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Articles 1 - 30 of 74
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Does The Sum Of The Parts Equal The Whole: Relationships Between Executive Function, Visual Attention And Heart Rate Variability In Rotc Cadets, Kaila Rogers
Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The prefrontal cortex of the brain filters a variety of competing demands in order to appropriately execute goals and intentions (Cooper & Shallice, 2000). This region is also critical for controlling visual attention (Stuss, Shallice, Alexander, & Picton, 1995) and regulating the autonomic nervous system and heart rate variability (HRV) (Thayer & Lane, 2000). Each of these processes has been examined separately, but none have explored the relationships among them. The current study examined visual attention, executive functioning, and HRV in undergraduate ROTC cadets. Forty-one cadets participated in this study wherein executive function was measured via self-report questionnaires, visual attention …
Relations Between Self-Regulation, Divergent Thinking, And Perceived Stress In Emerging Adults, Haven Wright
Relations Between Self-Regulation, Divergent Thinking, And Perceived Stress In Emerging Adults, Haven Wright
Honors Theses
This study investigated the relationships between self-regulation and stress, self-regulation and creativity, and perceived stress as a mediator for the relationship between self-regulation and creativity. Questionnaires were administered to undergraduate students to individually access each construct. Creativity was measured through divergent thinking and self-regulation was measured through the SRS and effortful control. Regression analyses were run to determine the relationships between the constructs. A negative association was found between effortful control and stress. Individual positive relationships were found between effortful control and all of the creative thinking styles except convergent-unpleasant. Lastly, the indirect effect of effortful control on the convergent-unpleasant …
Challenge, Hindrance, And Threat Stressors: A Within- And Between-Persons Examination Of General And Specific Stressor Appraisal Tendencies And A Priori Categorizations, Lisa Brady, Christopher J. L. Cunningham
Challenge, Hindrance, And Threat Stressors: A Within- And Between-Persons Examination Of General And Specific Stressor Appraisal Tendencies And A Priori Categorizations, Lisa Brady, Christopher J. L. Cunningham
Industrial and Organizational Psychology Translational Research and Working Papers
Within the occupational stress literature, researchers have often identified stressors as being inherently challenging or hindering, based on previous classifications or on the outcomes usually associated with each. Although the challenge-hindrance model is based on the transactional theory of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), which emphasizes the importance of an individual’s cognitive appraisal of stimuli, much of the research on this framework has failed to measure an individual’s direct appraisal of stimuli in the environment as challenging, hindering, and threatening, which can be problematic when attempting to understand and predict occupational stress. In the present study we identify and share …
Political Attitudes Of The Young Electorate In The 2016 Presidential Election And Parental Influences On Political Identity Formation., Mary C. Meyer, Svetlana Chesser, Sally B. Swanson, Sean Forbes
Political Attitudes Of The Young Electorate In The 2016 Presidential Election And Parental Influences On Political Identity Formation., Mary C. Meyer, Svetlana Chesser, Sally B. Swanson, Sean Forbes
Modern Psychological Studies
We examined the political attitudes of college-aged students and the political identities of their parents to better understand the role that both parent-child political socialization and the liberal university environment play in political identity formation. We compared students explicit and implicit political attitudes and examined the relationships of these attitudes to the political identities of their parents. We also explored the uniqueness of two candidates, Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential election. Our results supported the existing notion of parental influences on political identity formation and revealed that the university environment may not play as large of …
Sexual Victimization Experience Predicting Empathy With An Unspecified Or Date Rape Victim, Gina Santoriello, Suzanne L. Osman
Sexual Victimization Experience Predicting Empathy With An Unspecified Or Date Rape Victim, Gina Santoriello, Suzanne L. Osman
Modern Psychological Studies
The purpose of this study was to examine empathy with a rape victim in two experimental conditions (date rape; unspecified rape) based on personal sexual victimization experience (nonvictim; date victim; nondate victim). Undergraduate women (n = 212) completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987), and one of two versions of the Rape Victim Empathy Scale (Smith & Frieze, 2003). Results showed that all victims reported greater empathy than nonvictims, and a potential interaction (p < .10); date victims tended to report greater empathy with a date rape victim than an unspecified rape victim, but nondate victims tended to report greater empathy with an unspecified rape victim than a date rape victim. Similarity in experience may influence empathy.
Child Outcomes Of Having A Parent With An Aud, Faith A. Shank, Kirsten Petrarca, Carolyn Barry
Child Outcomes Of Having A Parent With An Aud, Faith A. Shank, Kirsten Petrarca, Carolyn Barry
Modern Psychological Studies
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) affects not only the diagnosed individuals, but also those around them. This review explores how an AUD can affect parenting styles and, in turn, children’s development in four main areas of development (physical health, academic abilities, social development, and mental health). Generally, parents with an AUD negatively impact the child’s development (weight issues, poor academic skills, and aggressiveness). Existing limitations of the literature and future research directions are discussed, such as the use of cross-sectional studies and need for more clinical and longitudinal studies. Also, research on this topic extensively covers the situations of children within …
Do You Speak Hadoop? An Analytics Tutorial Of The Latest Tech In Big Data, And How You Can Utilize Them In Hr., Maira Compagnone, Jessica Harris, Philip Hinson, Yalcin Acikgoz
Do You Speak Hadoop? An Analytics Tutorial Of The Latest Tech In Big Data, And How You Can Utilize Them In Hr., Maira Compagnone, Jessica Harris, Philip Hinson, Yalcin Acikgoz
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Organizations are increasingly using big data and analytics in decision-making, and HR is no exception to this trend. Applications of big data analytics are becoming common in HR with advanced tools being developed for this purpose. However, despite having a good grasp of the basic research methodologies, I-O and HR professionals generally lack the knowledge and skills to use big data analytics in their practice. In addition, the latest guidelines for education and training in industrial-organizational psychology do not even mention the terms “big data” and “analytics”, showing that this concern also extends to graduate education, and the literature is …
Establishing An Analytics Capability Within Hr, Rizwan Khan
Establishing An Analytics Capability Within Hr, Rizwan Khan
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
With advancements in technology, HR finally has the tools available to collect and process people data. But is that all that is needed to successfully implement and sustain an analytics capability within HR? The purpose of this presentation/tutorial is to demonstrate a realistic journey The AES Corporation has taken thus far in developing its People Analytics capability. A framework for the implementation of People Analytics will be presented which incorporates themes in I/O Psychology that have been incorporated into the framework such as goal setting theory, job analysis, and change management. How this framework is operationalized will also be demonstrated …
Analyzing Psychology Students' Understanding Of Their Worth In The Modern Workplace, Shamin Jamadar, Taylor Lundy, Hope Ugboro, Shawn Bergman
Analyzing Psychology Students' Understanding Of Their Worth In The Modern Workplace, Shamin Jamadar, Taylor Lundy, Hope Ugboro, Shawn Bergman
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
An average degree in psychology incorporates understanding of social constructs, behaviorism, individual motivations, empirical research designs, levels of statistical analysis, and a deeper understanding of problem-solving. Yet, even with the various skills psychology students gain in their training, they are chronically unemployed in the workforce. One possible reason psychology graduates are continually underemployed is that they do not understand how their learned skill sets translate into the workplace. The proposed study aims to address this gap by developing a survey to assess psychology students’ understanding of the knowledge and critical skill sets they gain in their degree program and their …
Preferences And Decision Making In Large-Scale Communities, Cassandra Martin, Kristin Weger
Preferences And Decision Making In Large-Scale Communities, Cassandra Martin, Kristin Weger
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Understanding the formation of preferences as they relate to decision making is a crucial task in identifying aspects of major projects; however, current literature has a deficit of this focus in regards to large-scale projects and large communities. This study aims to bolster the understanding of these large community preferences as they relate to large-scale projects. The study was conducted at two American Astronomical Society (AAS) conferences to gain information from the astrophysics community regarding NASA Decadal missions. Community preferences for Decadal missions are assessed through the Decadal Survey to summarize the opinions of the astronomical community regarding which missions …
Three Facets Of Employee Wellness: The Potential Moderating Influences Of Exercise, Mindfulness-Based Practices, And Vacation On Select Worker Characteristics, Brittany N. Meier, Shahnaz Aziz
Three Facets Of Employee Wellness: The Potential Moderating Influences Of Exercise, Mindfulness-Based Practices, And Vacation On Select Worker Characteristics, Brittany N. Meier, Shahnaz Aziz
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Current research notes a disconnect between well-being programs offered by organizations and those most valued by employees (Agarwal, Bersin, Lahiri, Schwartz, & Violini, 2018). Thus, the current study attempts to better understand the potential influence of health-driven, leisure activities on three worker characteristics, namely, workaholism, work stress, and work engagement. With a greater understanding, we hope to emphasize the importance of comprehensive well-being programs for both employers and employees who may experience any of the aforementioned characteristics. To best assess potential components of a well-being program, three leisure activities of interest (i.e., exercise, mindfulness-based practices, and vacation) were selected. These …
Appraisal-Tendency Framework: Emotions And Perceptions Of Social Injustice, Sarah Tucker, Theresa Depriest
Appraisal-Tendency Framework: Emotions And Perceptions Of Social Injustice, Sarah Tucker, Theresa Depriest
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This research project studies the Appraisal-Tendency Framework. Specifically, it observes whether emotional dispositions, such as sadness-proneness or trait anger, affect judgements made on whether a situation is just or unjust. In addition, this study also presents the question of whether gender impacts perceptions of fairness. All participants will be recruited from a Southeastern University. This study consists of two parts. For part one, all participants will complete an online survey to assess individual differences. Part two contains the experimental manipulations. This study uses a 2 (emotional induction) x 2 (gender of actor) design. For the emotional induction, participants will be …
Growing And Sustaining Effective Leadership, Jacob Theut
Growing And Sustaining Effective Leadership, Jacob Theut
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Lean leadership organizations have been found to have higher productivity and performance. Leaders in these organizations implement their employees to embrace a culture of continuous improvement. Yet, only a few organizations have actually succeeded in their transformation by creating a culture that sustains a continuous improvement process. A transformation within an organization requires a vital behavioral shift from employees, especially those in leadership positions, in order to break from the typical way that organizations have long encouraged them to behave. Although the importance of lean leadership has been emphasized in previous literature, no consistent definition of lean leadership qualities exist. …
Quality Assessment Of Work Recovery Activities: Guidance For Recovering From Work-Related Demands, Emily Nixon, Christopher J. L. Cunningham, Brian J. O'Leary, Kristen Jennings Black
Quality Assessment Of Work Recovery Activities: Guidance For Recovering From Work-Related Demands, Emily Nixon, Christopher J. L. Cunningham, Brian J. O'Leary, Kristen Jennings Black
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
The proposed study is designed to test a revised work recovery process model and gather data to provide guidance for work recovery activities based on their recovery quality value. Using an integrated and modified model of the stress-recovery process, recovery quality will be measured in terms of potential for psychological detachment, mastery, and control, with relaxation serving as an outcome state associated with the proposed three core recovery mechanisms. Underlying theoretical frameworks such as the Conservation of Resources Theory, the Effort-Recovery Model, and the Job-Demands Resource model served as the foundation to describe the importance of recovering depleted resources. Past …
Perceptions Of Stress And Its Impact On Burnout Depending On Job Status, Alexandra Martin
Perceptions Of Stress And Its Impact On Burnout Depending On Job Status, Alexandra Martin
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Previous research has found that stress is a key contributor to burnout, and the causes of stress include job demands, lack of resources, and personality traits (Bakker et al., 2014). Although most research on burnout has focused on employed populations, with work demands and resources contributing to burnout, college students may also be susceptible to burnout from their academic demands (Pisarik, 2009). Several studies have focused on the ways in which motivational dispositions can affect student burnout (Duran et al., 2006; Pisarik, 2009). However, there is a lack of research examining how perceptions of stressors can affect burnout. Particularly, viewing …
Suffering From Whiplash? The Effects Of Pencil Whipping On Data Variability In The Safety Industry, Maira Compagnone, Royale Nicholson, Sam Biggs, Connor Linden, Tara O'Neil, Matthew Laske, Philip Hinson, Yalcin Acikgoz
Suffering From Whiplash? The Effects Of Pencil Whipping On Data Variability In The Safety Industry, Maira Compagnone, Royale Nicholson, Sam Biggs, Connor Linden, Tara O'Neil, Matthew Laske, Philip Hinson, Yalcin Acikgoz
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Big data is being used by organizations to identify trends and predict future safety incidents. However, analytics using big data relies heavily on data quality, which can be compromised by a lack of data variability. In the safety industry, the data reports most frequently analyzed include checklists that are filled out by managers and operators, and research is being attempted to link the variables from these reports to safety outcomes. A major obstacle is the reduced variability in these reports due to a phenomenon known as “pencil whipping.” Pencil whipping occurs when an employee completes a safety checklist during behavior-based …
Office Housework: Standalone Concept Or Organizational Citizenship Behavior?, Macie E. Mussleman, Judith Van Hein
Office Housework: Standalone Concept Or Organizational Citizenship Behavior?, Macie E. Mussleman, Judith Van Hein
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
The purpose of the project is to determine if the concept of Office Housework (OH) is included as an Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) or if the two are different and form two separate constructs. This project proposes to use two preexisting OCB measures and a list of OH tasks and have participants rate each item on how well it represents the behavior of an ideal employee. The results will be analyzed via confirmatory factory analysis (CFA). Additionally, this study seeks to determine if men are participating in less OH than women because of lower self-efficacy for tasks of that nature. …
Trouble At Work: A Model Testing Relationships Among Job Strain, Social Support, Cooperativeness, And Well-Being, Meredith Russell, Alexander Jackson
Trouble At Work: A Model Testing Relationships Among Job Strain, Social Support, Cooperativeness, And Well-Being, Meredith Russell, Alexander Jackson
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
The purpose of this study is to test a model proposing that levels of cooperativeness at work affect job strain, as mediated by perceived social support, thereby affecting overall mental well-being.
Green Engagement: An Investigation Into The Relationship Of Millennial Engagement And An Organization’S Sustainable Performance Score, Nicolas Simard, John Lang, Rachel Boone, Samantha Harris, Rosalyn Rease, Shawn Bergman Ph.D, Jim Westerman Ph.D
Green Engagement: An Investigation Into The Relationship Of Millennial Engagement And An Organization’S Sustainable Performance Score, Nicolas Simard, John Lang, Rachel Boone, Samantha Harris, Rosalyn Rease, Shawn Bergman Ph.D, Jim Westerman Ph.D
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Since the start of the 21st century, the issue of sustainability in business and Human Resource practices has been a central topic of interest. More recently, human resources has come under considerable pressure to prove its worth, primarily by producing a more productive and engaged workforce. Sustainability has, thus, become an extremely interesting avenue of study for HR professionals as, at its core, sustainable practices aim to better all parts of an organization from the social, to the environmental, to the financial (the three components of the triple bottom line). This study will investigate the relationship between the extent to …
Survival Of The Safest: Examining Organization Risk Factors For Cybersecurity Incidents, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Thomas Wilmore, Kate Conkey, Daniel Svyantek
Survival Of The Safest: Examining Organization Risk Factors For Cybersecurity Incidents, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Thomas Wilmore, Kate Conkey, Daniel Svyantek
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
[Invited adaptation from presentation proposal, "A Matter of Time: Exploring Survival Analysis Through Cybersecurity] Given that employees pose a large threat to organizational cybersecurity, much research attention has been directed to identifying individual risk factors for cybersecurity noncompliance and misbehavior at the cost of examining broad organizational risk factors. However, no study to date has formally examined how the risk of organizational cybersecurity incident changes over time, or how organizational characteristics affect this risk. The proposed study aims to conduct a survival analysis (SA) of cybersecurity events across the past decade, examining broad factors that impact the changing probability of …
Calling And Crafting In Cahoots, Sarah Graff
Calling And Crafting In Cahoots, Sarah Graff
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This project aims to examine the relationship between work as a calling, job crafting, and person-job fit. Work as a calling is the internal force that drives individuals toward a specific career, whereas job crafting is the active adjustments one makes to improve aspects of his or her work. Person-job fit is the perception that employees have concerning a match between oneself and the chosen career path. Despite the numerous beneficial outcomes that have been empirically supported over time, only job crafting has been investigated as a direct predictor of this fit. Even then, there seems to be little research …
Appraisal -Tendency Framework: Emotions And Perceptions Of Social Injustice, Sarah Tucker, Theresa Depriest, Satoris S. Howes Dr., Alexander Jackson
Appraisal -Tendency Framework: Emotions And Perceptions Of Social Injustice, Sarah Tucker, Theresa Depriest, Satoris S. Howes Dr., Alexander Jackson
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This research project studies the Appraisal-Tendency Framework. Specifically, it observes whether emotional dispositions, such as sadness-proneness or trait anger, affect judgements made on whether a situation is just or unjust. In addition, this study also presents the question of whether gender impacts perceptions of fairness. All participants will be recruited from a Southeastern University. This study consists of two parts. For part one, all participants will complete an online survey to assess individual differences. Part two contains the experimental manipulations. This study uses a 2 (emotional induction) x 2 (gender of actor) design. For the emotional induction, participants will be …
Examining The Relationship Between Applicant Reactions And Selection Test Performance: Is The Relationship Curvilinear?, Catherine Meyer, Yalcin Acigkoz
Examining The Relationship Between Applicant Reactions And Selection Test Performance: Is The Relationship Curvilinear?, Catherine Meyer, Yalcin Acigkoz
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
There is evidence in the literature that negative reactions to employee selection procedures such as high anxiety and low motivation are related to poor performance by job applicants on a selection test (McCarthy, Van Iddekinge, Lievens, Kung, Sinar, Campion, 2013). However, to date the studies examining this relationship were correlational, meaning that no causal relationship could be established. This implies that while it is possible that negative reactions predict low test performance, it is also plausible that the reverse is true (i.e., poor performance at the early stages of a selection test leads to high anxiety and low motivation) or …
Three Facets Of Employee Wellness: The Potential Moderating Influences Of Physical Activities, Mindfulness, And Vacation, Brittany N. Meier, Shahnaz Aziz Phd
Three Facets Of Employee Wellness: The Potential Moderating Influences Of Physical Activities, Mindfulness, And Vacation, Brittany N. Meier, Shahnaz Aziz Phd
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Current research notes a disconnect between well-being programs offered by organizations and those most valued by employees (Agarwal, Bersin, Lahiri, Schwartz, & Violini, 2018). Thus, the current study attempts to better understand the potential influence of health-driven, leisure activities on three worker characteristics, namely, workaholism, work stress, and work engagement. With a greater understanding, we hope to emphasize the importance of comprehensive well-being programs for both employers and employees who may experience any of the aforementioned characteristics. To best assess potential components of a well-being program, three leisure activities of interest (i.e., physical activities, mindfulness, and vacation) were selected. These …
A Matter Of Time: Exploring Survival Analysis Through Cybersecurity, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Daniel Svyantek
A Matter Of Time: Exploring Survival Analysis Through Cybersecurity, Rachel Whitman, Ana Kriletic, Daniel Svyantek
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Despite the impact of employee behavior on organizational security, the topic of cybersecurity historically remains the responsibility of Information Security Management researchers and Information Technology professionals. However, the exponential increase in the prevalence and repercussions of cyber-related incidents invites collaboration between the fields of I-O Psychology and cybersecurity. The proposed presentation discusses the potential for I-O Psychology to contribute to cybersecurity efforts while demonstrating the fundamentals and applicability of survival analysis.
Perceptions Of Injustice Among Intercollegiate Athletes: Effects Of Response Type On Individual Well-Being And Perceived Team Cohesion, Linsey Klein, Kristen Black
Perceptions Of Injustice Among Intercollegiate Athletes: Effects Of Response Type On Individual Well-Being And Perceived Team Cohesion, Linsey Klein, Kristen Black
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
When an individual perceives the relationship between what they put into an exchange relationship to be unequal to the outcomes they receive, they are said to be in a state of inequity, and they are likely to view the relationship as unfair. This perceived lack of fairness, caused by the state of inequity, is often referred to as injustice and can have negative effects on the individual and team. While the concepts of inequity and injustice are usually studied within an organizational context, they can also be applied to an athletic setting, specifically in regard to players participating on intercollegiate …
Does Goal Setting Training And Self-Management Training Increase Self-Efficacy In Negotiation Even In The Presence Of A Negotiation Stereotype Threat, Ashley Miller, Michael Hein, Judith Van Hein, Mark Frame, Alexander Jackson
Does Goal Setting Training And Self-Management Training Increase Self-Efficacy In Negotiation Even In The Presence Of A Negotiation Stereotype Threat, Ashley Miller, Michael Hein, Judith Van Hein, Mark Frame, Alexander Jackson
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
With women gaining more knowledge and asking for more money, the disparity in the salary gap is starting to close. However, women are still getting paid less. It has been found that women generally do not negotiate as high of salaries as men (Mazei, Huffmeier, Freund, Stuhlmacher, Bilke, & Hertel, 2015). In fact, when women were reminded of the stereotype threat surrounding women and negotiation, they often had lower negotiated salaries and salary goals (Tellhed & Bjrklund, 2011; Kray, Thompson, & Galinsky, 2001). However, Gist, Stevens, and Bavetta (1991) found that salary negotiation performance was strongly, positively related to self-efficacy. …
Does Defining More Anchors On Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales Increase Rater Accuracy In Employment Interviews?, Mary Iseral, Mark Frame
Does Defining More Anchors On Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales Increase Rater Accuracy In Employment Interviews?, Mary Iseral, Mark Frame
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
This research study seeks to determine if defining more anchors on behaviorally anchored rating scales increases rater accuracy in ratings of employment interview responses. Additionally, the study will investigate if there are differences in accuracy of ratings between situational and behavioral interviews. Past research has found that BARS produces more accurate ratings when compared to other scales such as a Likert scale. Little research has been conducted regarding how many anchors should include behavioral descriptions on BARS. We propose that defining five anchors on BARS will produce more accurate results compared to only defining three anchors. Participants will be recruited …
Examining The Relationship Between Applicant Reactions And Selection Test Performance: Is The Relationship Curvilinear?, Catherine Meyer, Yalcin Acikgoz
Examining The Relationship Between Applicant Reactions And Selection Test Performance: Is The Relationship Curvilinear?, Catherine Meyer, Yalcin Acikgoz
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
There is evidence in the literature that negative reactions to employee selection procedures such as high anxiety and low motivation are related to poor performance by job applicants on a selection test (McCarthy, Van Iddekinge, Lievens, Kung, Sinar, Campion, 2013). However, to date the studies examining this relationship were correlational, meaning that no causal relationship could be established. This implies that while it is possible that negative reactions predict low test performance, it is also plausible that the reverse is true (i.e., poor performance at the early stages of a selection test leads to high anxiety and low motivation) or …
Income As A Predictor Of Employe Job Satisfaction And Motivation, Joseph Ryan Owens, Pankti Patel
Income As A Predictor Of Employe Job Satisfaction And Motivation, Joseph Ryan Owens, Pankti Patel
River Cities Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference
Employee job satisfaction and motivation are linked to their income level. Employee job satisfaction refers to an individual's contentment with his or her job. Employee motivation has two components; extrinsic motivation refers to external benefits an individual gain (i.e. pay), whereas intrinsic motivation refers to an individual's inherent satisfaction with one’s job (i.e. pride in the work they do). Higher or lower income levels impact employee satisfaction and motivation. It is hypothesized that individuals with medium-income ($45,000-$139,999) will have higher job satisfaction and motivation than individual with low-income ($0-$44,999). An independent samples t-test will be conducted between the two groups …