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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Candidate Selection In Bolivia’S Mixed-Member System: Determinants Of Candidate Selection In Bolivia’S 1993 And 1997 Legislative Elections, Miguel Centellas
Candidate Selection In Bolivia’S Mixed-Member System: Determinants Of Candidate Selection In Bolivia’S 1993 And 1997 Legislative Elections, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
Mixed-member electoral systems became a popular choice for “electoral engineers” in the 1990s. Countries as diverse as Venezuela, Hungary, Lesotho, and Italy adopted the system. The assumption was that introducing single-member districts (SMDs) in countries that used list proportional representation electoral systems would introduce “constituency” oriented legislators who could be more easily held accountable to voters. This paper explores any changes associated with the adoption of a mixed-member electoral system in Bolivia. It does so through a candidate-level analysis looking at differences in candidate profiles between two elections (1993 and 1997) and between two tiers (list and nominal) in the …
Legislative Turnover And Institutional Reforms: Evidence From The Bolivian Case, Miguel Centellas
Legislative Turnover And Institutional Reforms: Evidence From The Bolivian Case, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
Despite increased attention to Latin American legislatures, we know little about legislative candidate selection—particularly in countries that underwent institutional reforms. This paper analyzes candidate selection in Bolivia’s lower legislative chamber using database of candidate & legislator biographical data. Bolivia is an interesting case because it significantly altered its electoral system (from list-PR to MMP). Using legislative candidate biographical data (winners and losers), the paper observes effects in changes in candidate recruitment across pre- and post-reform periods. In addition to common indicators (age, gender, professional association, etc.), the paper focuses on three key candidate dimensions: “localness” (connection to electoral district), “partisanship” …
Reforming The Judiciary By Election: Assessing The Role Of Candidate Demographics In Bolivia’S 2011 Judicial Elections, Miguel Centellas, Laura Suaznabar
Reforming The Judiciary By Election: Assessing The Role Of Candidate Demographics In Bolivia’S 2011 Judicial Elections, Miguel Centellas, Laura Suaznabar
Miguel Centellas
Since 2005 election of Evo Morales, Bolivia has been undergoing an unprecedented process of reforms aimed at increasing citizens’ direct access to political power. Among the reforms is the 2011 direct election of high court justices—a first among contemporary democracies. This paper analyzes the results of that unique election. Unlike partisan elections, candidates (who were pre-selected by the legislature) were not allowed to campaign and media coverage of candidates was highly restricted. Instead, the country’s electoral organ was charged with disseminating information about the candidates as part of its mission to educate voters about the judicial elections. Lower-than-average voter turnout …
“Somos Autonomistas De Siempre”: Public University Politics And The Negotiation Of Autonomy In Bolivia, Miguel Centellas, Katherine M. Centellas
“Somos Autonomistas De Siempre”: Public University Politics And The Negotiation Of Autonomy In Bolivia, Miguel Centellas, Katherine M. Centellas
Miguel Centellas
This paper analyzes the contentious April 2010 public university elections for Rector and Vice Rector at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) in Bolivia. University elections are especially politically significant in countries like Bolivia, in which public universities have constitutionally protected autonomy and have often served as bastions of political opposition. Using quantitative and qualitative techniques, we describe and analyze how Bolivia’s university elections interact with national and subnational politics. Looking at the three most recent rectorate elections (2004, 2007, 2010), we measure electoral volatility, party system stability, and partisan alignments within university elections. We combine this with long-term …
Party System Dynamics In Bolivia: Regionalized Party Politics In A Devolving State, Miguel Centellas
Party System Dynamics In Bolivia: Regionalized Party Politics In A Devolving State, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
In 2009, Bolivia adopted a new constitution that grants significant political autonomy to the country’s nine departments. The creation of nine autonomous departmental governments with elected executives (governors) and legislatures (departmental assemblies) represents a radical departure from the traditional unitary state model. This raises a number of empirical and theoretical questions about the relationship between national- and department-level institutions in the context of a devolving and democratizing state—particularly one with a hegemonic government party facing regionally concentrated opposition. This paper is a preliminary, and primarily descriptive, exploration of how parties in decentralized, devolved, or “federalized” states operate simultaneously in two …
The Santa Cruz Autonomía Movement: Preliminary Considerations On A Case Of Non-Indigenous Ethnic Popular Mobilization, Miguel Centellas
The Santa Cruz Autonomía Movement: Preliminary Considerations On A Case Of Non-Indigenous Ethnic Popular Mobilization, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
This paper discusses the recent autonomy movement in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, within a theoretical framework typically reserved for “ethnic” political or social movements. The paper begins with a brief chronology of the Santa Cruz autonomía movement as it developed into a powerful political oppositional movement during the rise of Evo Morales. In doing so, the movement’s leaders consciously adopted the organizational tactics and forms of discourse typically identified with traditional, indigenous-popular Bolivian social movements. As such, the Santa Cruz case both highlights the fluidity of multiculturalism and challenges our notions of how ethnic identity is publicly constructed.
Savina Cuéllar And Bolivia's New Regionalism, Miguel Centellas
Savina Cuéllar And Bolivia's New Regionalism, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
The social forces that brought Evo Morales to power reshaped the dynamics of politics in Bolivia. Although partly driven by ethnic or socioeconomic differences, regional move- ments have support beyond a narrow elite base and reflect changes in Bolivia’s political landscape stemming from 1990s political reforms, older historical legacies, and recent political developments. The June 2008 election of Savina Cuéllar, an indigenous woman, as prefect of Chuquisaca highlights the complex and evolving nature of political identi- ties. Identities constructed on the basis of regional claims are as important as—and analytically distinct from—identities constructed on the basis of ethnicity or socioeco- …
The 2009 Presidential And Legislative Elections In Bolivia, Alexandra Alpert, Miguel Centellas, Matthew M. Singer
The 2009 Presidential And Legislative Elections In Bolivia, Alexandra Alpert, Miguel Centellas, Matthew M. Singer
Miguel Centellas
No abstract provided.
Bolivia's Radical Decentralization, Miguel Centellas
Bolivia's Radical Decentralization, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
No abstract provided.
The Political Economy Of Bolivia’S New Regionalism: A Look At Electoral Patterns In Santa Cruz, Tarija, And Chuquisaca, Miguel Centellas, Miguel A. Buitrago
The Political Economy Of Bolivia’S New Regionalism: A Look At Electoral Patterns In Santa Cruz, Tarija, And Chuquisaca, Miguel Centellas, Miguel A. Buitrago
Miguel Centellas
While most conventional accounts assume an economic motivation behind the new regional autonomy movements, such claims have not been systematically tested. In this paper, we test the link between electoral support for Evo Morales and regional autonomy to socioeconomic and demographic indicators at the municipal level. Our cases include the three gas-producing departments of Santa Cruz, Tarija, and Chuquisaca. Our unit of observation is the municipality, for a total of 95 units. We look at eight elections, taking place at five distinct moments, between December 2005 and January 2009. We test whether voting districts with higher levels of socioeconomic indicators …
Electoral Reform, Regional Cleavages, And Party System Stability In Bolivia, Miguel Centellas
Electoral Reform, Regional Cleavages, And Party System Stability In Bolivia, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
This research note considers the effects of electoral system reform in Bolivia. In 1995, Bolivia moved from a list-proportional to a mixed- member proportional electoral system. The intervening years saw growing regional polarization of politics and a collapse of the existing party system. Using statistical analysis of disaggregated electoral data (at department, municipality, and district level), this paper tests whether electoral system re- forms may have contributed to the current political crisis. Research findings show that regional cleavages existed prior to electoral system reform, but suggest that reforms aggravated their effects. Such evidence gives reason to question the recent popularity …
Las Razones De Presencia Y Éxito De Los Partidos Étnicos En América Latina. Los Casos De Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Nicaragua Y Perú (1990-2005)., Salvador Marti I Puig
Las Razones De Presencia Y Éxito De Los Partidos Étnicos En América Latina. Los Casos De Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Nicaragua Y Perú (1990-2005)., Salvador Marti I Puig
Salvador Marti i Puig
El texto explora si existe alguna causalidad entre la presencia y relevancia de los partidos étnicos (PE) en seis países latinoameri- canos y las “condiciones favorables” que indican diversas perspectivas de la literatura sobre acción colectiva. Para ello se realiza un análisis cuali- tativo multicausal orientado a los casos y a las variables que usa la lógica booleana para sim- plificar estructuras de datos complejos de forma sistemática. Con ello se trata de identificar la variedad de pautas causales de la presencia y éxito de los PÉ en Bolivia, Ecuador y Nicaragua, y no en Guatemala, México y Perú.
From 'Parliamentarized' To 'Pure' Presidentialism: Bolivia After October 2003, Miguel Centellas
From 'Parliamentarized' To 'Pure' Presidentialism: Bolivia After October 2003, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
Among the many shifts in Bolivian politics since October 2003 is a subtle, yet significant change in the country's presidential system. Bolivia has recently transitioned from "parliamentarized" to a "pure" presidentism. In the previous system (1985-2002), Bolivian presidents were chosen by the legislature and led multiparty coalition governments. Since October 2003, Bolivia has instead been governed by two independent chief executives. This paper discusses the shift in presidential behavior by analyzing the similarities between Carlos Mesa and Evo Morales—who also fit the the description of "delegate democrats" or "populists"—and their consequences for democratic stability (the lack of a constitutional "crisis"). …
Bolivia's Party System After October 2003: Where Did All The Politicians Go?, Miguel Centellas
Bolivia's Party System After October 2003: Where Did All The Politicians Go?, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
Bolivia’s political system has recently undergone a dramatic transformation after nearly two decades dominated by three “systemic” parties (MNR, ADN, MIR). Despite resisting challenges from “outsiders” (whether populists, leftists, or indigenous movements) for nearly two decades, the party system was quickly swept away after the “gas war” of October 2003. In its place, the new political landscape appears polarized into two distinct camps: Evo Morales’s MAS and an opposition led by PODEMOS. This paper offers a preliminary exploratory look at Bolivia’s most recent political transformation, looking particularly at the migration patterns of Bolivian career politicians between the 2002 and 2005 …
Democracy On Stilts: Bolivia's Democracy From Stability To Crisis, Miguel Centellas
Democracy On Stilts: Bolivia's Democracy From Stability To Crisis, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
Bolivia’s recent political crisis starkly contrasts to the preceding two decades of relative democratic stability. Though a unique system of “parliamentarized” presidentialism together with lingering consensus on the national project inherited from the 1952 Revolution supported democratic stability, using qualitative and quantitative methods, this study shows that seemingly benign changes in institutional design made in the 1990s contributed to the acceleration of already existing tendencies towards divisive sectoral, regional, and ethnic politics. A key observation is that successful long-term democratization requires institutions for adequately channeling and representing social demands as well as a shared vision of a political “imagined community” …
Decentralization And Democratization In Bolivia, Miguel Centellas
Decentralization And Democratization In Bolivia, Miguel Centellas
Miguel Centellas
Bolivia’s decentralization under the 1994 Ley de Participación Popular (LPP) cannot be characterized as federalism or administrative decentralization. The Bolivian model demonstrates the importance of ideological discourse and the role of decentralization in democratization. The ideological and historical roots of Bolivia’s state decentralization explain its divergence from other decentralization strategies. Bolivia’s LPP includes citi-zen-initiated Organizaciones Territoriales de Base (OTB) which provide communal democratic control over municipal governments. This unique strategy makes Bolivia a possible case for emulation among other decentralizing (and democratizing) regimes.