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Articles 1 - 30 of 41
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling Of The Movement Of Ice Streams, L M. Berliner, Noel A. Cressie, Kenneth Jezek, Yongku Kim, Calvin Lam
Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling Of The Movement Of Ice Streams, L M. Berliner, Noel A. Cressie, Kenneth Jezek, Yongku Kim, Calvin Lam
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Modern studies of the behaviors of glaciers, ice-sheets, and ice-streams rely heavily on both observations and physically based models. Data acquired via remote-sensing provide critical information on geometry and movement of ice over large sections of the Antarctic and Greenland. Though these datasets represent significant advances in terms of spatial coverage and the range of processes we can observe, the physical systems to be modeled are nevertheless incompletely observed. Uncertainties associated with measurement errors are also present. In addition, physical models are also subject to uncertainties. Hence, there is a need for combining observations and models in a fashion that …
Encapsulation Of Validation Tests In The Esp-R Simulation Program, Paul Strachan, Georgios Kokogiannakis, I Macdonald
Encapsulation Of Validation Tests In The Esp-R Simulation Program, Paul Strachan, Georgios Kokogiannakis, I Macdonald
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
It is well recognised that validation of dynamic building simulation programs is a long-term complex task. There have been many large national and international efforts that have led to a well-established validation methodology comprising analytical, inter-program comparison and empirical validation components, and a significant number of tests have been developed. As simulation usage increases, driven by such initiatives as the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, such tests are starting to be incorporated into national and international standards. Although many program developers have run many of the developed tests, there does not appear to have been a systematic attempt to …
Infrared-Active Phonons Of Homn/Sub 1-X/Co/Sub X/O/Sub 3/ (X = 0-0.8), Feng Gao, Xiaolin Wang, M Farhoudi, R A. Lewis, Shi Xue Dou
Infrared-Active Phonons Of Homn/Sub 1-X/Co/Sub X/O/Sub 3/ (X = 0-0.8), Feng Gao, Xiaolin Wang, M Farhoudi, R A. Lewis, Shi Xue Dou
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Polycrystalline HoMn/sub 1-x/Co/sub x/O/sub 3/ was synthesized by solid-state reaction. The infrared active phonons of the samples were investigated. The infrared transmission spectra of the sample at x = 0-0.8 doping level was also measured at room temperature. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the crystal structure of the samples.
A Quasi-Dynamic Nonlinear Finite Element Model To Investigate Prosthetic Interface Stresses During Walking For Trans-Tibial Amputees, Xiaohong Jia, Ming Zhang, Xiaobing Li, Winson Lee
A Quasi-Dynamic Nonlinear Finite Element Model To Investigate Prosthetic Interface Stresses During Walking For Trans-Tibial Amputees, Xiaohong Jia, Ming Zhang, Xiaobing Li, Winson Lee
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Background. To predict the interface pressure between residual limb and prosthetic socket for trans-tibial amputees during walking. Methods. A quasi-dynamic finite element model was built based on the actual geometry of residual limb, internal bones and socket liner. To simulate the friction/slip boundary conditions between the skin and liner, automated surface-to-surface contact was used. Besides variable external loads and material inertia, the coupling between the large rigid displacement of knee joint and small elastic deformation of residual limb and prosthetic components were also considered. Results. Interface pressure distribution was found to have the same profile during walking. The high pressures …
Energy Injection By Disbributed Generation For Enhancement Of Voltage Profile In Swer Systems, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Gerard Ledwich
Energy Injection By Disbributed Generation For Enhancement Of Voltage Profile In Swer Systems, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Gerard Ledwich
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A system with Distributed Generation (DG) has greater load carrying capacity and can correct for a poor voltage profile during peak loading. This paper addresses the loading patterns of rural feeders and the relative effectiveness of real and reactive injection to support voltage profile in Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) systems. Real and reactive injection on a SWER network has been investigated and required energy for voltage enhancement estimated. DG with real and reactive injection (DG-PQ) using Q priority (DG-QPQ) can drastically reduce fuel and energy requirements compared to the amount required by proportional use of real and reactive power …
Minimising Power Losses In Distribution Systems With Distributed Resources, An D. T Le, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Minimising Power Losses In Distribution Systems With Distributed Resources, An D. T Le, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Attempts to reduce electricity cost, together with improving the efficiency of distribution systems, have led power utilities to dealing with the problem of power loss minimisation. Although losses in the system can never be entirely eliminated, they can be controlled and minimised in several ways. Research conducted in the last few decades has proven that an inclusion of Distributed Resources (DR) into distribution systems considerably lowers the level of power losses. Moreover, the choice of DR is even more attractive since it provides not only benefits in power loss minimisation, but also a wide range of other advantages including environment, …
Minimising Voltage Deviation In Distribution Feeders By Optimising Size And Location Of Distributed Generation, An D. T Le, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Minimising Voltage Deviation In Distribution Feeders By Optimising Size And Location Of Distributed Generation, An D. T Le, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A new emerging trend of distribution networks is to use small generating units, known as distributed generation (DG), operating in parallel with the main grid. This kind of distribution networks has enabled DG to support power systems in fulfilling their requirements to increase power output as well as quality of power supply. DG has potential to alter power flows, system voltages, and the system performance. In order to maximise benefits from the DG system, proper DG planning is necessary. Determining an optimal DG size and its DG location are critical issues that are addressed in this paper. The main purpose …
Maximising Voltage Support In Distribution Systems By Distributed Generation, An D. T Le, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Maximising Voltage Support In Distribution Systems By Distributed Generation, An D. T Le, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Rapidly increasing in the demand of electricity along with recently advances in distributed generation (DG) technologies have sparked a new interest in utilisation of DG sources. However, there are a number of technical issues regarding to the installation of DG, since DG connection significantly affects existing network configuration and operation, especially for system with high level of DG penetration. To achieve maximum voltage support from DG utilisation, methodologies related to DG placement and DG operation are developed in this paper. Technique to optimise voltage improvement by effectively injecting active and reactive power of DG is developed based on voltage sensitivity …
Dynamics Of A Hydro-Wind Hybrid Isolated Power System, M Aktarujjaman, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Dynamics Of A Hydro-Wind Hybrid Isolated Power System, M Aktarujjaman, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Michael Negnevitsky, Gerard Ledwich
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Implementation of Distributed Generation (DG) can improve power quality and reliability, and guarantee continuity of power supply. This paper addresses the issue of continuity of power supply especially for isolated communities. A part of a network can be electrically isolated from the main grid when the grid fails to supply power due to a fault in the network or unavailability of power generation. In this paper, a mini hydro-wind hybrid power system is considered, and operation and control of the hybrid system during connecting it with the grid as well as its operation in the isolated condition are investigated. The …
Dynamic Modeling And Simulation Of A Multi Effect Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Unit, Mohammed I. Sohel, B Dawoud
Dynamic Modeling And Simulation Of A Multi Effect Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Unit, Mohammed I. Sohel, B Dawoud
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Recently solar distillation using Multi Effect Humidification-dehumidification (MEH) cycle is receiving special attention. In this communication detailed models of MEH are presented that take into account most of the dynamic behavior with reasonable accuracy. Using these models simulation was carried out and the results of simulation were discussed in this paper. To find out the competence of the newly developed models, some of the simulation results were compared with the available experimental data in the literature. It turned out that the result of simulation give a very good agreement with the experimental data. The maximum deviation between simulation and experimental …
Dynamic Channel Allocation For Mobile Cellular Systems Using A Control Theoretical Approach, Yaya Wei, Chuang Lin, Raad Raad, Fengyuan Ren
Dynamic Channel Allocation For Mobile Cellular Systems Using A Control Theoretical Approach, Yaya Wei, Chuang Lin, Raad Raad, Fengyuan Ren
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The guard channel scheme in wireless mobile networks has attracted and is still drawing research interest owing to easy implementation and flexible control. Dynamic guard channel schemes have already been proposed in the literature to adapt to varying traffic load. This paper presents a novel control-theoretic approach to dynamically reserve guard channels called PI-Guard Channel (PI-GC) controller that maintains the handoff blocking probability (HBP) to a predefined value; while it still improves the channel resource utilization.
Using Wireless Sensors As Selection Devices For A Multimedia Guidebook Scenario, Montserrat Ros, Matthew D'Souza, Michael Chan, Konstanty Bialkowski, Adam Postula, Neil Bergmann, Andras Toth
Using Wireless Sensors As Selection Devices For A Multimedia Guidebook Scenario, Montserrat Ros, Matthew D'Souza, Michael Chan, Konstanty Bialkowski, Adam Postula, Neil Bergmann, Andras Toth
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper describes the implementation of a wireless sensor network for a multimedia guidebook scenario incorporating a pointer-sensor system for the selection of locality-aware information. An Information Point Station Network (IPSN) was developed and consists of several Information Point Stations (IPSs) placed at locations of significance, with access to information items on a centralized server. In the multimedia guidebook scenario, a user selects a particular information item to view, either by way of a menu system appearing on their mobile computing device (MCD) or a more intuitive pointer-sensor system as described in this paper. Laser sensors are placed next to …
A Bluetooth Based Protocol For Multimedia Guidebooks On Mobile Computing Devices, Matthew D'Souza, Adam Postula, Neil Bergmann, Montserrat Ros
A Bluetooth Based Protocol For Multimedia Guidebooks On Mobile Computing Devices, Matthew D'Souza, Adam Postula, Neil Bergmann, Montserrat Ros
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper presents a Bluetooth based communications protocol used for multimedia guidebooks on mobile computing devices. Multimedia guidebooks are used in museums to allow users to access information about museum exhibits. The multimedia guidebook protocol was successfully implemented on a personal digital assistant and mobile (cell) phone platforms. The protocol overcomes some of the wireless file transfer protocol limitation issues with mobile computing devices. The protocol uses Bluetooth wireless connections as a communications medium. The protocol can be used to transfer various file formats such as image or audio files. The protocol also identifies the language content of the information …
A Bluetooth Wireless Network Infrastructure For Multimedia Guidebooks On Mobile Computing Devices, Matthew D'Souza, Montserrat Ros, Adam Postula, Neil Bergmann
A Bluetooth Wireless Network Infrastructure For Multimedia Guidebooks On Mobile Computing Devices, Matthew D'Souza, Montserrat Ros, Adam Postula, Neil Bergmann
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper describes the implementation of a Bluetooth Village Guide Book (VGB) scenario for use in the Kelvin Grove Urban Village located in Brisbane, Australia. An Information Point Station Network (IPSN) was developed, along with software for two types of mobile computing devices. The implementation consists of several Information Point Stations (IPSs) placed at locations of significance, with access to information items on a centralized server. Once registered, the user is given the opportunity to experience context-aware information on demand and in various multimedia formats. These information items are selected by the user, either by way of a menu system …
Learning Texture Similarity With Perceptual Pairwise Distance, Yan Gao, Lei Wang, Kap Luk Chan, Wei-Yan Yau
Learning Texture Similarity With Perceptual Pairwise Distance, Yan Gao, Lei Wang, Kap Luk Chan, Wei-Yan Yau
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this paper, we demonstrate how texture classification and retrieval could benefit from learning perceptual pairwise distance of different texture classes. Textures as represented by certain image features may not be correctly compared in a way that is consistent with human perception. Learning similarity helps to alleviate this perceptual inconsistency. For textures, psychological experiments were shown to be able to construct perceptual pairwise distance matrix. We are going to show how this distance information could be utilized in learning similarity by Support Vector Machines for efficient texture classification and retrieval.
Development And Characterization Of A High-Resolution Microspect System For Small-Animal Imaging, Yujin Qi, Benjamin Tsui, Yuchuan Wang, Brian Yoder, R Wojcik, S Majewski, A G Weisenberger
Development And Characterization Of A High-Resolution Microspect System For Small-Animal Imaging, Yujin Qi, Benjamin Tsui, Yuchuan Wang, Brian Yoder, R Wojcik, S Majewski, A G Weisenberger
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We developed a high-resolution microSPECT system and investigated its performance characteristics for small animal imaging. The microSPECT system consists of a stationary compact gamma camera with interchangeable pinhole and parallel-hole collimators and vertical object rotation mechanism. The modular camera is based on a pixellated NaI(Tl) crystal array with 1.2 mm pixel size and 1.4 mm pixel pitch coupled to a 5” diameter Hamamatsu R3292 PSPMT. The pinhole collimator has a 10cm focal length fitted with keel-edge pinhole apertures with diameters of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm. The system performance was characterized by the measurements of the point source response function …
Eliciting And Specifying Requirements For Highly Interactive Systems Using Activity Theory, Robert B. K. Brown, Peter Hyland, Ian C. Piper
Eliciting And Specifying Requirements For Highly Interactive Systems Using Activity Theory, Robert B. K. Brown, Peter Hyland, Ian C. Piper
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The processes of eliciting user requirements and formalising these into specifications are critical for the success of highly interactive systems. These processes are still poorly understood, partly because current methods are usually ad hoc and lack any theoretical basis. A number of researchers have used Activity Theory (AT) to refine these processes and have met with some success. To date, this approach has been more useful explaining the processes post hoc. This positional paper proposes an AT method for requirement elicitation and specification definition. The method is sufficiently prescriptive and well formed that it does not require any detailed understanding …
Ozchi 2005 Doctoral Consortium Application, Robert B. K. Brown
Ozchi 2005 Doctoral Consortium Application, Robert B. K. Brown
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Formal methods of generating and specifying requirements have a chequered past when it comes to dealing with interface design. The Human Computer Interface (HCI) community have not adopted formal methods with open arms [Paterno 96]. If the accurate determination of stakeholder requirements is a significant factor in determining software project success, this thesis turns to a theory based in psychology and sociology to understand these capricious actors, the misunderstanding of whose whims can bring down 70% of software projects. This thesis will deploy Activity Theory as a basis for a proposed system design method and present initial conceptions and some …
Mimo-Ofdm Channel Estimation In The Presence Of Carrier Frequency Offset, Jun Y. Li, Guisheng Liao, Qinghua Guo
Mimo-Ofdm Channel Estimation In The Presence Of Carrier Frequency Offset, Jun Y. Li, Guisheng Liao, Qinghua Guo
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication system with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is expected to be a promising scheme. However, the estimation of the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and the channel parameters is a great challenging task. In this paper, a maximum-likelihood- (ML-) based algorithm is proposed to jointly estimate the frequency-selective channels and the CFO in MIMO-OFDM by using a block-type pilot. The proposed algorithm is capable of dealing with the CFO range nearly ±1/2 useful OFDM signal bandwidth. Furthermore, the cases with timing error and unknown channel order are discussed. The Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) for the problem …
Optimized Collimator Designs For Small Animal Spect Imaging With A Compact Gamma Camera, Yujin Qi
Optimized Collimator Designs For Small Animal Spect Imaging With A Compact Gamma Camera, Yujin Qi
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The aim of this study to design optimized pinhole and parallel-hole collimators for the development of a high-resolution microSPECT system using a compact pixelleted scintillation detector. The detector has a field-of-view of 11 cm with pixellated crystal elements of 1.0 mm pixel size and 1.12 mm pixel pitch. The relative resolution and sensitivity advantages of pinhole and parallel-hole collimators for mice and rats imaging were investigated using analytic formulations and Monte Carlo simulations. The optimized collimator designs were obtained by maximizing the system detection efficiency for a given object resolution. The collimator designs were optimized for 140 keV incident gamma …
Box-Minus Operation And Application In Sum-Product Algorithm, S Tong, P Wang, D Wang, X Wang
Box-Minus Operation And Application In Sum-Product Algorithm, S Tong, P Wang, D Wang, X Wang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A new formula for box-minus operation, which separates the box-minus operation into sign and reliability operations, was derived. Its application in the sum-product algorithm (SPA) was also investigated. Both box-plus operation and box-minus operation were divided into sign operation and reliability operation. The results show that on using the box-minus operation, SPA can be implemented with less decoding latency and complexity.
A Simple Convergence Comparison Of Gallager Codes Under Two Message-Passing Schedules, Sheng Tong, Xinmei Wang
A Simple Convergence Comparison Of Gallager Codes Under Two Message-Passing Schedules, Sheng Tong, Xinmei Wang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
The convergence rate of iterative decoding of Gallager codes on the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel using the sum-product algorithm (SPA) under the flooding schedule (FS) is compared with that under the turbo-decoding schedule (TDS). Analyses using extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts show that TDS exhibits a much faster convergence behavior than FS.
Convergence Rates Comparison Of Sum-Product Decoding Of Ra Codes Under Different Message-Passing Schedules, Sheng Tong, Baoming Bai, Xinmei Wang
Convergence Rates Comparison Of Sum-Product Decoding Of Ra Codes Under Different Message-Passing Schedules, Sheng Tong, Baoming Bai, Xinmei Wang
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In iterative decoding of turbo-like codes, serial schedule generally provides a much faster convergence rate compared with parallel schedule. With the aid of extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts, sum-product decoding of repeat accumulate (RA) codes under both message passing schedules is investigated as an example for verifying the above statement.
Cmos-Aps For Hep Applications: Design And Test Of Innovative Architectures, Alessandro Marras, Daniele Passeri, Pisana Placidi, Guido Matrella, Marco Petasecca, Leonello Servoli, Gian Mario Bilei, Paollo Ciampolini
Cmos-Aps For Hep Applications: Design And Test Of Innovative Architectures, Alessandro Marras, Daniele Passeri, Pisana Placidi, Guido Matrella, Marco Petasecca, Leonello Servoli, Gian Mario Bilei, Paollo Ciampolini
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
A set of innovative active pixel architectures has been conceived and implemented in standard CMOS technology. Active circuits are introduced into the pixel, to increase S/N ratio and to perform basic signal processing. Testing of such devices, however, becomes critical, due to the circuit relative complexity and to the need of accurately evaluating timing and position of the impinging radiation. A test strategy has thus been devised, exploiting a NIR laser source, which has been carefully characterized and tuned. The NIR laser allows for emulating, in a much more controllable fashion, a MIP event. This allow for validation of novel …
A Comprehensive Numerical Simulation Of Heavily Irradiated P-Type And N-Type Silicon Detectors, Marco Petasecca, Francesco Moscatelli, Daniele Passeri, Giorgio Umberto Pignatel, Carlo Scarpello, Giovanni Caprai
A Comprehensive Numerical Simulation Of Heavily Irradiated P-Type And N-Type Silicon Detectors, Marco Petasecca, Francesco Moscatelli, Daniele Passeri, Giorgio Umberto Pignatel, Carlo Scarpello, Giovanni Caprai
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In the framework of the CERN-RD50 Collaboration, the adoption of p-type substrates has been proposed as a suitable mean to Improve the radiation hardness of silicon detectors up to fluences of 1016n/cm2. In this work the simulated electrical characteristics of Irradiated p-type and n-type detectors are reported, for comparison with experimental measurements collected from the literature. The behaviour of the silicon devices at a fluence of 1016n/cm2 shows better results In term of charge collection efficiency using a p-type silicon detector.
Advanced Active Pixel Architectures In Standard Cmos Technology, Alessandro Marras, Daniele Passeri, Guido Matrella, Pisana Placidi, Marco Petasecca, Leonello Servoli, Gian Mario Bilei, Paolo Ciampolini
Advanced Active Pixel Architectures In Standard Cmos Technology, Alessandro Marras, Daniele Passeri, Guido Matrella, Pisana Placidi, Marco Petasecca, Leonello Servoli, Gian Mario Bilei, Paolo Ciampolini
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
This paper aims at exploring and validating the adoption of standard fabrication processes for the realization of CMOS active pixel sensors, for particle detection purposes. The goal is to implement a single-chip, complete radiation sensor system, including on a CMOS integrated circuit the sensitive devices, read-out and signal processing circuits. A prototype chip (RAPS01) based on these principles has been already fabricated, and a chip characterization has been carried out; in particular, the evaluation of the sensitivity of the sensor response on the actual operating conditions was estimated, as well as the response uniformity. Optimization and tailoring of the sensor …
Some Analytical Solutions For Problems Involving Highly Frictional Granular Materials, Ngamta Thamwattana
Some Analytical Solutions For Problems Involving Highly Frictional Granular Materials, Ngamta Thamwattana
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Published abstract of thesis submitted to The University of Wollongong, August 2004. Full thesis can be found at http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/239.
An Alexsandrov Type Theorem For K-Convex Functions, Nirmalendu Chaudhuri, Neil Trudinger
An Alexsandrov Type Theorem For K-Convex Functions, Nirmalendu Chaudhuri, Neil Trudinger
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
In this note we show that k-convex functions on Rn are twice differentiable almost everywhere for every positive integer k > n/2. This generalises Alexsandrov's classical theorem for convex functions.
Subquotients Of Hecke C*-Algebras, Nathan Brownlowe, Nadia Larsen, Ian Putnam, Iain Raeburn
Subquotients Of Hecke C*-Algebras, Nathan Brownlowe, Nadia Larsen, Ian Putnam, Iain Raeburn
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
We realize the Hecke C*-algebra CQ of Bost and Connes as a direct limit of Hecke C*-algebras which are semigroup crossed products by NF, for F a finite set of primes. For each approximating Hecke C*-algebra we describe a composition series of ideals. In all cases there is a large type I ideal and a commutative quotient, and the intermediate subquotients are direct sums of simple C*-algebras. We can describe the simple summands as ordinary crossed products by actions of ZS for S a finite set of primes. …
Conditional Ordering Using Nonparametric Expectiles, Yves Aragon, Sandrine Casanova, Raymond Chambers, Eve Leconte
Conditional Ordering Using Nonparametric Expectiles, Yves Aragon, Sandrine Casanova, Raymond Chambers, Eve Leconte
Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A
Expectile regression, and more generally M-quantile regression, can be used to characterise the relationship between a response variable and explanatory variables when the behaviour of "nonaverage" individuals is of interest. The aim is to demonstrate how an individual expectile-order, based on nonparametric estimation of the expectile regression function, can also be used to define a conditional ordering of the individual's value relative to the values of other members of a data set. The relationship between contextual, or "grouping", variables and this ordering can then be investigated. In particular, we propose five estimators of expectile-order, which we compare via simulation. The …