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Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Cognitive Development And The Understanding Of Informed Consent, Lindsey Elizabeth Pearse
Cognitive Development And The Understanding Of Informed Consent, Lindsey Elizabeth Pearse
Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The informed consent process is an important criterion for all research studies. However, researchers rarely ask or even consider how many participants truly understand the informed consent information and their research rights. Currently, researchers base a participant’s ability to understand informed consent information and research rights on age. In the present study it was hypothesized that cognitive development is a predictor of ethical knowledge. Accordingly, it was argue d that a participant’s ability to understand informed consent and research rights should not be based on a participant’s age but instead on the participant’s cognitive development. Students at the University of …
A Behavior Based Approach To Improving Safety In A Manufacturing Facility, Laura G. Kreager
A Behavior Based Approach To Improving Safety In A Manufacturing Facility, Laura G. Kreager
Modern Psychological Studies
Behavior-based safety has flourished in organizations committed to changing and improving their safety programs. Through the programs, organizations are focusing their attention on the individual behaviors of employees to decrease the number of accidents occurring within the organization; thus, improving the safety record. The current study analyzes the effect of a behaviorally based safety intervention, comprised of four components, on the number of accidents occurring at a local manufacturing facility over a time span of 18 months. Based on a timeseries analysis, using an ARIMA model, results indicated a statistically significantly reduction in the number of accidents by 75.6% (p < .05) after the implementation of the intervention.
The Effects Of Acquaintance Versus Stranger Rape And Gender On Rape Myth Acceptance And Attitudes Toward Rape In College Students, Shellie Patscheck, Sharon Shears
The Effects Of Acquaintance Versus Stranger Rape And Gender On Rape Myth Acceptance And Attitudes Toward Rape In College Students, Shellie Patscheck, Sharon Shears
Modern Psychological Studies
This original empirical experiment assessed effects of acquaintance versus stranger rape and gender on rape myth acceptance and attitudes toward rape in college students. Participants read hypothetical scenarios depicting acquaintance or stranger rape, and then completed modified versions of Burt's Rape Myth Acceptance Scale and Feild's Attitudes Toward Rape Scale. Based on previous research, we predicted that males would demonstrate more negative attitudes and would be more supportive of rape myth acceptance than females. In addition, given the relative lack of previous literature on this topic, we predicted that the two conditions for type of rape would be different, but …
The Effect Of Psychological Skills Training On Competitive State Anxiety In Collegiate Swimmers, Shea H. Davisson
The Effect Of Psychological Skills Training On Competitive State Anxiety In Collegiate Swimmers, Shea H. Davisson
Modern Psychological Studies
The present study examined the effects of psychological skills training on competitive state anxiety, as measured by the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). Participants were 60 swimmers from an intercollegiate Division III team who were randomly assigned to a control, goal setting, imagery, or relaxation group. One hour prior to the first competition of the season, participants completed the CSAI-2. Over the following 5 weeks, participants engaged in 10 sessions of psychological skills training. A control group received no training. All participants completed the CSAI-2 again, one hour prior to competition in a final swim meet. It was hypothesized that …
Examining The Relationship Between Proactive Personality And Career Success, Jeremy Owens
Examining The Relationship Between Proactive Personality And Career Success, Jeremy Owens
Modern Psychological Studies
With increasing levels of employee autonomy and responsibility in today's workforce, proactive behavior and the performance of discretionary, extra-role work behaviors are becoming vital to effective organizational functioning. This study examined how proactive personality relates to career success through extra-role behaviors including innovation, contextual performance, and organizational citizenship behavior by surveying 302 employees from a large manufacturing organization. Hierarchical regression and multiple mediation analyses showed that the relationship between proactive personality and career success is at least partially influenced by indirect effects via extra-role behaviors, even after controlling for demographic and personality variables (age, sex, and FFM traits).
Defining Roles In The Online Classroom To Assure Learning, Chris Ponder Ii
Defining Roles In The Online Classroom To Assure Learning, Chris Ponder Ii
Modern Psychological Studies
The emergence of the internet has provided the opportunity for universities to begin offering online courses. As more students seek flexibility in education delivery, the greater the need becomes for online learning, which may result in developing courses that do not promote assurance of learning. This paper will explore how assurance of learning can take place in the online courseroom by evaluating student, instructor, and instructional design readiness for online learning, as well as defining the role of how each can promote assurance of learning utilizing reflective questions.
Same, But Different: Understanding Asians' Attitudes Towards Affirmative Action, Luisa J. Maun, Brian J. O'Leary
Same, But Different: Understanding Asians' Attitudes Towards Affirmative Action, Luisa J. Maun, Brian J. O'Leary
Modern Psychological Studies
Organizations often use affirmative action plans to increase demographic diversity, but, the success of these plans depends on employee attitudes. Attitudes toward affirmative action differ among racial groups, with Blacks having more favorable attitudes than Hispanics, Asians, and Whites (e.g., Bell, Harrison, & McLaughlin, 1997). To correct a paucity of literature that includes a large Asian American sample, Asian participants from various ethnicities, such as Indian, Filipino, and Vietnamese, (N = 181) completed several online questionnaires at surveymonkey.com about affirmative action attitudes (Attitude Towards Affirmative Action Scale), collectivism/individualism (Triandis & Gelfand, 1998) , and ethnic identity (Multigroup Measure of Ethnic …
What Are Public Views On Using Video To Deter Crime And Consumer Fraud?, Ada W.J. Chan, Shani Rumaldo, Robert Emmons
What Are Public Views On Using Video To Deter Crime And Consumer Fraud?, Ada W.J. Chan, Shani Rumaldo, Robert Emmons
Modern Psychological Studies
Since 1978, Nassau County NY has pioneered the use of "video stings" to protect the public from a wide variety of dishonest behaviors—with appliance repair, auto repair, home contractors, insurance sales, chiropractors, and even internet pedophiles (Lambert, 1997). Surprisingly, though this has been a model for a few other municipalities, neither Nassau County nor others have conducted systematic research on how the public regards this unusual policy (Wrightsman, Greene, Nietzel & Fortune, 2002). In this survey, 114 people completed an anonymous structured 18-item survey containing 3 scales: their support of video stings (0-28), their familiarity with past media reports of …
The Importance Of Early Intervention: Treatments For Conduct Disorder Versus Treatments For Antisocial Personality Disorder, Lindsay J. Buck
The Importance Of Early Intervention: Treatments For Conduct Disorder Versus Treatments For Antisocial Personality Disorder, Lindsay J. Buck
Modern Psychological Studies
This literature review focuses on both medicinal and therapeutic treatment options for Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Conduct Disorder is considered a precursor to Antisocial Personality Disorder, and research on the treatment of both of these disorders suggests that early intervention, during childhood and adolescence, is the most promising treatment option for people diagnosed with Conduct Disorder. Medicinal treatments for Conduct Disorder that are discussed within this literature review are lithium, methylphenidate, and risperidone, while the therapeutic treatments reviewed are parent management training and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Less encouraging research results have been found for the treatment of Antisocial Personality …
Automatic Vigilance: Does Emotional State Affect Search Times For Positively And Negatively Valenced Targets?, Stephen Long
Automatic Vigilance: Does Emotional State Affect Search Times For Positively And Negatively Valenced Targets?, Stephen Long
Modern Psychological Studies
Recent research has suggested that specific emotions, such as fear, may impact visual acuity (Phelps, Ling, & Carrasco, 2006). To see if emotion can influence higher order perceptions, an affective priming visual search task (APVST) was used to examine the effect of either fear or joy on participants' ability to find an associated search stimulus. A face showing either fear or joy was presented to induce a mood state, and participants searched for either a spider or a flower in a wooded background. It was found that search times were faster for the spider, but mood induction seemed to have …
Enhancing Decision Making By Implementing Likelihood Alarm Technology In Integrated Displays, Rylan M. Clark, Ernesto A. Bustamente
Enhancing Decision Making By Implementing Likelihood Alarm Technology In Integrated Displays, Rylan M. Clark, Ernesto A. Bustamente
Modern Psychological Studies
Complex environments with automated systems, such as aircraft cockpits and nuclear control rooms, require critical decisions to be made about human intervention. Human monitors operating in these roles must interact with copious amounts of information. Decision support tools within integrated displays, especially alarms, aid people in monitoring these systems by capturing their attention to focus on possibly dangerous conditions. Once signaled, monitors choose whether they wish to acknowledge the alarm and search for more process status, or ignore it. This study investigates the impact of likelihood alarm technology versus traditional binary alarms on decision making accuracy and response bias in …
Individual Response To Three Types Of Nonlethal Weapons, Tyrone R. Nixon, Cynthia M. Bridges, Mara S. Aruguete
Individual Response To Three Types Of Nonlethal Weapons, Tyrone R. Nixon, Cynthia M. Bridges, Mara S. Aruguete
Modern Psychological Studies
This study investigates behavioral reactions to three types of nonlethal weapons (NLWs) used by the U.S. military. We provided participants with simulated situations involving military use of NLWs, and asked them to predict how they would react. We found variations in response according to weapon type. In general, individuals were unlikely to aggress or disperse, although these reactions were mediated by demographic factors. It may be important for Army officials to know the behavioral effects of NLWs in order to use them effectively.
The Relationship Between Racial Attitudes And Racial Anxiety In A Diverse Academic Setting: Is It Black And White?, Chelsea G. Mcaloon
The Relationship Between Racial Attitudes And Racial Anxiety In A Diverse Academic Setting: Is It Black And White?, Chelsea G. Mcaloon
Modern Psychological Studies
In past years, the face of America's workplaces and academic settings has become increasingly diverse, making it important to investigate modern racial attitudes and their relationship with interracial interactions. While there has been extensive study of the racial attitudes of Whites, those of Blacks are less frequently examined, especially in relation to interracial anxiety. One-hundred-forty-one White and 95 Black undergraduate students participated in this correlational study, in which they completed separate measures of racial attitudes and interracial anxiety. Results indicated a significant negative correlation between the variables for both Blacks (r = -.552,p < .01) and Whites (r = -.574,p < .01). As hypothesized, this demonstrated that individuals who endorse certain, negative racial attitudes would likely experience more anxiety in an interracial interaction. Findings may have important implications for improving interracial interactions in the workplace and an academic setting.
The Relationship Between Stress And College Adjustment: The Moderating Role Of Spirituality, Ashley K. Gilliam, Carolyn Mcnamara Barry, Natasha A. Bacchus
The Relationship Between Stress And College Adjustment: The Moderating Role Of Spirituality, Ashley K. Gilliam, Carolyn Mcnamara Barry, Natasha A. Bacchus
Modern Psychological Studies
Spirituality has been shown to moderate the negative effects of stress on physical and psychological adjustment; however, research utilizing a developmental approach in understanding the role of spirituality in the relation between stress and college adjustment has been scant. In the current study, spirituality was hypothesized to moderate the relation between stress and college adjustment (i.e., academic, social, personal-emotional, goal committed/institutional attachment). Also, stress was expected to differ by year in college and gender. Students (N = 131, Mage = 19.81, SD =1.35) from a mid-Atlantic medium-sized parochial comprehensive university completed several questionnaires; results were analyzed with hierarchical regressions. Gender, …
The Role Of Life Events, Coping Style, College Adjustment, And Parent And Peer Relationship Quality In Predicting Relational Aggression In First-Year College Students, Annelise Nelson, Jennifer Ruh Linder
The Role Of Life Events, Coping Style, College Adjustment, And Parent And Peer Relationship Quality In Predicting Relational Aggression In First-Year College Students, Annelise Nelson, Jennifer Ruh Linder
Modern Psychological Studies
The role of positive and negative life events, coping style, and adjustment in predicting relational aggression in college students was investigated using a sample of fifty-one 17-19 year old male (n = 16) and female (n = 35) first year college students. The role of parental psychological control and perceived parent-child and peer relationship quality in predicting relational aggression was also assessed. Students who were less well-adjusted to college academically and socially, and who were less satisfied with and committed to their choice of college, used more relational aggression. Students using the coping strategies of positive reinterpretation, acceptance, and planning …
Changes In Breast Cancer Survivors' Prayer From Before Diagnosis To Currently: A Pilot Study, Jean C. Bilger, Jennifer Eldridge-Houser, Carol Cox
Changes In Breast Cancer Survivors' Prayer From Before Diagnosis To Currently: A Pilot Study, Jean C. Bilger, Jennifer Eldridge-Houser, Carol Cox
Modern Psychological Studies
The purpose of this pilot study is to compare the frequency, length, types, and experiences of prayer for breast cancer survivors before they were diagnosed and currently. Using the Cancer Survivor Prayer Scale (CSPS), survivors had a statistically significant (p < .05) increase in types of prayer, prayer experiences, and the closeness in their relationship with God. The main themes in the written responses were feelings of permanence regarding God's love, strong trust in God, feeling comforted during treatment by God and people, and requesting specific answers to prayers. The significant findings of this study demonstrate a need for further research into the prayer practices of breast cancer survivors and expansion of the study to a larger, more diverse sample.
Relationship Between Trait Anxiety And Health-Related Factors, Sarah L. Garnaat, Jessica E. Gwinn, Sara L. Riley, Lisa A. Winslow, Michael C. Hansbourgh, Amanda L. Zielinski, Erin L. Gorter, Jennifer Blevins, Sumner J. Sydeman
Relationship Between Trait Anxiety And Health-Related Factors, Sarah L. Garnaat, Jessica E. Gwinn, Sara L. Riley, Lisa A. Winslow, Michael C. Hansbourgh, Amanda L. Zielinski, Erin L. Gorter, Jennifer Blevins, Sumner J. Sydeman
Modern Psychological Studies
Growing evidence indicates that anxious individuals are more likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors associated with coronary heart disease. We examined the relationship of Trait Anxiety (T-Anx) with lifestyle behaviors and physiological variables in a sample of 34 college undergraduates scoring in the upper/lower quartiles on T-Anx (50% women). Participants were assessed for physiological variables (BP, BMI) and behaviors including cigarette smoking, activity/exercise level, alcohol intake, and sleep. High T-Anx participants smoked significantly more cigarettes, slept significantly fewer hours, and engaged in significantly less vigorous-intensity physical activity than low T-Anx participants. No significant differences between groups were noted on …
Integrating Eastern Philosophy Into Western Psychology: A Primer For Students Of Applied Psychology, Erica Hurley, Jennifer L. Callahan
Integrating Eastern Philosophy Into Western Psychology: A Primer For Students Of Applied Psychology, Erica Hurley, Jennifer L. Callahan
Modern Psychological Studies
A review of undergraduate texts marketed as providing an introduction to clinical psychology located no chapters devoted to the emerging practice of integrating Eastern philosophy with Western psychological practices. Thus, this paper provides students with a primer of this important emerging area by reviewing cultural differences that challenge the successful integration of Eastern philosophy with Western psychology, before focusing specifically on Taoist philosophy and its implications for Western psychotherapy. The congruence of Taoism with the "common" factors of Western psychotherapy (i.e., those mechanisms of change thought to transcend theoretical psychotherapy orientation) will be discussed, as will congruence with "specific" cognitive …
Fixed Or Flexible: The Effect Of Negative Feedback On One's Religious Identity, Erika Brown
Fixed Or Flexible: The Effect Of Negative Feedback On One's Religious Identity, Erika Brown
Modern Psychological Studies
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of negative feedback on self-reported religious identity among Christian students. After initially rating themselves on a computer-administered continuous scale ranging from as religious as possible to not at all religious, participants completed a difficult Bible trivia quiz and received negative feedback regarding their performance. The participants were then made to believe that their initial computer ratings had been lost, and were asked to rate themselves a second time. Individuals also completed the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale and were divided into high and low religiosity groups. Statistical analyses revealed that …
Body Dissatisfaction And Self-Esteem Among Male College Students, Jessie Devlin, Lindsay Ross, Beth A. Kotchick
Body Dissatisfaction And Self-Esteem Among Male College Students, Jessie Devlin, Lindsay Ross, Beth A. Kotchick
Modern Psychological Studies
The purpose of this study was to examine self-esteem, exposure to the media's portrayal of the ideal male body, and athletic standing of college-aged men in relation to body dissatisfaction. College men (N= 100) were surveyed on these variables. It was hypothesized that males with greater body dissatisfaction would have lower levels of self-esteem. Further, it was expected that males who were more frequently exposed to the body ideal would have higher levels of body dissatisfaction, and that males who do not participate in a college sport would have higher levels of body dissatisfaction than those who do. Results show …
Big Five Personality Characteristics And Commitment Levels In Romantic Relationships, Ruth S. O'Brien, Joy N. Smithson, Barth L. Weathington, Lauran R. Booher
Big Five Personality Characteristics And Commitment Levels In Romantic Relationships, Ruth S. O'Brien, Joy N. Smithson, Barth L. Weathington, Lauran R. Booher
Modern Psychological Studies
While numerous empirical studies have looked at commitment levels across various aspects of life, little research has attempted to integrate these disparate literatures. Accordingly, this study attempts to address this gap by adapting a taxonomy of commitment commonly used in the workplace to the analysis of commitment in romantic relationships. Additionally, the relationship between personality and levels of commitment in romantic relationships were investigated utilizing the Big Five personality factors. Results indicated that personality does relate to commitment and that the affective (emotional) and continuance (economic) facets of commitment have specific relevance to understanding commitment expressed in romantic relationships. Gender …