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Articles 1 - 23 of 23
Full-Text Articles in Psychology
Interviewing Suspects, Michel St-Yves, Christian A. Meissner
Interviewing Suspects, Michel St-Yves, Christian A. Meissner
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
No abstract provided.
Interrogation And Investigative Interviewing In The United States: Research And Practice, Christopher E. Kelly, Christian A. Meissner
Interrogation And Investigative Interviewing In The United States: Research And Practice, Christopher E. Kelly, Christian A. Meissner
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
No abstract provided.
Minimization And Maximization Techniques: Assessing The Perceived Consequences Of Confessing And Confession Diagnosticity, Allyson J. Horgan, Melissa B. Russano, Christian A. Meissner, Jacqueline R. Evans
Minimization And Maximization Techniques: Assessing The Perceived Consequences Of Confessing And Confession Diagnosticity, Allyson J. Horgan, Melissa B. Russano, Christian A. Meissner, Jacqueline R. Evans
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
Identifying interrogation strategies that minimize the likelihood of obtaining false information, without compromising the ability to elicit true information, is a challenge faced by both law enforcement and scientists. Previous research suggests that minimization and maximization techniques may be perceived by a suspect as an expectation of leniency and a threat of harsher punishment, respectively, and that these approaches may be associated with false confessions. The current studies examine whether it is possible to distinguish between minimization and maximization techniques that do or do not influence a suspect’s perceptions of the consequences of confessing. Results indicate that techniques that manipulate …
Modeling The Influence Of Investigator Bias On The Elicitation Of True And False Confessions, Fadia M. Narchet, Christian A. Meissner, Melissa B. Russano
Modeling The Influence Of Investigator Bias On The Elicitation Of True And False Confessions, Fadia M. Narchet, Christian A. Meissner, Melissa B. Russano
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
The aim of this study was to model various social and cognitive processes believed to be associated with true and false confessions by exploring the link between investigative biases and what occurs in the interrogation room. Using the Russano et al. (Psychol Sci 16:481–486, 2005) paradigm, this study explored how perceptions of guilt influenced the frequency and type of interrogation tactics used, suspect’s perceptions of the interrogation process, the likelihood of confession, and investigator’s resulting perceptions of culpability. Results suggested that investigator bias led to the increased use of minimization tactics and thereby increased the likelihood of false confessions by …
Snitching, Lies, And Computer Crashes: An Experimental Investigation Of Secondary Confessions, Jessica K. Swanner, Denise Beike, Alexander T. Cole
Snitching, Lies, And Computer Crashes: An Experimental Investigation Of Secondary Confessions, Jessica K. Swanner, Denise Beike, Alexander T. Cole
Jessica K Swanner
Two laboratory studies with 332 student participants investigated secondary confessions (provided by an informant instead of the suspect). Participants allegedly caused or witnessed a simulated computer crash, then were asked to give primary or secondary confessions during interrogation. Study 1 replicated the false evidence effect for primary confessions. Secondary confessions were obtained at a high rate, which was increased by false evidence in combination with incentive to confess. In Study 2 a confederate either confessed to or denied crashing the computer. Incentive increased the rate of secondary confession only in the presence of a denial; that is, incentive increased the …
Incentives Increase The Rate Of False But Not True Secondary Confessions From Informants With An Allegiance To A Suspect, Jessica K. Swanner, Denise Beike
Incentives Increase The Rate Of False But Not True Secondary Confessions From Informants With An Allegiance To A Suspect, Jessica K. Swanner, Denise Beike
Jessica K Swanner
One hundred ninety-two students participated in an experimental simulation testing whether incentives would reduce the reluctance of informants to implicate a close other. Half of the students were made to feel interpersonally close to a confederate who either admitted to or denied a misdeed. All students were interrogated and encouraged to sign a secondary confession stating that the confederate had confessed to the misdeed; half were offered an incentive to do so. Contrary to expectations, closeness did not induce reluctance. Instead, the offer of incentive increased the number of participants willing to sign a secondary confession implicating a close other. …
The Cognitive Interview: A Meta-Analytic Review And Study Space Analysis Of The Past 25 Years, Amina Memon, Christian A. Meissner, Joanne Fraser
The Cognitive Interview: A Meta-Analytic Review And Study Space Analysis Of The Past 25 Years, Amina Memon, Christian A. Meissner, Joanne Fraser
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
The Cognitive Interview (CI) is a well-established protocol for interviewing witnesses. The current article presents a study space analysis of laboratory studies of the CI together with an empirical meta-analysis summarizing the past 25 years of research. The study space comprises 57 published articles (65 experiments) on the CI, providing an assessment of the boundary conditions underlying the analysis and application of this interview protocol. The current meta-analysis includes 46 published articles, including 20 articles published since the last meta-analysis conducted a decade earlier (Ko¨hnken, Milne, Memon, & Bull, 1999). Reassuringly for practitioners, the findings of the original meta-analysis were …
Commentary: The Need For A Positive Psychological Approach And Collaborative Effort For Improving Practice In The Interrogation Room, Christian A. Meissner, Maria Hartwig, Melissa B. Russano
Commentary: The Need For A Positive Psychological Approach And Collaborative Effort For Improving Practice In The Interrogation Room, Christian A. Meissner, Maria Hartwig, Melissa B. Russano
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
The White Paper suggests important reforms that will reduce the likelihood of false confessions resulting from police interrogation. The research underlying these suggested reforms has yielded significant advances in our understanding of factors associated with false confessions. As we move forward, we encourage the development of empirically based approaches that provide a viable alternative to current practice. In doing so, we suggest that researchers pursue a positive psychological approach that involves partnering with practitioners to systematically develop interrogative methods that are shown to be more diagnostic. By taking such an approach, we believe that the recommendations offered in the current …
Offer Adolescents Suburban Habitat Positive Experiences In Their Neighborhood, Benjamin A. Shirtcliff
Offer Adolescents Suburban Habitat Positive Experiences In Their Neighborhood, Benjamin A. Shirtcliff
Benjamin A Shirtcliff
The adolescent population living in suburban environments is very important. This reality, however, is still too recent to be considered by practitioners of the development, which would explain why the physical environment of teenagers is rarely designed to meet their needs. This article addresses the basic needs of adolescents living in the suburbs and designers suggest ways to improve their quality of life by creating fallback places in their neighborhood. The values and adolescents special needs will be used to assess the quality of suburban open spaces. We mainly interressted in the physical environment, building on the studies in the …
Modeling The Role Of Social-Cognitive Processes In The Recognition Of Own- And Other-Race Faces, Kyle J. Susa, Christian A. Meissner, Hendrik De Heer
Modeling The Role Of Social-Cognitive Processes In The Recognition Of Own- And Other-Race Faces, Kyle J. Susa, Christian A. Meissner, Hendrik De Heer
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
Known as the cross-race effect (CRE), psychological research has consistently shown that people are less accurate at identifying faces of another, less familiar race. While the CRE has most often been demonstrated in recognition memory, its effects have also been found in temporally preceding social-cognitive stages – including racial categorization, perceptual discrimination, and higher-level cognitive processing. Using path models of own- and other-race face processing, the current study sought to estimate how temporally preceding processes might mediate the CRE established in recognition memory. Results demonstrated that racial categorization and higher-level cognitive processes primarily mediate the CRE in recognition memory, and …
The Effects Of Accomplice Witnesses And Jailhouse Informants On Jury Decision Making, Jeffrey S. Neuschatz, Deah S. Quinlivan, Jessica K. Swanner, Christian A. Meissner, Joseph S. Neuschatz
The Effects Of Accomplice Witnesses And Jailhouse Informants On Jury Decision Making, Jeffrey S. Neuschatz, Deah S. Quinlivan, Jessica K. Swanner, Christian A. Meissner, Joseph S. Neuschatz
Jessica K Swanner
The present study presents one of the first investigations of the effects of accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants on jury decision-making. Across two experiments, participants read a trial transcript that included either a secondary confession from an accomplice witness, a jailhouse informant, a member of the community or a no confession control. In half of the experimental trial transcripts, the participants were made aware that the cooperating witness providing the secondary confession was given an incentive to testify. The results of both experiments revealed that information about the cooperating witness’ incentive (e.g., leniency or reward) did not affect participants’ verdict …
Psychophysics Of Perceiving Eye-Gaze And Head Direction With Peripheral Vision: Implications For The Dynamics Of Eye-Gaze Behavior, Jack M. Loomis, Jonathan W. Kelly, Matthias Pusch, Jeremy N. Bailenson, Andrew C. Beall
Psychophysics Of Perceiving Eye-Gaze And Head Direction With Peripheral Vision: Implications For The Dynamics Of Eye-Gaze Behavior, Jack M. Loomis, Jonathan W. Kelly, Matthias Pusch, Jeremy N. Bailenson, Andrew C. Beall
Jonathan W. Kelly
Two psychophysical experiments are reported, one dealing with the visual perception of the head orientation of another person (the `looker') and the other dealing with the percep- tion of the looker's direction of eye gaze. The participant viewed the looker with different retinal eccentricities, ranging from foveal to far-peripheral viewing. On average, judgments of head orientation were reliable even out to the extremes of peripheral vision (90 8 eccentricity), with better performance at the extremes when the participant was able to view the looker changing head orientation from one trial to the next. In sharp contrast, judgments of eye-gaze direction …
The Effects Of Frontal Lobe Functioning And Age On Veridical And False Recall, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott
The Effects Of Frontal Lobe Functioning And Age On Veridical And False Recall, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott
Jason C.K. Chan
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Older adults’ heightened susceptibility to false memories has been linked to compromised frontal lobe functioning as estimated by Glisky and colleagues’ (Glisky, Polster, & Routhieaux, 1995) neuropsychological battery (e.g., Butler, McDaniel, Dornburg, Price, & Roediger, 2004). This conclusion, however, rests on the untested assumption that young adults have uniformly high frontal functioning. We tested this assumption, and we correlated younger and older adults’ frontal scores with veridical and false recall probabilities with prose materials. Substantial variability in scores on the Glisky battery occurred for younger (and older) adults. However, frontal scores and age were independent …
The Testing Effect In Recognition Memory: A Dual Process Account, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott
The Testing Effect In Recognition Memory: A Dual Process Account, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott
Jason C.K. Chan
The testing effect, or the finding that taking an initial test improves subsequent memory performance, is a robust and reliable phenomenon--as long as the final test involves recall. Few studies have examined the effects of taking an initial recall test on final recognition performance, and results from these studies are equivocal. In 3 experiments, we attempt to demonstrate that initial testing can change the ways in which later recognition decisions are executed even when no difference can be detected in the recognition hit rates. Specifically, initial testing was shown to enhance later recollection but leave familiarity unchanged. This conclusion emerged …
Interrogation And Torture, Christian A. Meissner, Justin S. Albrechtsen
Interrogation And Torture, Christian A. Meissner, Justin S. Albrechtsen
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
No abstract provided.
Accurate Vocal Compensation For Sound Intensity Loss With Increasing Distance In Natural Environments, Pavel Zahorik, Jonathan W. Kelly
Accurate Vocal Compensation For Sound Intensity Loss With Increasing Distance In Natural Environments, Pavel Zahorik, Jonathan W. Kelly
Jonathan W. Kelly
Human abilities to adjust vocal output to compensate for intensity losses due to sound propagation over distance were investigated. Ten normally hearing adult participants were able to compensate for propagation losses ranging from −1.8 to −6.4dB/doubling source distance over a range of distances from 1 to 8m. The compensation was performed to within 1.2dB of accuracy on average across all participants, distances, and propagation loss conditions with no practice or explicit training. These results suggest that natural vocal communication processes of humans may incorporate tacit knowledge of physical sound propagationproperties more sophisticated than previously supposed.
Retrieval-Induced Facilitation: Initially Nontested Material Can Benefit From Prior Testing Of Related Materia, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott, Henry L. Roediger Iii
Retrieval-Induced Facilitation: Initially Nontested Material Can Benefit From Prior Testing Of Related Materia, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott, Henry L. Roediger Iii
Jason C.K. Chan
Classroom exams can assess students' knowledge of only a subset of the material taught in a course. What are the implications of this approach for long-term retention? Three experiments (N = 210) examined how taking an initial test affects later memory for prose materials not initially tested. Experiment 1 shows that testing enhanced recall 24 hr later for the initially nontested material. This facilitation was not seen for participants given additional study opportunities without initial testing. Experiment 2 extends this facilitative effect to a within-subjects design. Experiment 3 demonstrates that this facilitation can be modulated by conscious strategies. These results …
The Effects Of Aging On Controlled Attention And Conflict Processing In The Stroop Task, Robert West
The Effects Of Aging On Controlled Attention And Conflict Processing In The Stroop Task, Robert West
Robert West
Recent computational modeling and behavioral work indicate that age-related declines in the ability to represent task context may contribute to disruptions of working memory and selective attention in older adults. However, it is unclear whether age-related declines in context processing arise from a disruption of the encoding or maintenance of task context and how age-related declines in context processing interact with mechanisms supporting conflict detection and resolution processes contributing to efficient selection of task-relevant information. This study examines the effects of aging on the neural correlates of context and conflict processing in the Stroop task using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). …
The Importance Of Material-Processing Interactions In Inducing False Memories, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott, Jason M. Watson, David A. Gallo
The Importance Of Material-Processing Interactions In Inducing False Memories, Jason C.K. Chan, Kathleen B. Mcdermott, Jason M. Watson, David A. Gallo
Jason C.K. Chan
Deep encoding, relative to shallow encoding, has been shown to increase the probability of false memories in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Thapar & McDermott, 2001; Toglia, Neuschatz, & Goodwin, 1999). In two experiments, we showed important limitations on the generalizability of this phenomenon; these limitations are clearly predicted by existing theories regarding the mechanisms underlying such false memories (e.g., Roediger, Watson, McDermott, & Gallo, 2001). Specifically, asking subjects to attend to phonological relations among lists of phonologically associated words (e.g.,weep, steep, etc.) increased the likelihood of false recall (Experiment 1) and false recognition (Experiment 2) of a related, nonpresented associate …
Importance Of Perceptual Representation In The Visual Control Of Action, Jack M. Loomis, Andrew C. Beall, Jonathan W. Kelly, Kristen L. Macuga
Importance Of Perceptual Representation In The Visual Control Of Action, Jack M. Loomis, Andrew C. Beall, Jonathan W. Kelly, Kristen L. Macuga
Jonathan W. Kelly
In recent years, many experiments have demonstrated that optic flow is sufficient for visually controlled action, with the suggestion that perceptual representations of 3-D space are superfluous. In contrast, recent research in our lab indicates that some visually controlled actions, including some thought to be based on optic flow, are indeed mediated by perceptual representations. For example, we have demonstrated that people are able to perform complex spatial behaviors, like walking, driving, and object interception, in virtual environments which are rendered visible solely by cyclopean stimulation (random-dot cinematograms). In such situations, the absence of any retinal optic flow that is …
Perception Of Shared Visual Space: Establishing Common Ground In Real And Virtual Environments, Jonathan W. Kelly, Andrew C. Beall, Jack M. Loomis
Perception Of Shared Visual Space: Establishing Common Ground In Real And Virtual Environments, Jonathan W. Kelly, Andrew C. Beall, Jack M. Loomis
Jonathan W. Kelly
When people have visual access to the same space, judgments of this shared visual space (shared vista) can facilitate communication and collaboration. This study establishes baseline performance on a shared vista task in real environments and draws comparisons with performance in visually immersive virtual environments. Participants indicated which parts of the scene were visible to an assistant or avatar (simulated person used in virtual environments) and which parts were occluded by a nearby building. Errors increased with increasing distance between the participant and the assistant out to 15 m, and error patterns were similar between real and virtual environments. This …
Judgments Of Exocentric Direction In Large-Scale Space, Jonathan W. Kelly, Jack M. Loomis, Andrew C. Beall
Judgments Of Exocentric Direction In Large-Scale Space, Jonathan W. Kelly, Jack M. Loomis, Andrew C. Beall
Jonathan W. Kelly
Judgments of exocentric direction are quite common, especially when judging where others are looking or pointing. To investigate these judgments in large-scale space, observers were shown two targets in a large open field and were asked to judge the exocentric direction specified by the targets. The targets ranged in egocentric distance from 5 to 20 m with target-to-target angular separations of 45 8 ,90 8 , and 135 8 . Observers judged exocentric direction using two methods: (i) by judging which point on a distant fence appeared collinear with the two targets, and (ii) by orienting their body in a …
Pig Vocalizations Under Selected Husbandry Practices, Hongwei Xin, James A. Deshazer, D. W. Leger
Pig Vocalizations Under Selected Husbandry Practices, Hongwei Xin, James A. Deshazer, D. W. Leger
Hongwei Xin
Acoustical characteristics of vocalizations of sows, piglets, and nursery pigs under selected husbandry practices were analyzed with a digital signal processing system. The duration (D) and major energy-resonance frequency (P) for each call were determined as follows: a) processing of piglets (D = 0.81 s and f* = 3 700 Hz); b) food anticipation of breeding-gestation sows (2.50 s and 3 000 Hz); c) isolation of piglet (0.34 s and 500, 3 500 Hz); d) startling of nursery pigs (0.29 s and 900 Hz); e) sows in heat (3.07 s and 1 375 Hz); f) farrowing (0.10 s and 3 …