Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Confederation Of African Football, Michael Goldman, Mlondi Mashinini

Sport Management

Representatives of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, and South Africa officially established the Confederation of African Football (CAF, or the Confederation Africaine de Football) on February 8, 1957, in Khartoum, Sudan. During the subsequent 60-year development of Africa’s administrative and controlling body, CAF grew into the biggest of the six continental federations of FIFA. By 2018, CAF counted 56 associations as full or associate members, representing over 25% of FIFA’s 211 associations, although no African team had reached the semi-final stage of the men’s FIFA World Cup as yet.

This chapter documents the business and management research related to CAF, thereby providing …

Assessment Of Hrv After Maximal Exercise In Trained Postmenopausal Women, Julia Orri, E. M. Hughes, D. G. Mistry, A. Scala

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Increased parasympathetic tone achieved with endurance training may provide cardioprotection after menopause. To compare heart rate variability (HRV) from rest through maximal exercise and recovery in trained postmenopausal women. Thirtysix postmenopausal women who self-reported training at either moderate (MOD; 3-5.9 METS; 58.9±4.4 year) or vigorous (VIG; >6 METS; 59.7±5.2 year) intensities participated. HRV was measured for 5 min in the supine position, in the last minute of the VO2max test and after 2 min of active recovery. HRV in MOD and VIG was compared using a factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on time. MOD and VIG responded similarly over the …

The Effect Of Movement Variability On Putting Proficiency During The Golf Putting Stroke, Ashley K. Richardson, Andrew C.S. Mitchell, Gerwyn Hughes

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Movement variability has been considered important to execute golf swing yet is comparatively unexplored regarding the golf putt. Movement variability could potentially be important considering the small margins of error between successful and a missed putt. The aim of this study was to assess whether variability of body segment rotations influence putting performance (ball kinematic measures). Eight golfers (handicap range 0-10) performed a 3.2 metre level putt wearing retro-reflective markers which were tracked using a three-dimensional motion analysis system sampling at 120 Hz. Ball roll kinematics were recorded using Quintic Ball Roll launch monitor. Movement (segment) variability was calculated based …

Full Gait Cycle Analysis Of Lower Limb And Trunk Kinematics During Walking In Participants With And Without Ankle Instability, Lynsey Northeast, Charlotte N. Gautrey, Lindsay Bottoms, Gerwyn Hughes, Andrew C.S. Mitchell, Andrew Greenhalgh

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has previously been linked to altered lower limb kinematics and muscle activation characteristics during walking, though little research has been performed analysing the full time-series across the stance and swing phases of gait. Research Question: The aim of this study was to compare trunk and lower limb kinematics and muscle activity between those with chronic ankle instability and healthy controls. Methods: Kinematics and muscle activity were measured in 18 (14 males, 4 females) healthy controls (age 22.4 ± 3.6 years, height 177.8 ± 7.6 cm, mass 70.4 ± 11.9 kg, UK shoe size 8.4 ± …

The Relationship Between Sports Sponsorship And Corporate Financial Returns In South Africa, Michael Goldman, Julian Blake, Sonja Fourie

Sport Management

Purpose

Sponsorship is a major contributor to income in the South African sports arena, and is a critical component allowing sports unions to remain financially viable and sustainable. Sports sponsoring companies, however, have long questioned the financial returns generated from these ventures. The purpose of this paper is to understand whether financial returns of companies with sports sponsorship in South Africa are significantly different to those without. This research was conducted on Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed companies that sponsored sport consistently between 2000 and 2015 for a period of two years. A quantitative methodology was employed whereby share price, …

Is Vigorous Exercise Training Superior To Moderate For Cvd Risk After Menopause?, Julia Orri, E. M. Hughes, D. G. Mistry, A. Scala

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Postmenopausal women have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease through many factors, such as a sedentary lifestyle and reduced heart rate variability (HRV). Endurance training improves coronary risk but the role of exercise intensity is unclear. The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate the effects of moderate versus vigorous exercise on cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women. Thirty-six postmenopausal women who self-reported training at moderate (3–5.9 METS; n = 18; age 58.9 ± 4.4yr) or vigorous intensities ( > 6 METS; n = 18; age 59.7 ± 5.2yr) participated. C-reactive protein (CRP), HRV, VO2max, and stress (Perceived Stress Survey, …

The Effect Of Dimple Error On The Horizontal Launch Angle And Side Spin Of The Golf Ball During Putting, Ashley K. Richardson, Andrew C.S. Mitchell, Gerwyn Hughes

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

This study aimed to examine the effect of the impact point on the golf ball on the horizontal launch angle and side spin during putting with a mechanical putting arm and human participants. Putts of 3.2 m were completed with a mechanical putting arm (four putter-ball combinations, total of 160 trials). The centre of the dimple pattern (centroid) was located and the following variables were measured; distance and angle of the impact point from the centroid and surface area of the impact zone. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify whether impact variables had significant associations with ball roll variables; …

Determining Fair Market Value For Duke’S Sporting Goods Store, Michael Goldman, Daniel A. Rascher

Sport Management

Shelley Valdez is a recent finance team hire at Duke’s Sporting Goods Store. She has 1 week to identify, gather, and analyze relevant information to calculate the financial value of the business, using the income and market approaches. She has also been asked to consider Duke’s liquidation value, and comment on the strategic options these calculations point to, before a board meeting of the owners next week.

Concacaf Strategic Repositioning: Rebuilding Trust In The ‘Beautiful Game’, Michael Goldman, Aaron Burks, Nola Agha

Sport Management

This case presents the strategic repositioning challenge faced by the Confederation of North American, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) after a period of leadership and strategy instability. It reports the allegations and findings of misconduct, and discusses the steps taken by the new leadership to define a new mission and strategy.

The Effect Of Arm Position On Lower Extremity Kinematics During A Single Limb Drop Landing: A Preliminary Study, C. Masters, J. Johnstone, Gerwyn Hughes

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur most commonly during non-contact situations, such as landing from a jump. Arm position has been shown to affect the loading of the lower extremity and therefore alter the potential injury risk. This study aimed to investigate the effect of arm position on lower extremity kinematics during single limb drop landings. Eight recreational American football players performed single limb drop landings on their preferential limb in four different conditions; (1) control (arms free); (2) arms to landing limb side; (3) arms in front of body; and (4) arms away from landing limb side. Kinematics of …

The Effect Of Repetitive Ankle Perturbations On Muscle Reaction Time And Muscle Activity, Peter K. Thain, Andrew C.S. Mitchell, Gerwyn Hughes

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The use of a tilt platform to simulate a lateral ankle sprain and record muscle reaction time is a well-established procedure. However, a potential caveat is that repetitive ankle perturbation may cause a natural attenuation of the reflex latency and amplitude. This is an important area to investigate as many researchers examine the effect of an intervention on muscle reaction time. Muscle reaction time, peak and average amplitude of the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior in response to a simulated lateral ankle sprain (combined inversion and plantarflexion movement) were calculated in twenty-two physically active participants. The 40 perturbations were divided …

The Connection Between Race And Called Strikes And Balls, Jeff Hamrick, John Rasp

Master of Science in Analytics (MSAN) Faculty Research

We investigate potential racial bias by Major League Baseball umpires. We do so in the context of the subjective decision as to whether a pitch is called a strike or a ball, using data from the 1989-2010 seasons. We find limited, and sometimes contradictory, evidence that umpires unduly favor or unjustly discriminate against players based on their race. Potential mitigating variables such as attendance, terminal pitch, the absolute score differential, and the presence of monitoring systems do not consistently interact with umpire/pitcher and umpire/hitter racial combinations. Most evidence that would first appear to support racially connected behaviors by umpires appears …

The Effects Of Bag Style On Muscle Activity Of The Trapezius, Erector Spinae And Latissimus Dorsi During Walking In Female University Students, R. Hardie, R. Haskew, J. Harris, Gerwyn Hughes

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Back pain is common in adolescents which has been associated with carrying a bag. However, there is little research examining the effects of bag style in female adolescents. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different bag conditions on muscle activity of the trapezius, erector spinae and latissimus dorsi muscles in female university students during walking. Twelve female university students walked on a treadmill for 5 minutes at 1.1 m/s during five conditions; control, 1 strapped rucksack, 2 strapped rucksack, ipsilateral shoulder strap and contralateral shoulder strap, each containing 10% bodyweight. Electromyography for the trapezius, erector …

Gender Difference In Lower Limb Muscle Activity During Landing And Rapid Change Of Direction, Gerwyn Hughes, N Dally

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine gender differences in lower limb muscle activity during jump landing and rapid change of direction. Equipment and Methods: Surface electromyography (EMG) of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus were recorded for 10 male and 10 female basketball, volleyball or netball players performing five repetitions each of two tasks; 1) landing from a maximal height vertical jump and, 2) 45º rapid change of direction on their dominant leg. Independent sample t-tests were conducted to determine sex differences and paired samples t-tests were conducted to determine task differences in peak EMG …

The Athletic Profile Of Fast Bowling In Cricket: A Review, James A. Johnstone, Andrew C.S. Mitchell, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Paul A. Ford, Andrew T. Garrett

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Fast bowlers have a vital position in a cricket team and there is an increasing body of scientific literature that has reviewed this role over the last decade. Previous research has tended to focus on biomechanical analysis and injury prevention in performers. However, this paper aims to critically review the emerging contribution of physiological based literature linked to fast bowling in cricket and also highlight the current evidence related to simulated and competitive in-match performance. Furthermore, the review considers limitations with past research and possible avenues for future scientific investigation. It is clear with the advent of new applied mobile …

A Review Of Recent Perspectives On Biomechanical Risk Factors Associated With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, Gerwyn Hughes

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

There is considerable evidence to support a number of biomechanical risk factors associatiated with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. This paper aimed to review these biomechanical risk factors and highlight future directions relating to them. Current perspectives investigating trunk position and relationships between strength, muscle activity and biomechanics during landing/cutting highlight the importance of increasing hamstring muscle force during dynamic movements through altering strength, muscle activity, muscle length and contraction velocity. In particular, increased trunk flexion during landing/cutting and greater hamstring strength are likely to increase hamstring muscle force during landing and cutting which have been associated with reduced …

Dynamic Variability Of Isometric Action Tremor In Precision Pinching, Tim Eakin, Waneen Spirduso, Karen Francis

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Evolutionary development of isometric force impulse frequencies, power, and the directional concordance of changes in oscillatory tremor during performance of a two-digit force regulation task was examined. Analyses compared a patient group having tremor confounding volitional force regulation with a control group having no neuropathological diagnosis. Dependent variables for tremor varied temporally and spatially, both within individual trials and across trials, across individuals, across groups, and between digits. Particularly striking findings were magnitude increases during approaches to cue markers and shifts in the concordance phase from pinching toward rigid sway patterns as the magnitude increased. Magnitudes were significantly different among …

Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device. Part I: Validity, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew T. Garrett

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The BioharnessTM monitoring system may provide physiological information on human performance but there is limited information on its validity. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of all 5 BioharnessTM variables using a laboratory based treadmill protocol. 22 healthy males participated. Heart rate (HR), Breathing Frequency (BF) and Accelerometry (ACC) precision were assessed during a discontinuous incremental (0- 12 km·h-1) treadmill protocol. Infra-red skin temperature (ST) was assessed during a 45 min-1 sub-maximal cycle ergometer test, completed twice, with environmental temperature controlled at 20 ±0.1 °C and 30 ± 0.1 °C. Posture (P) was assessed using a …

Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device. Part Ii: Reliability, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew T. Garrett

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The BioharnessTM monitoring system may provide physiological information on human performance but the reliability of this data is fundamental for confidence in the equipment being used. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of each of the 5 BioharnessTM variables using a treadmill based protocol. 10 healthy males participated. A between and within subject design to assess the reliability of Heart rate (HR), Breathing Frequency (BF), Accelerometry (ACC) and Infra-red skin temperature (ST) was completed via a repeated, discontinuous, incremental treadmill protocol. Posture (P) was assessed by a tilt table, moved through 160o. Between subject data reported …

Center Of Pressure Excursion During The Golf Putting Stroke In Low, Mid And High Handicap Golfers, Ashley K. Richardson, Gerwyn Hughes, Andrew C.S. Mitchell

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Golf handicap is significantly correlated to putting performance with low handicap golfers (LH) demonstrating increased putting accuracy compared with high handicap golfers (HH). Smaller center of pressure excursion (CPE) during putting has been demonstrated by LH golfers, suggesting balance is important during successful putts. The aim of this study was to examine CPE in low, mid and high handicap golfers about the mediolateral axis (ML) and anteriorposterior axis (AP). Nineteen subjects participated in the study; subjects were split into LH, mid handicap and HH groups. Subjects completed five successful 2.5m putts, standing on an RS FootScan. The LH group demonstrated …

Field Based Reliability And Validity Of The Bioharness Multivariable Monitoring Device, James A. Johnstone, Paul A. Ford, Gerwyn Hughes, Tim Watson, Andrew C.S. Mitchell, Andrew T. Garrett

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The BioharnessTM device is designed for monitoring physiological variables in free-living situations but has only been proven to be reliable and valid in a laboratory environment. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the BioharnessTM using a field based protocol. Twenty healthy males participated. Heart rate (HR), breathing frequency (BF) and accelerometry (ACC) were assessed by simultaneous measurement of two BioharnessTM devices and a test-retest of a discontinuous incremental walk-jog-run protocol (4 – 11 km·h-1) completed in a sports hall. Adopted precision of measurement devices were; HR: Polar T31 (Polar Electro), BF: Spirometer (Cortex Metalyser), ACC: …

Comparing Team Performance Of The English Premier League, Serie A, And La Liga For The 2008-2009 Season, Joel Oberstone

Business Analytics and Information Systems

Three of the most celebrated football leagues in the world include the English Premier League (EPL), Italy’s Serie A, and Spain’s La Liga. To date, little football research has been conducted that attempts to determine why these leagues are so successful. What is it that the EPL, La Liga, and Serie A do that fosters such a high caliber of play, and what pitch factors, if any, either (1) contrast or (2) connect these prestigious leagues? The paucity of rigorous inquiry has not deterred popular speculation—common folklore has not waited for hard data. Experts rush to characterize the perceived performance …

Differences Between The Sexes In Knee Kinetics During Landing From Volleyball Block Jumps, Gerwyn Hughes, James Watkins, Nick Owen

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The purpose of the study was to investigate gender differences in frontal and sagittal plane kinetics (normalized ground reaction force and normalized knee moment) in university volleyball players when performing opposed block jump landings. Females displayed a significantly lesser normalized knee extension moment at the start of muscle latency than males. The greater normalized knee extension moment at the start of muscle latency in females suggests that through practice, the female subjects may have developed a landing strategy that minimizes the moment acting about the knee in the sagittal plane to reduce the likely strain on the passive support structures. …

Reflections Of A Novice Sports Science Lecturer: Perceptions Of The Challenges And Sources Of Support, Gerwyn Hughes

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The aim of this article is to highlight perceptions of the main demands and challenges placed on a novice sports science university lecturer and consider sources of support available to assist a novice lecturer during the early stages of their career. A lecturer is typically required to perform the roles of administrator, teacher, personal tutor, researcher and consultant. Discussion is given to the specific challenges a novice lecturer is likely to face within each of these roles and possible ways to overcome these challenges. Finally, a number of sources of support are identified to ensure a novice lecturer maintains the …

The Effects Of Opposition And Gender On Knee Kinematics And Ground Reaction Force During Landing From Volleyball Block Jumps, Gerwyn Hughes, James Watkins, Nick Owen

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of opposition and gender on knee kinematics and ground reaction force during landing from a volleyball block jump. Six female and six male university volleyball players performed two landing tasks 1) an unopposed and 2) an opposed volleyball block jump and landing. Knee kinematics were recorded by a 12 camera motion analysis system (120 Hz) and ground reaction force was recorded by a force platform (600 Hz) during landing. The results showed a significant effect for level of opposition in peak normalized GRF (p = .04), knee flexion at ground …

Lower Limb Coordination And Stiffness During Landing From Volleyball Block Jumps, Gerwyn Hughes, James Watkins

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The aim of the study was to investigate lower limb coordination and stiffness in five male and five female university volleyball players performing block jump landings. Coordination was assessed using angle – angle plots of the hip – knee, knee – ankle and hip – ankle joint couplings and discrete relative phase (DRP) of right – left joint couplings (i.e. left knee coupled with right knee). Leg stiffness was calculated as the ratio of the change in vertical ground reaction force (GRF) to the change in vertical displacement of the centre of gravity between ground contact and maximum vertical GRF. …

Gender Differences In Lower Limb Frontal Plane Kinematics During Landing, Gerwyn Hughes, James Watkins, Nick Owen

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The study aimed to investigate gender differences in knee valgus angle and interknee and inter-ankle distances in university volleyball players when performing opposed block jump landings. Six female and six male university volleyball players performed three dynamic trials each where subjects were instructed to jump up and block a volleyball suspended above a net set at the height of a standard volleyball net as it was spiked against them by an opposing player. Knee valgus/varus, interknee distance and inter-ankle distance (absolute and relative to height) were determined during landing using 3D motion analysis. Females displayed significantly greater maximum valgus angle …

The Effects Of Glycerol Ingestion On Fluid Balance And Cardiovascular Hemodynamics In Males During Hypobaric Hypoxia, Julia Orri, Robert A. Robergs, Donna W. Lockner, David S. James, Ann L. Gibson, Erik Faria, Derek W. Marks, Heidi Weingart, Lance Dalleck

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

Acute altitude exposure causes a loss of total body water and plasma volume. Glycerol ingestion has been shown to be rapidly absorbed by the intestine, leading to increases in serum osmolality, plasma osmolality, and total body water. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of glycerol ingestion on fluid balance and cardiovascular hemodynamics at rest and during exercise during hypobaric hypoxia. Twelve men (33 ± 8 yr, 177 ± 3 cm, 75 ± 11 kg, 52 ± 10 ml O2 · kg-1 · min-1) each completed 4, 3.5 hr trials in a randomized design: (A) 6% carbohydrate/electrolyte …

A Risk Factor Model For Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, Gerwyn Hughes, J. Watkins

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The stability of the tibiofemoral joint is maintained by passive (non-contractile) and dynamic (contractile) mechanisms. The passive mechanisms include the shape of the articular surfaces, the menisci, the ligaments and the joint capsule. The dynamic mechanisms consist of the muscle-tendon units that cross the joint, in particular, the quadriceps and hamstrings. The incidence of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is reported to be 6 to 8 times greater in females than males competing in the same activities. A number of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors have been proposed to account for this gender difference in the incidence of ACL …

Intra-Arterial Blood Pressure Characteristics During Submaximal Cycling And Recovery, Julia Orri, S E. Griffin, Robert A. Robergs, David S. James, D R. Wagner, R Quintana

Kinesiology (Formerly Exercise and Sport Science)

The purpose of this study was to measure intra-arterial (IA) blood pressure from rest to steady-state submaximal exercise and immediately post-exercise. Beat-to-beat blood pressure was compared to breath-by-breath VO2 during steady-state and maximal exercise. Fourteen normotensive subjects volunteered. Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (mBP) blood pressure was measured from rest to steady state during cycling at 45, 60, and 75% maximal power output (POmax). BP was assessed during recovery from VO2peak through 2 min of cycling at 50 W. During the rest to exercise transition, mBP decreased from 103.41 ± 9.4 to 90.1 ± 8.9 mmHg after 11.6 ± …