H. Davis (see record 1985-19892-001). Using structural equation techniques and a longitudinal design, a theoretical model that links these variables was tested with 332 high school students. Results indicate a good fit between the theoretical model and the observed relations. Evidence concerning 2 alternative interpretations of the original Franzoi and Davis study is provided. First, the original hypothesis that private self-consciousness leads to greater self-disclosure to peers is supported, but no support for the alternative view …
The Effects Of Private Self-Consciousness And Perspective Taking On Satisfaction In Close Relationships., Stephen L. Franzoi, Mark H. Davis, Richard D. Young
The Effects Of Private Self-Consciousness And Perspective Taking On Satisfaction In Close Relationships., Stephen L. Franzoi, Mark H. Davis, Richard D. Young
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
131 heterosexual student couples, aged 17–32 yrs, 30 of whom were married or engaged answered questions concerning themselves and their relationships. It was predicted that individual differences in private self-consciousness would be positively related to relationship satisfaction because of the greater self-disclosure resulting from that heightened self-attention. It was further predicted that individual differences in perspective taking would foster relationship satisfaction, independent of any influence of self-disclosure. Both expectations were confirmed. Scores on the private self-consciousness scale were predictive of reported self-disclosure, and self-disclosure was predictive of satisfaction in the relationship. Once the influence of self-disclosure was removed, no effect …
Adolescent Self-Disclosure And Loneliness: Private Self-Consciousness And Parental Influences, Stephen L. Franzoi, Mark H. Davis
Adolescent Self-Disclosure And Loneliness: Private Self-Consciousness And Parental Influences, Stephen L. Franzoi, Mark H. Davis
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
Using structural equation techniques, we tested a theoretical model designed to describe the causal relations existing among loneliness, self-disclosure to peers and parents, and specific antecedent variables. Participants were 350 high-school students who answered questions concerning themselves and their interpersonal relationships. Results generally indicated a good fit between the theoretical model and the observed relations. In addition to replicating the findings of previous studies concerning the relation between self-disclosure and loneliness, results also indicated an indirect relation between private self-consciousness and loneliness via peer self-disclosure; that is, high private self-conscious adolescents' greater willingness to self-disclose to peers resulted in their …
Personality Characteristics Of The Cross-Country Hitchhiker, Stephen L. Franzoi
Personality Characteristics Of The Cross-Country Hitchhiker, Stephen L. Franzoi
Psychology Faculty Research and Publications
This paper describes the first empirical analysis of the personalities of cross country hitchhikers. One hundred and four young adults were tested in 32 states using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) as the measuring instrument. The results display the predominance of the intuitive and feeling functions among subjects, and also the utilization of the perceptual function in dealing with the environment. These findings suggest a personality which is impulsive and autonomous, having a high degree of tolerance for complexity and change, and strong interest in interpersonal relations. These young hitch hikers also differ on a number of personality dimensions from …