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06 Elementary Solutions To The Wave Equation, Charles G. Torre
06 Elementary Solutions To The Wave Equation, Charles G. Torre
Foundations of Wave Phenomena
Before systematically exploring the wave equation, it is good to pause and contemplate some basic solutions. We are looking for a function q of 2 variables, x and t, whose second x derivatives and second t derivatives are proportional. You can probably guess such functions with a little thought. But our derivation of the equation from the model of a chain of oscillators gives a strong hint.
05 The Continuum Limit And The Wave Equation, Charles G. Torre
05 The Continuum Limit And The Wave Equation, Charles G. Torre
Foundations of Wave Phenomena
Our example of a chain of oscillators is nice because it is easy to visualize such a system, namely, a chain of masses connected by springs. But the ideas of our example are far more useful than might appear from this one simple mechanical model. Indeed, many materials (including solids, liquids and gases) have some aspects of their physical response to (usually small) perturbations behaving just as if they were a bunch of coupled oscillators — at least to a first approximation. In a sense we will explore later, even the electromagnetic field behaves this way! This “harmonic oscillator” response …
14 Conservation Of Energy, Charles G. Torre
14 Conservation Of Energy, Charles G. Torre
Foundations of Wave Phenomena
After all of these developments it is nice to keep in mind the idea that the wave equation describes (a continuum limit of) a network of coupled oscillators. This raises an interesting question. Certainly you have seen by now how important energy and momentum — and their conservation — are for understanding the behavior of dynamical systems such as an oscillator. If a wave is essentially the collective motion of many oscillators, might not there be a notion of conserved energy and momentum for waves? If you’ve ever been to the beach and swam in the ocean you know that …
09 The Wave Equation In 3 Dimensions, Charles G. Torre
09 The Wave Equation In 3 Dimensions, Charles G. Torre
Foundations of Wave Phenomena
We now turn to the 3-dimensional version of the wave equation, which can be used to describe a variety of wavelike phenomena, e.g., sound waves and electromagnetic waves. One could derive this version of the wave equation much as we did the one-dimensional version by generalizing our line of coupled oscillators to a 3-dimensional array of oscillators. For many purposes, e.g., modeling propagation of sound, this provides a useful discrete model of a three dimensional solid.