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- Compliance (2)
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Articles 1 - 27 of 27
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Equitable Carbon Revenue Distribution Under An International Emissions Trading Regime, Nathan Hultman, Daniel M. Kammen
Equitable Carbon Revenue Distribution Under An International Emissions Trading Regime, Nathan Hultman, Daniel M. Kammen
PERI Working Papers
When people hear about ‘global warming’ or the Kyoto Protocol, many think of a topic of boundless uncertainty and political controversy. One reason for this reaction is the current U.S. administration’s statement that ‘Kyoto is dead’ and impossible to implement in the United States. As the largest greenhouse polluter in the world, the U.S. is indeed vital to any meaningful attempt to address the certain threat of climate change. Yet climate change will not go away simply because the Bush Administration refuses to sign one particular international accord. Scientists believe with high certainty that the impacts of current greenhouse gas …
Extractive Reserves: Building Natural Assets In The Brazilian Amazon, Anthony Hall
Extractive Reserves: Building Natural Assets In The Brazilian Amazon, Anthony Hall
PERI Working Papers
Amazonia possesses the world's largest remaining area of tropical rainforest (3.5 million sq. km). Despite three decades of settlement and intensive development, the forest is still relatively intact compared with similar areas elsewhere. The region is an increasingly important source of natural assets for both regional and national economic growth, and provides livelihood support to a population of several million. In addition, the Amazon supplies key environmental services in terms of the conservation of biological diversity, climate regulation, and watershed management, as well as sequestering an estimated ten percent of global carbon emissions.
The Rise Of European Unemployment: A Synopsis, Engelbert Stockhammer
The Rise Of European Unemployment: A Synopsis, Engelbert Stockhammer
PERI Working Papers
This paper takes Keynesian macroeconomics and growth theory as its starting point and uses it to analyse the rise of unemployment in the large European economies. In a nutshell the explanation proposed in a series of papers2 is the following. Employment growth is determined by demand growth. The path of growth is set by investment decisions. Changes in labor market institutions are unable to explain the rise in unemployment. Econometric evidence on the relative explanatory power of labor market institutions and capital accumulation in explaining labor market variables are presented in Stockhammer (2004a). I conclude that capital accumulation determines the …
Was The Imf's Imposition Of Economic Regime Change In Korea Justified? A Critique Of The Imf's Economic And Political Role Before And After The Crisis, James Crotty, Kang-Kook Lee
Was The Imf's Imposition Of Economic Regime Change In Korea Justified? A Critique Of The Imf's Economic And Political Role Before And After The Crisis, James Crotty, Kang-Kook Lee
PERI Working Papers
As late as October 1997 the IMF declared that the Korean economy was experiencing a temporary liquidity squeeze, not a solvency problem. Yet in December 1997 Deputy Managing Director Stanley Fischer declared that Korea suffered from a systemic “breakdown of economic relations” so complete that only radical economic restructuring could restore prosperity. The IMF attached what it called “extreme structural conditionality” to its loan agreements with Korea, demanding a complete and rapid transition from Korea’s traditional East Asian economic model to a globally integrated neoliberal model. We subject the IMF’s assertion that the allocative efficiency of the Korean economy had …
Deepening Divides In The U.S. Economy, 2004: Jobless Recovery And The Return Of Fiscal Deficits, Robert Pollin
Deepening Divides In The U.S. Economy, 2004: Jobless Recovery And The Return Of Fiscal Deficits, Robert Pollin
PERI Working Papers
Writing in March 2004, two manifestations of the current conditions have become most prominent, having become, in fact, major news stories on an almost daily basis as we move deeply into the Presidential election season. The first is the so called “jobless recovery” from the 2001 recession, and the second is the return to large fiscal deficits by the federal government. In what follows, I wish to consider both of these developments, showing how they both reflect and reinforce the economy’s negative trajectory, though not primarily for the reasons that have been most prominently cited in mainstream discussions of these …
Review (For Challenge Magazine) Of The Roaring Nineties: A New History Of The World’S Most Prosperous Decade By Joseph E. Stiglitz, Robert Pollin
Review (For Challenge Magazine) Of The Roaring Nineties: A New History Of The World’S Most Prosperous Decade By Joseph E. Stiglitz, Robert Pollin
PERI Working Papers
In The Roaring Nineties, Professor Joseph Stiglitz delivers a forceful and largely effective attack on U.S. economic policy during the Presidency of Bill Clinton. The author undertakes this criticism despite the fact that Bill Clinton chose him to serve as a Member and then Chair, of his Council of Economic Advisors. In 1997, Stiglitz moved on to become Chief Economist at the World Bank, another position which he could not have obtained without the endorsement of the Clinton Administration. In the book’s preface, Stiglitz makes clear his sincere appreciation to President Clinton for appointing him to these senior policymaking posts. …
Air Pollution And Per Capita Income, Rachel A. Bouvier
Air Pollution And Per Capita Income, Rachel A. Bouvier
PERI Working Papers
During the last decade, researchers have investigated the relationship between per capita income and environmental quality. This paper disaggregates the relationship between per capita income and emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds into scale, composition and technology effects, using data from European and North American countries from the period 1980-1986. Results indicate that the scale effect outweighs the composition and technology effects in the cases of carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds, while the opposite is true in the cases of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The results also suggest that greater democracy is …
International Environmental Justice: Building The Natural Assets Of The World’S Poor, Krista Harper, S. Ravi Rajan
International Environmental Justice: Building The Natural Assets Of The World’S Poor, Krista Harper, S. Ravi Rajan
PERI Working Papers
In recent years, vibrant social movements have emerged across the world to fight for environmental justice – for more equitable access to natural resources and environmental quality, including clean air and water. In seeking to build community rights to natural assets, these initiatives seek to advance simultaneously the goals of environmental protection and poverty reduction. This paper sketches the contours of struggles for environmental justice within and among countries, and illustrates with examples primarily drawn from countries of the global South and the former Soviet bloc.
A Future For Small Farms? Biodiversity And Sustainable Agriculture, James K. Boyce
A Future For Small Farms? Biodiversity And Sustainable Agriculture, James K. Boyce
PERI Working Papers
Small farms play a crucial role in conserving the agricultural biodiversity that underpins longterm food security worldwide. Particularly in centers of crop genetic diversity – such as Mesoamerica in the case of maize (corn) and the Andean region in the case of potatoes – small farmers are the ‘keystone species’ in agricultural ecosystems of great value to humankind. Today, however, a formidable nexus of market forces and political forces threatens both small farmers and the biodiversity they sustain. Countervailing public policies are urgently needed. These should include the removal of existing policy biases against small farmers; social recognition of the …
Rising Foreign Outsourcing And Employment Losses In U.S. Manufacturing, 1987-2002, James Burke, Gerald Epstein, Minsik Choi
Rising Foreign Outsourcing And Employment Losses In U.S. Manufacturing, 1987-2002, James Burke, Gerald Epstein, Minsik Choi
PERI Working Papers
Foreign outsourcing, otherwise known as off-shoring, has become a matter of intense public debate and great concern in the United States presidential contest, especially in light of the large job losses experienced by U.S. workers since George Bush became president. Yet, there is a lack of good data on foreign outsourcing since the early 1990s. This paper presents updated measures of foreign outsourcing for the recent period. Its main findings are that the share of foreign-sourced goods in total manufactured inputs almost doubled – from 12.4% to 22.1%– in U.S. manufacturing between 1987 and 2002. Since the early 1990s, outsourcing …
Declining Corporate Income Taxes In The 1990s: A State-By-State Analysis Of Effective Tax Rates, Elissa Braunstein
Declining Corporate Income Taxes In The 1990s: A State-By-State Analysis Of Effective Tax Rates, Elissa Braunstein
PERI Working Papers
Between 1995 and 2000, inflation-adjusted federal corporate income taxes grew an average of 2.0 percent a year; the annual average for state and local corporate tax revenue actually declined by 0.12 percent during the same period. A number of statelevel studies have documented this decline by showing that corporations are paying a declining share of state taxes. But such results are inconclusive because they do not control for changes in corporate profitability. In this paper we use data from the National Income and Product Accounts to create a time series of corporate profits by state, enabling us to investigate corporate …
Compensation For Environmental Services And Rural Communities: Lessons From The Americas, Herman Rosa, Deborah Barry, Susan Kandel, Leopoldo Dimas
Compensation For Environmental Services And Rural Communities: Lessons From The Americas, Herman Rosa, Deborah Barry, Susan Kandel, Leopoldo Dimas
PERI Working Papers
In principle, payments for environmental services – such as watershed management, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration – can advance the goals of both environmental protection and poverty reduction. A review of recent initiatives in the Americas suggests, however, that this desirable combination is not automatic. If payments for environmental services (PES) schemes are to be an effective vehicle for strengthening livelihoods in poor rural communities, they must be designed with that objective firmly in mind. This paper draws key lessons from diverse experiences in Costa Rica, Mexico, Brazil, El Salvador, and New York.
Levels, Differences And Ecms – Principles For Improved Econometric Forecasting, P. Geoffrey Allen, Robert Fildes
Levels, Differences And Ecms – Principles For Improved Econometric Forecasting, P. Geoffrey Allen, Robert Fildes
PERI Working Papers
An avalanche of articles has described the testing of a time series for the presence of unit roots. However, economic model builders have disagreed on the value of testing and how best to operationalise the tests. Sometimes the characterization of the series is an end in itself. More often, unit root testing is a preliminary step, followed by cointegration testing, intended to guide final model specification. A third possibility is to specify a general vector autoregression model, then work to a more specific model by sequential testing and the imposition of parameter restrictions to obtain the simplest data-congruent model ‘fit …
Direct And Market Effects Of Enforcing Emissions Trading Programs: An Experimental Analysis, James J. Murphy, John K. Stranlund
Direct And Market Effects Of Enforcing Emissions Trading Programs: An Experimental Analysis, James J. Murphy, John K. Stranlund
PERI Working Papers
Since firms in an emissions trading program are linked together through a permit market, so too are their compliance choices. Thus, enforcement strategies for trading programs must account for not only the direct effects of enforcement on compliance and emissions decisions, but also the indirect effects that occur because changes in enforcement can induce changes in permit prices. This paper uses laboratory experiments to test for these direct and indirect market effects. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find a direct effect of enforcement on individual violations, as well as a countervailing market effect through the permit price. Thus, the productivity …
An Economic Valuation Of Recreational Shellfishing On Cape Cod, David T. Damery, P. Geoffrey Allen
An Economic Valuation Of Recreational Shellfishing On Cape Cod, David T. Damery, P. Geoffrey Allen
PERI Working Papers
Estimated total value for recreational shellfishing on Cape Cod was $7.4 million in 2002, based on results of a survey of 233 shellfish permit holders, a figure that has roughly kept pace with inflation based on a similar study conducted in 1975. The total value is made up of two components, the actual permit fees collected ($387,000) and an estimate of consumer surplus, which was based on willingness to accept compensation to give up a fishing permit and hence is unbounded by the survey respondents’ income. An estimate based on willingness-to-pay (WTP) gave a total value estimate of $1.0 million …
Pricing-To-Market: Price Discrimination Or Product Differentiation?, Nathalie Lavoie, Qihong Liu
Pricing-To-Market: Price Discrimination Or Product Differentiation?, Nathalie Lavoie, Qihong Liu
PERI Working Papers
We employ a vertical differentiation model to examine the potential bias in pricing-tomarket (PTM) results when using unit values aggregating differentiated products. Our results show that: i) false evidence of PTM (“pseudo PTM”) is always found when using unit values, whether the law of one price holds or not; and ii) the extent to which results are biased due to pseudo PTM increases with the level of product differentiation. Correspondingly, our simulation results suggest that: i) it is possible to get a statistically significant estimate of the exchange rate coefficient, even when there is no real PTM; ii) the probability …
Hypothetical Bias In Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Studies, Michael Ash, James J. Murphy, Thomas H. Stevens
Hypothetical Bias In Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Studies, Michael Ash, James J. Murphy, Thomas H. Stevens
PERI Working Papers
This paper uses a meta-analysis to explore the relationship between hypothetical bias and the price respondents are asked to pay. For public goods, the results clearly indicate a difference in the price elasticity between hypothetical and actual payment conditions. Since the bias increases for larger dollar amounts, any simple guidelines, such as NOAA’s “divide by two” rule of thumb, could be misleading. Future attempts to calibrate contingent valuation responses should reflect this price sensitivity.
The Economics Of Implementing Traceability In Beef Supply Chains: Trends In Major Producing And Trading Countries, Diogo M. Souza-Monteiro, Julie A. Caswell
The Economics Of Implementing Traceability In Beef Supply Chains: Trends In Major Producing And Trading Countries, Diogo M. Souza-Monteiro, Julie A. Caswell
PERI Working Papers
Countries have implemented traceability systems, especially after discovery of BSE in cattle, in order to quickly identify hazard sources. We compare the economic impacts of mandatory and voluntary systems in the EU, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and the United States in terms of the systems’ breadth, depth, and precision.
The Blessing Of Commons: Small Scale Fisheries, Community Property Rights, And Coastal Natural Assets, John Kurien
The Blessing Of Commons: Small Scale Fisheries, Community Property Rights, And Coastal Natural Assets, John Kurien
PERI Working Papers
Following the influential article of Garrett Hardin titled ‘tragedy of the commons,’ it is part of both popular and scholarly belief that unless natural resources are strictly in the domain of private or state property, their fate is inevitable ruin. Closer examination of the actions of lowincome communities who depend on natural resources for their daily livelihoods has recently brought to the fore a more positive view about human proclivity for caring and nurturing common resources found in nature (Hardin 1968).
Natural And Cultural Assets And Participatory Forest Management In West Africa, Kojo Sebastian Amanor
Natural And Cultural Assets And Participatory Forest Management In West Africa, Kojo Sebastian Amanor
PERI Working Papers
This chapter explores the ways in which concepts of 'community' and 'environmental crisis' are constructed and implemented in contemporary forest policy in West Africa and the implications of these policies for the relationships among people, their production, and the environment. It argues that many West African communities have interacted with the environment in ways that have enhanced the natural resource base. A forestry strategy rooted in a conception of building natural assets – rather than in protecting a threatened and ostensibly pristine nature from human intervention, as characterizes much environmental thinking – can meet the objectives of reducing poverty and …
Exploring The Demographic Factors Affecting Passage Of Living Wage Ordinances, Oren M. Levin-Waldman
Exploring The Demographic Factors Affecting Passage Of Living Wage Ordinances, Oren M. Levin-Waldman
PERI Working Papers
In this paper, I examine some of those features on the basis of data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) by comparing cities that passed ordinances to those that did not. What I intend to show is the following: cities with certain demographics, particularly higher concentrations of immigrants from south of the American border, lower levels of educational attainment, more people in low wage industries, and higher rates of income inequality, appear to be more likely to pass living wage ordinances than those cities that do not have these demographics. This, of course, would raise the further question of what …
Elements Of An Employment Framework For Poverty Reduction In Ghana, James Heintz
Elements Of An Employment Framework For Poverty Reduction In Ghana, James Heintz
PERI Working Papers
The study found that, unlike many other Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), the GPRS presents employment as a core objective of the policy framework. In formulating and implementing the GPRS, the Government of Ghana has already established a solid foundation of employment-targeted programmes. However, despite this foundation, the employment content of the GPRS must be strengthened across a number of dimensions if sustainable poverty reduction is to be achieved. Specifically, an integrated employment framework for poverty reduction should be developed as part of the revision process for the GPRS.
Capital Inflows, Policy Responses, And Their Ill Consequences: Thailand, Malaysia, And Indonesia In The Decade Before The Crises, Clara García
PERI Working Papers
Capital inflows, especially when volatile, denominated in foreign currencies and not properly hedged against exchange rate risks, may pose macroeconomic and financial problems in the recipient economy. In this paper we analyze the mechanisms through which those problems arise; and we assess the policies that national authorities may resort to in order to prevent them, under the assumption that capital inflows are the result of previous stabilization and liberalization packages. Also, we study the use and effectiveness of policy responses to capital inflows in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia in the years prior to the 1997-98 financial crises. We conclude that …
The Economic Impact Of Living Wage Ordinances, Mark D. Brenner
The Economic Impact Of Living Wage Ordinances, Mark D. Brenner
PERI Working Papers
Drawing upon both prospective and retrospective evidence, this paper reviews the economic effects of local living wage ordinances. I concentrate my attention on the higher costs these measures create for covered firms, as well as their budgetary implications vis-à-vis cities that adopt them. I also briefly review the effect that living wage laws have had on bidding environment for city service contracts. Based on a range of cost estimates associated with living wage laws, I then examine the adjustment channels firms are likely to pursue when adjusting to higher labor costs, including: raising prices; increasing firm productivity; redistributing income within …
Another Distortion Of Adam Smith: The Case Of The "Invisible Hand", Michael Meeropol
Another Distortion Of Adam Smith: The Case Of The "Invisible Hand", Michael Meeropol
PERI Working Papers
This paper addresses a major omission in the way textbook writers and journalists utilize Adam Smith’s concept of the “invisible hand” to make Adam Smith an intellectual precursor of modern neo-liberal economic policy. Specifically, the paper addresses the use of the concept of the “invisible hand” by Adam Smith to address two major issues in the debate over neo-liberal policy: the international flow of capital and its role in the location of investment projects and the inequality in the distribution of income that might result from certain policies. The neo-liberal mantra about Adam Smith’s invisible hand asserts that so long …
Enforcing Transferable Permit Systems In The Presence Of Transaction Costs, Carlos A. Chavez, John K. Stranlund
Enforcing Transferable Permit Systems In The Presence Of Transaction Costs, Carlos A. Chavez, John K. Stranlund
PERI Working Papers
In this paper we examine the impacts of transaction costs on enforcing a transferable emissions permit system. We derive an enforcement strategy with a self-reporting requirement that achieves complete compliance in a cost-effective manner. In the absence of transaction costs targeted enforcement—the practice of monitoring some firms more closely than others—is neither necessary nor desirable. In the presence of constant marginal transaction costs, buyers of permits should be monitored more closely than sellers, but within groups of buyers and sellers monitoring should be uniform. When marginal transaction costs are not constant, effective monitoring will depend on whether a firm is …
Attitudes Towards Alternative Management Policies For Public Recreation Lands, Mihail Samnaliev, Thomas Stevens, Thomas More
Attitudes Towards Alternative Management Policies For Public Recreation Lands, Mihail Samnaliev, Thomas Stevens, Thomas More
PERI Working Papers
Public recreation land management agencies have been searching for ways to increase revenue. User fees as implemented by the Fee Demonstration Program have received the most attention. Corporate sponsorships and private donations have also been implemented and other options, such as partial privatization, closure of some areas, and different forms of public-private partnerships have been debated. The present paper reports results from a 2002 mail survey of randomly selected Idaho and New Hampshire households, designed to elicit public attitudes about a wide variety of management policies for public (federal/state) recreation lands. The most socially acceptable forms for raising revenue were …