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Articles 1 - 30 of 108
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
“Cause That’S The Only Skills In School You Need” A Qualitative Analysis Of Revenge Goals In Poor Urban Youth, Lena Janina Jäggi
“Cause That’S The Only Skills In School You Need” A Qualitative Analysis Of Revenge Goals In Poor Urban Youth, Lena Janina Jäggi
Theses and Dissertations
Ample research shows that revenge goals are correlated with maladjustment and retaliation is an important factor driving youth violence. Still, in environments with limited institutionalized interventions revenge might be an indispensable tool to maintain social equilibrium. This qualitative secondary analysis of 50 (30 Boys) revenge scenarios from a larger longitudinal study (N=358 dyads of youth/maternal caregiver) expands existing one-dimensional knowledge of revenge from closed-answer vignettes to the rich real world experience of 10-16 year old youth from an urban community sample. Key findings showed significant qualitative differences in both cognition and emotions of revenge scenarios. Ten distinct patterns emerged and …
Family Processes As Moderators Of The Impact Of Peer, School, And Neighborhood Influences On Adolescent Aggression, Alison Kramer-Kuhn
Family Processes As Moderators Of The Impact Of Peer, School, And Neighborhood Influences On Adolescent Aggression, Alison Kramer-Kuhn
Theses and Dissertations
Despite theoretical support for the role of the family in providing a foundation to protect youth against risks for aggression, there is little published literature examining a protective influence. This study examined family functioning and perceived parental messages about fighting and nonviolence as moderators of the relation between risk factors and adolescent aggression. The specific risk factors included affiliating with a delinquent group of peers, attending a school with norms that support aggression, and witnessing violence within the community. Secondary analyses were conducted on data collected from a high-risk sample of 537 adolescents in 2 cohorts from 18 schools. Adolescents …
Maternal Monitoring And Maternal Psychological Well-Being: Important Components In Treating Conduct Disorder, Benjamin Rosen
Maternal Monitoring And Maternal Psychological Well-Being: Important Components In Treating Conduct Disorder, Benjamin Rosen
Theses and Dissertations
Conduct disorder is characterized by behaviors that take a large toll on the individuals, families, and communities afflicted. Thus, improving treatment effectiveness should be a high priority. Currently, common intervention programs do not address parental depression, even though it has been linked to adolescent conduct disorder behaviors in some studies. The current study assessed whether the relation between maternal depression and adolescent conduct disorder behaviors is mediated by another factor which has been linked to conduct disorder behaviors, maternal monitoring. Results did not support the hypothesized mediated association, but did show significant individual associations for both maternal depression and maternal …
Clarifying The Direction Of Effects Between Alliance And Client Involvement In Treatment For Child Anxiety In Community Settings, Nadia Islam
Theses and Dissertations
Alliance and client involvement are thought to be important therapy process factors in child psychotherapy; however, few studies have investigated them over the course of treatment. The present study examined change in alliance, client involvement, and the relationship between the two over time in an effectiveness study comparing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and usual clinical care (UC) for child anxiety disorders. The sample included 40 clinically-referred children (57.50%, female, mean age = 10.81, SD = 2.11, 35.00% Caucasian, 32.50% Latino/Hispanic, 5.00% African-American, 7.50% mixed ethnicity, 20.00% not reported) and 39 therapists employed by community clinics. Two doctoral-level students comprised the …
Longitudinal Relations Between Dating Violence Victimization And Perpetration And Substance Use: The Moderating Role Of Gender And School Norms For Dating Violence, Katherine Taylor
Theses and Dissertations
Adolescent dating violence is commonly experienced by adolescents and is associated with a variety of negative outcomes. Stress and coping and social learning theories suggest that dating violence victimization may predict increased substance use and dating violence perpetration. However, few studies have assessed these relations over time, and existing studies have not assessed physical and psychological dating violence victimization separately nor focused on early adolescent populations. The current study addressed these gaps by examining longitudinal relations between physical and psychological dating violence victimization and substance use and physical and psychological dating violence perpetration among early adolescents. The extent to which …
Work Hope And The Socioemotional Functioning Of Offenders, David Guion
Work Hope And The Socioemotional Functioning Of Offenders, David Guion
Theses and Dissertations
For offenders returning to society at record levels, securing work looms as one of the most crucial factors in successful reentry. Work hope is a construct that seeks to measure the relative presence of goals of securing desired work, thoughts about how to achieve those goals, and agency to achieve those goals, even in the presence of obstacles. This study sought to examine relationships among work hope, the socioemotional variables of attachment, emotion regulation, physical, relational, and workplace victimization, and coping, and the career-related variables of perceptions of career-related barriers and complexity level of career goals. The sample comprised cohorts …
Community Participation In Disaster Planning And The Expectation Gap: Analysis And Recommendations, Phillip Sperry
Community Participation In Disaster Planning And The Expectation Gap: Analysis And Recommendations, Phillip Sperry
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis explores the expectation gap and how it relates to the field of emergency management. As disasters become more commonplace, many citizens have high expectations of their governments, which results in a lack of individual disaster preparation. This thesis analyzed the current state of community education and engagement programs, use of best practices by governments and inter-agency cooperation and partnerships. The research consisted of fifteen interviews with emergency management professionals representing local, state, and federal government as well as the private sector. The results show limited public participation, as well as issues with crisis communications systems. Over 80% of …
Local Government Law Enforcement Services: Relationships Between Performance And Cost In Collective And Non-Collctive Bargaining Workforces, Joseph Casey
Theses and Dissertations
High performance organizations desire to provide services in an effective and efficient manner with positive outcomes; therefore measures of performance and cost can be utilized to gauge such success. Through comparative research and analysis of local governments that have and do not have collective bargaining for law enforcement, findings and results can determine if there is any correlation between employee workforce classification (in collective or non-collective bargaining workplaces), high performance traits, costs and high performance return on costs (HPRC) for law enforcement. A HPRC composite measure was developed and utilized to compare and contrast all of the local governments to …
Older Msm And Hiv/Aids: A Grounded Theory Study To Inform Prevention, Johnnie O'Neal
Older Msm And Hiv/Aids: A Grounded Theory Study To Inform Prevention, Johnnie O'Neal
Theses and Dissertations
This study sought to increase knowledge as it relates to HIV-prevention for older adults, especially for MSM who are HIV-negative. In participating in this study, participants shared their experiences, stories and feelings related to their exposure to HIV and HIV-prevention initiatives. Using a Traditional Grounded Theory method, 22 interviews with older MSM were conducted with the aim of producing a theory that explained how these men lived prior to HIV, the different ways they responded to the onset of the virus, how they have lived their lives over the last three decades, and the extent to which the virus continues …
Characterizing The Implementation Of Cbt For Youth Anxiety, Meghan Smith
Characterizing The Implementation Of Cbt For Youth Anxiety, Meghan Smith
Theses and Dissertations
Although evidence-based treatments (EBTs) often perform well in research settings, when EBTs are delivered in practice settings they sometimes fail to outperform usual care (UC). One reason for this could be that therapists in practice settings may not follow the EBT protocol as closely or may deliver more therapeutic interventions that align with other treatment domains. I tested this possibility in the context of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for youth anxiety by comparing how CBT was delivered in practice (i.e., community-based clinics) and research (i.e., lab) settings. A diverse sample of youth (aged 7-15) received one of two treatments to address …
Differences In Attitudes Towards People With Disabilities: Examining The Effects Of The Presence Of An Assistance Dog, Jennifer A. Coleman
Differences In Attitudes Towards People With Disabilities: Examining The Effects Of The Presence Of An Assistance Dog, Jennifer A. Coleman
Theses and Dissertations
Individuals with disabilities face various types of social stigma. Research suggests that the presence of an assistance dog leads to an increase in social interactions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether people’s attitudes toward individuals with disabilities differ when pairing that person with an assistance dog. Undergraduate students (N= 244) were randomly assigned to view an individual with a disability either alone or with an assistance dog. Participants rated their attitudes toward the individual, completed a newly developed Implicit Association Test, and answered behavioral intention questions. Results of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that individuals with …
Enhancing Self-Efficacy In The Utilization Of Physical Activity Counseling: An Online Constructivist Approach With Psychologists-In-Training, Cassandra D. Pasquariello
Enhancing Self-Efficacy In The Utilization Of Physical Activity Counseling: An Online Constructivist Approach With Psychologists-In-Training, Cassandra D. Pasquariello
Theses and Dissertations
In our sedentary society, physical inactivity has become the biggest public health concern of the 21st century. In addition to physical health promotion, physical activity has been associated with a number of positive psychological and social outcomes. Psychologists are well positioned to provide physical activity counseling and may have ethical obligations to address physical activity with their clients. Training the next generation of psychologists about the role of physical activity and health is critical to ensure best practices in graduate education. Researchers have cited insufficient training as a barrier to integrating physical activity into clinical work, yet little is known …
Playing In The Sandbox: Using Mixed Methods And Social Network To Examine Interorganizational Relationships Between Nonprofit Housing Organizations In The Richmond Metropolitan Area, Tamarah Holmes
Theses and Dissertations
Nonprofit housing organizations primarily exist to address the housing needs of low-income residents, whose housing needs are not sufficiently met by the public or private housing market. NHOs are very similar to private corporations in their size, productivity and commitment to the “bottom line.” However, unlike private firms, NHOs are “mission driven” instead profit-driven corporations. The development of affordable housing in the nonprofit housing sector requires a myriad of financial and non-financial resources. As competition for financial resources intensifies many organizations are adopting strategies as a means to not only reduce organizational uncertainty and sustain them, but also increase or …
The Development Of A Discipline: Examination Of The Profession Of Gerontology And Gerontological Professionals, Tracey Gendron
The Development Of A Discipline: Examination Of The Profession Of Gerontology And Gerontological Professionals, Tracey Gendron
Theses and Dissertations
The growth of the aging population has warranted increased training and education to prepare professionals with the specific knowledge needed to best serve older adults. Gerontology, as an academic discipline, provides professionals with the conceptual knowledge and the skills necessary to address the complexities of working with a diverse aging population. Little research has been done of the characteristics of professionals both with and without formal education in gerontology that are working with the aging population. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of career motivation, job satisfaction, attitudes about aging, career commitment, and professional identity among …
Proactive Transparency And Government Communication In The Usa And The Netherlands, H.J.M. (Erna) Ruijer
Proactive Transparency And Government Communication In The Usa And The Netherlands, H.J.M. (Erna) Ruijer
Theses and Dissertations
Proactive government transparency has recently entered the spotlight. Examples of information made public at the initiative of the public body, without the need for filing a request, are: www.data.gov and www.recovery.gov. Transparency is an intrinsic value of democratic societies. In much of the literature an automatic link is assumed between transparency and increased accountability or trust. However, this link may not be as straightforward. Whether and how information is used to further public objectives also depends on the way information is incorporated into the complex communication chain of comprehension, action and response. Therefore, in this dissertation a communication approach was …
Heart Rate Variability As A Moderator Of Trauma Writing Outcomes, Alison Eonta
Heart Rate Variability As A Moderator Of Trauma Writing Outcomes, Alison Eonta
Theses and Dissertations
Writing about personal traumatic experiences is associated with beneficial effects on physical and psychological symptoms compared with writing about emotionally neutral events. However, not everyone benefits from trauma writing to the same extent. The present study hypothesized that the effectiveness of trauma writing may be moderated by emotion regulation, as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Research also shows that greater physiological reactivity is predictive of better trauma writing outcomes. Given the importance of physiological output in emotional processing, response training was developed and found to increase appropriate physiological reactivity. Because higher RSA is thought to indicate a more flexible …
Cannabinoid Modulation Of Reinforcement Maintained By Stimulation Of The Medial Forebrain Bundle In C57bl/6j Mice, Jason Wiebelhaus
Cannabinoid Modulation Of Reinforcement Maintained By Stimulation Of The Medial Forebrain Bundle In C57bl/6j Mice, Jason Wiebelhaus
Theses and Dissertations
Cannabinoid agonists, including marijuana containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are found rewarding by humans. In addition to human self-reports and experimental studies that show marijuana is rewarding, contributions from preclinical studies also have implicated cannabinoid receptors in reward-motivated behavior. One way to assess these preclinical effects of cannabinoids is intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), where an animal performs a response to receive electrical stimulation of a specific brain area or circuit known to be involved in reward. Drugs of abuse, such as psychomotor stimulants, facilitate responding for ICSS. While a few studies have shown facilitating effects of cannabinoids in rats, several have shown the …
Patient Perceptions Of Shared Decision Making: What Does It Mean And How Does It Affect Patient Outcomes?, Laura Aubree Shay
Patient Perceptions Of Shared Decision Making: What Does It Mean And How Does It Affect Patient Outcomes?, Laura Aubree Shay
Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: Shared decision making (SDM) has been advocated as an optimal approach to medical decision-making. Yet, little is known about how patients perceive SDM and whether patient-defined SDM is associated with patient outcomes. Methods: This three-manuscript dissertation used a mixed-methods approach including a systematic literature review and both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The aims were to: (1) systematically review the patient outcomes studied in relation to SDM and identify under what measurement contexts SDM is associated with which types of patient outcomes; (2) use in-depth, qualitative interviews to develop a conceptual model of patient-defined SDM and compare this to …
Effectiveness Of A Cbt Intervention For Persistent Insomnia And Hypnotic Dependency In An Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic, Hannah Taylor
Effectiveness Of A Cbt Intervention For Persistent Insomnia And Hypnotic Dependency In An Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic, Hannah Taylor
Theses and Dissertations
Previous research supports the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in patients with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses; however, questions remain about the effectiveness of CBT-I due to the fact that previous studies excluded patients with significant psychiatric symptoms and comorbid diagnoses. This study begins to address this gap in the insomnia literature by testing a five-session CBT-I intervention in a diverse sample of patients receiving mental health treatment in an outpatient psychiatry clinic (N=23) who continue to experience chronic insomnia despite receiving pharmacological treatment for sleep. Participants were randomized to CBT-I (n=13) or a treatment as usual control group (n=10). …
Using Behavioral Incentives To Promote Exercise Compliance In Women With Cocaine Dependence, Leila Islam
Using Behavioral Incentives To Promote Exercise Compliance In Women With Cocaine Dependence, Leila Islam
Theses and Dissertations
To date, low rates of patient compliance have made it impractical to study whether regular exercise can contribute to positive outcomes in women with substance use disorders (SUD). One robust strategy for promoting and maintaining behavior change is contingency management (CM). CM has been used successfully to reinforce drug abstinence, treatment attendance, and other pro-social behaviors. CM delivers incentives (prizes) contingent upon target behaviors, though can be expensive. To reduce costs, CM is often delivered with an escalating variable-ratio schedule, first tested by Petry and colleagues (2005). As a Stage Ib behavioral therapies development project (Rounsaville et al., 2001), the …
The Role Of Pain-Related Catastrophizing In Outcomes And Recovery From Minimally Invasive And Surgical Procedures For Treating Temporomandibular Disorders, Aaron Martin
Theses and Dissertations
The current study examined the ability of pain-related catastrophizing to predict outcomes following non-surgical and surgical intervention for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). The interpersonal context of pain-related catastrophizing, referred to as the communal coping model, was also examined to determine if patient perceptions of punishing and solicitous responses from significant others would moderate or mediate relations between pain catastrophizing and outcomes. The role of pain duration as a moderator of the relation between pain-related catastrophizing and perceived significant other responding was also examined. A total of 94 patients were identified for which 65 had follow-up outcomes that could be examined. Patient …
The Impact Of Local Public Education On Economic Development, Curtis Cobert
The Impact Of Local Public Education On Economic Development, Curtis Cobert
Theses and Dissertations
The focus of this thesis is to seek and observe the patterns of economic development around local public schools of varying quality. The Greater Richmond Region (consisting of the City of Richmond and the counties of Chesterfield, Hanover and Henrico) were used as the basis of the study. The scores for the schools were derived from an equation that took into account some of the main quality aspects. The factors that went into the equation were graduation rates, dropout rates, standardized test scores and AP (Advance Placement) enrollment. The basis of the economic development evaluation is based on a set …
The Relation Between Patterns Of Beliefs About Fighting And Social Information-Processing: Differences In Cognitions, Goals, And The Response-Decision Process In Adolescents, Denicia Titchner
Theses and Dissertations
Beliefs about aggression play a key role in how youth interpret and respond to social situations and are related to aggressive behavior. Adolescents may report beliefs supporting aggression and engage in aggression due to reinforcement within their environment, rather than due to maladaptive social information-processing (SIP) biases. The purpose of this study was to examine adolescents’ patterns of beliefs about aggression and how these patterns relate to SIP. This study used latent class analysis (LCA), the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations paradigm, and a Problem Solving Interview to examine differences in SIP between adolescents with varying patterns of beliefs about …
Examining The Csi Effect And The Influence Of Forensic Crime Television On Future Jurors, Christopher Kopacki
Examining The Csi Effect And The Influence Of Forensic Crime Television On Future Jurors, Christopher Kopacki
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines the relationship exposure to forensic crime television has on a potential juror’s willingness to find a suspect guilty when presented with a case involving only circumstantial and eyewitness evidence. This study also looks at a potential juror’s expectation of forensic evidence being presented at trial based upon this exposure. To better understand these relationships, the study utilized social constructionism as the theoretical framework. To collect data, an original survey instrument that included either a violent or non-violent crime scenario was developed. Reponses from 1572 undergraduate students were analyzed to better understand what might influence their willingness to …
Barriers For Foreign-Born Students In Elite Post-Secondary Education In The United States, Charmian Lam
Barriers For Foreign-Born Students In Elite Post-Secondary Education In The United States, Charmian Lam
Theses and Dissertations
Foreign-born students complete college at a lower rate when compared to native-born students. It is essential to examine both the known and latent barriers that prevent foreign-born students from successfully completing the first four years of college. The purpose of this study is to assess the applicability of Bourdieuian notions of capital in explaining the discrepancy in educational attainment between foreign-born and native born students. The data is from the 1999 National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen (n=3176), a survey designed to test various theoretical explanations for minority underachievement in higher education. Stepwise regressions were used to determine the individual impact …
The Impact Of Substance Abuse In High Risk, Rural Virginia Counties, Charlette T. Woolridge
The Impact Of Substance Abuse In High Risk, Rural Virginia Counties, Charlette T. Woolridge
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between drug-related crimes in high-risk, rural Virginia counties (Brunswick County and Grayson County) and efforts to reduce them with a particular focus on a cost-benefit analysis of expenditures. Four independent variables were assessed in relation to drug-related crime: expenditures associated with (1) drug abuse prevention and (2) drug abuse treatment, (3) economic development, and (4) education. Drug abuse prevention and drug abuse treatment are traditional approaches to address the drug use and crime relationship, while economic development and education represent social determinants of health (economic and social factors that impact …
Longitudinal Predictors Of Quality Of Life In Adolescent Survivors Of Childhood Cancer: A Report From The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, Claire C. Russell
Longitudinal Predictors Of Quality Of Life In Adolescent Survivors Of Childhood Cancer: A Report From The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, Claire C. Russell
Theses and Dissertations
Objective: The impact of childhood cancer on future quality of life (QoL) in survivors is unclear. Current studies focus on comparing outcomes to healthy peers and identifying related treatment and demographic variables, but a shift in our approach is necessary. This study is guided by the Wilson and Cleary Model (WMC) and seeks to identify longitudinal predictors of QoL in adolescent survivors of cancer that explain variance in QoL beyond the impact of treatment and demographic variables. Methods: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) is a multi-institutional longitudinal study following a cohort of childhood cancer survivors. This study focuses on …
Visual Attention Bias And Body Dissatisfaction In Eating Disorders, Janet Lydecker
Visual Attention Bias And Body Dissatisfaction In Eating Disorders, Janet Lydecker
Theses and Dissertations
Eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa, have profound negative effects on the quality of life of both affected individuals and their families. Behavioral approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are commonly used for the treatment of these disorders. CBT teaches skills to restructure maladaptive thought patterns as a method of altering feelings and behaviors. However, even after CBT, 50-70% of women with bulimia and 67-87% of women with anorexia report continued eating disordered thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Measuring underlying cognitive processes such as orienting, maintaining, and executive attention in individuals with eating disorder symptomatology might be an important …
The Relationship Between Mother's Level Of Education And Parent Involvement, Meagan Rawls
The Relationship Between Mother's Level Of Education And Parent Involvement, Meagan Rawls
Theses and Dissertations
Despite an extensive body of literature on the relationship between parents’ education and a child’s academic outcomes, there is considerably less research into the factors that influence parent involvement. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlates associated with parent involvement with their child inside and outside of school. I use Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the Forms of Capital and Habitus, specifically focusing on cultural capital, to frame my analysis. I use data from the 2007 National Household Education Survey of Parent and Family Involvement (n=10,628), a nationally representative sample, to examine if mother’s level of education is …
Implications Of Child Abduction For Human Rights And Child Welfare Systems: A Constructivist Inquiry Of The Lived Experience Of Guatemalan Mothers Publically Reporting Child Abduction For Intercountry Adoption, Carmen Monico
Theses and Dissertations
The Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption was agreed upon in 1993 at the Hague Conference on Private International Law to address growing allegations of abduction, sale, and trafficking of children around the world. The Hague Convention guides countries to attend to the “best interest of the child” in making decisions on intercountry adoptions, and to apply the “principle of subsidiarity,” which calls for the consideration of family and kinship placement and national adoption prior to the consideration of intercountry adoption. This dissertation research focused on the experience of Guatemalan mothers reporting …