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- Jonathan Pugmire (4)
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Articles 1 - 28 of 28
Full-Text Articles in Physics
Investigating Mesospheric Gravity Wave Dynamics Over Mcmurdo Station, Antarctica (77° S), Jonathan Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor, Yucheng Zhao, Dominique Pautet
Investigating Mesospheric Gravity Wave Dynamics Over Mcmurdo Station, Antarctica (77° S), Jonathan Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor, Yucheng Zhao, Dominique Pautet
Graduate Student Posters
The ANtarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network (ANGWIN) is an NSF sponsored international program designed to develop and utilize a network of gravity wave observatories using existing and new instrumentation operated at several established research stations around the continent. The primary goal is to better understand and quantify large-scale gravity wave climatology and their effects on the upper atmosphere over Antarctica. ANGWIN currently comprises research measurements from five nations (U.S., U.K., Australia, Japan, and Brazil) at seven international stations. Utah State University’s Atmospheric Imaging Lab operates an all-sky CCD, all-sky infrared imagers and an Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (AMTM) imager at …
Effects Of Major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings Identified In Midlatitude Mesospheric Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar Temperatures, Leda Sox, Vincent B. Wickwar, Chad Fish, Josh Herron
Effects Of Major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings Identified In Midlatitude Mesospheric Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar Temperatures, Leda Sox, Vincent B. Wickwar, Chad Fish, Josh Herron
Physics Student Research
Mesospheric temperature anomalies associated with Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) have been observed extensively in the polar regions. However, observations of these anomalies at midlatitudes are sparse. The very dense 11-year data set, collected between 1993–2004, with the Rayleigh-scatter lidar at the Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (ALO; 41.7°N, 111.8°W) at the Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences (CASS) on the campus of Utah State University (USU), has been carefully examined for such anomalies. The temperatures derived from these data extend over the mesosphere, from 45 to 90 km. During this period extensive data were acquired during seven major SSW events. In this …
The First Ten Months Of Investigation Of Gravity Waves And Temperature Variability Over The Andes, Jonathan Pugmire, Neal Criddle, Michael J. Taylor, P. D. Pautet, Yucheng Zhao
The First Ten Months Of Investigation Of Gravity Waves And Temperature Variability Over The Andes, Jonathan Pugmire, Neal Criddle, Michael J. Taylor, P. D. Pautet, Yucheng Zhao
Jonathan Pugmire
The Andes region is an excellent natural laboratory for investigating gravity wave influences on the Upper Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric (MLT) dynamics. The instrument suite that comprised the very successful Maui-MALT program was recently re-located to a new Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO) located at Cerro Pachon, Chile to obtain in-depth seasonal measurements of MLT dynamics over the Andes mountains. As part of the instrument set the Utah State University CEDAR Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (MTM) has operated continuously since August 2009 measuring the near infrared OH(6,2) band and the O2(0,1) Atmospheric band intensity and temperature perturbations. This poster focuses on an …
Mesospheric Temperature Variability And Seasonal Characteristics Over The Andes, Jonathan Pugmire, Yucheng Zhao, Michael Taylor, P Pautet
Mesospheric Temperature Variability And Seasonal Characteristics Over The Andes, Jonathan Pugmire, Yucheng Zhao, Michael Taylor, P Pautet
Jonathan Pugmire
The Utah State University CEDAR Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (MTM) is a high-quality CCD imager capable of remote sensing faint optical emissions from the night sky to determine mesospheric temperature and its variability at an altitude of ~87 km. The MTM was operated at the new Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO)located at Cerro Pachon, Chile (30.2° S, 70.7° W) since August 2009 to investigate the seasonal characteristic of the mesopause at mid-latitudes. Measurement were made alongside a powerful lidar capable of height sounding the mesosphere. In this study, the MTM data have been analyzed to determine night to night variability and seasonal …
Intra-Annual Comparison Of Mesospheric Gravity Waves Over Halley And Rothera Stations, Antarctica, Jonathan Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor, K. Nielsen, A. Wall, J. Thompson, P. D. Pautet
Intra-Annual Comparison Of Mesospheric Gravity Waves Over Halley And Rothera Stations, Antarctica, Jonathan Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor, K. Nielsen, A. Wall, J. Thompson, P. D. Pautet
Jonathan Pugmire
No abstract provided.
Epa's Proposed Greenhouse Gas Regulation For Power Plants: How Does It Work And What Will It Mean For Nevada?, Adele C. Morris
Epa's Proposed Greenhouse Gas Regulation For Power Plants: How Does It Work And What Will It Mean For Nevada?, Adele C. Morris
Brookings Scholar Lecture Series
In June, the Environmental Protection Agency proposed important new limits on carbon dioxide emissions from existing U.S. power plants. The new regulation is the centerpiece of the Obama Administration’s climate policy. If the controversial rule is finalized as planned next year, it will cover about a third of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. This lecture will explain the legal, environmental, and economic issues posed by the rule and highlight the important role for states in implementing it. The lecture will also review the implications and options for achieving the emissions target the EPA set for Nevada.
New Measurements Of Mcmurdo Gravity Wave Parameters, Jonathan Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor
New Measurements Of Mcmurdo Gravity Wave Parameters, Jonathan Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor
Graduate Student Presentations
The ANtarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network (ANGWIN) is an NSF sponsored international program designed to develop and utilize a network of gravity wave observatories using existing and new instrumentation operated at several established research stations around the continent. The primary goal is to better understand and quantify large-scale gravity wave climatology and their effects on the upper atmosphere over Antarctica. ANGWIN currently comprises research measurements from five nations (U.S., U.K., Australia, Japan, and Brazil) at seven international stations. Utah State University’s Atmospheric Imaging Lab operates all-sky infrared and CCD imagers and an Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (AMTM) imager at several …
New Measurements Of Mcmurdo Gravity Wave Parameters, Jonathan R. Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor, P Dominique Pautet
New Measurements Of Mcmurdo Gravity Wave Parameters, Jonathan R. Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor, P Dominique Pautet
Jonathan Pugmire
The ANtarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network (ANGWIN) is an NSF sponsored international program designed to develop and utilize a network of gravity wave observatories using existing and new instrumentation operated at several established research stations around the continent. The primary goal is to better understand and quantify large-scale gravity wave climatology and their effects on the upper atmosphere over Antarctica. ANGWIN currently comprises research measurements from five nations (U.S., U.K., Australia, Japan, and Brazil) at seven international stations. Utah State University’s Atmospheric Imaging Lab operates all-sky infrared and CCD imagers and an Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (AMTM) imager at several …
Ogden College Of Science & Engineering Newsletter (Fall 2014), Cheryl Stevens, Dean
Ogden College Of Science & Engineering Newsletter (Fall 2014), Cheryl Stevens, Dean
Ogden College of Science & Engineering Publications
No abstract provided.
Ion-Cyclotron Resonance Heating Of O+ In The Topside Ionosphere And Mapping Outflows To The Magnetosphere, Anthony W. Pritchard
Ion-Cyclotron Resonance Heating Of O+ In The Topside Ionosphere And Mapping Outflows To The Magnetosphere, Anthony W. Pritchard
Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses
This thesis considers the heavy ion dynamics due to ion-cyclotron resonance energization processes that take place in the turbulent region of the Earth’s topside, high latitude ionosphere. We simulate the impact of this transverse heating process upon energies and velocity distribution functions of outflowing oxygen ions (O+) in the approximate altitude range of 800 km to 15,000 km. To do so most effectively, we use a single particle tracing model that precisely reproduces the small-scale wave-particle interaction of broadband extremely low frequency (BBELF) waves with the ions’ cyclotron motions, leading to the upward acceleration of ions in type-II ion outflows …
Midlatitude Mesospheric Temperature Anomalies During Major Ssw Events As Observed With Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar, Leda Sox, Vincent B. Wickwar, Chad Fish, Josh P. Herron
Midlatitude Mesospheric Temperature Anomalies During Major Ssw Events As Observed With Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar, Leda Sox, Vincent B. Wickwar, Chad Fish, Josh P. Herron
Leda Sox
While the mesospheric temperature anomalies associated with Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) have been observed extensively in the polar regions, observations of these anomalies at midlatitudes are sparse. The original Rayleigh-scatter lidar that operated at the Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (ALO; 41.7°N, 111.8°W) in the Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences (CASS) on the campus of Utah State University (USU) collected a very dense set of temperature data for 11 years, from 1993 through 2004. The temperatures derived from these data extended over the mesosphere, from 45 to 90 km. This work focuses on the extensive Rayleigh lidar observations made during seven …
Initial Measurements Of Mesospheric Gravity Waves Over Mcmurdo, Antarctica, Jonathan Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor, Yucheng Zhao, P.Dominique Pautet
Initial Measurements Of Mesospheric Gravity Waves Over Mcmurdo, Antarctica, Jonathan Pugmire, Michael J. Taylor, Yucheng Zhao, P.Dominique Pautet
Graduate Student Posters
The ANtarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network (ANGWIN) is an NSF sponsored international program designed to develop and utilize a network of gravity wave observatories using existing and new instrumentation operated at several established research stations around the continent. The primary goal is to better understand and quantify large-scale gravity wave climatology and their effects on the upper atmosphere over Antarctica. ANGWIN currently comprises research measurements from five nations (U.S., U.K., Australia, Japan, and Brazil) at seven international stations. Utah State University’s Atmospheric Imaging Lab operates all-sky infrared and CCD imagers and an Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (AMTM) imager at several …
Seasonal Variations Of Relative Neutral Densities Between 45 And 90 Km Determined From Usu Rayleigh Lidar Observations, David Barton, Vincent B. Wickwar, Leda Sox, Joshua P. Herron
Seasonal Variations Of Relative Neutral Densities Between 45 And 90 Km Determined From Usu Rayleigh Lidar Observations, David Barton, Vincent B. Wickwar, Leda Sox, Joshua P. Herron
Posters
A Rayleigh-scatter lidar operated at the Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (ALO; 41.7°N, 111.8°W), part of Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences (CASS) on the campus of Utah State University (USU), collected extensive data between 1993 and 2004. From the Rayleigh lidar photon-count profiles, relative densities were determined throughout the mesosphere, from 45 to 90 km. Using these relative densities three climatologies were derived, each using a different density normalization at 45 km. The first normalized the relative densities to a constant; the second to the NRL-MSISe00 empirical model which has a strong annual component; and the third to the CPC analyses …
Extremely Sensitive Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar At Usu, Vincent B. Wickwar, Leda Sox, David Barton, Matthew T. Emerick
Extremely Sensitive Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar At Usu, Vincent B. Wickwar, Leda Sox, David Barton, Matthew T. Emerick
Posters
Rayleigh lidar opened a portion of the atmosphere, from 30 to 90 km, to ground-based observations. Rayleigh-scatter observations were made at the Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (ALO) at Utah State University (USU) from 1993–2004 between 45 and 90 km, creating a very dense data set consisting of ~5000 hours of observations carried out over ~900 nights. The lidar had a mirror of area 0.15 m2 and a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm at 30 Hz at ~21 W, giving a power-aperture product (PAP) of ~3.1 Wm2.
Interpretation (Or Is It Calibration?) Of Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar Signals, Vincent B. Wickwar, Leda Sox
Interpretation (Or Is It Calibration?) Of Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar Signals, Vincent B. Wickwar, Leda Sox
Presentations
No abstract provided.
Midlatitude Mesospheric Temperature Anomalies During Major Ssw Events As Observed With Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar, Leda Sox, Vincent B. Wickwar, Chad Fish, Joshua P. Herron
Midlatitude Mesospheric Temperature Anomalies During Major Ssw Events As Observed With Rayleigh-Scatter Lidar, Leda Sox, Vincent B. Wickwar, Chad Fish, Joshua P. Herron
Graduate Student Posters
While the mesospheric temperature anomalies associated with Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) have been observed extensively in the polar regions, observations of these anomalies at midlatitudes are sparse. The original Rayleigh-scatter lidar that operated at the Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (ALO; 41.7°N, 111.8°W) in the Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences (CASS) on the campus of Utah State University (USU) collected a very dense set of temperature data for 11 years, from 1993 through 2004. The temperatures derived from these data extended over the mesosphere, from 45 to 90 km. This work focuses on the extensive Rayleigh lidar observations made during seven …
Rayleigh Scatter Lidar Observations Of The Midlatitude Mesosphere's Response To Sudden Stratospheric Warmings, Leda Sox, Vincent B. Wickwar, Chad Fish, Joshua P. Herron
Rayleigh Scatter Lidar Observations Of The Midlatitude Mesosphere's Response To Sudden Stratospheric Warmings, Leda Sox, Vincent B. Wickwar, Chad Fish, Joshua P. Herron
Leda Sox
The original Rayleigh-scatter lidar that operated at the Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (ALO; 41.7°N, 111.8°W) in the Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences (CASS) on the campus of Utah State University (USU) collected a very dense set of temperature data for 11 years, from 1993 through 2004. The temperatures derived from these data extended over the mesosphere, from 45 to 90 km. This work will focus on the extensive Rayleigh lidar observations made during the seven major SSW events that occurred between 1993 and 2004. In order to determine the characteristics of the midlatitude mesospheric temperatures during SSWs, comparisons were made …
Ensemble Modeling With Data Assimilation Models: A New Strategy For Space Weather Specifications, Forecasts, And Science, Robert W. Schunk, Ludger Scherliess, V. Eccles, Larry Gardner, Jan Josef Sojka, L. Zhu, X. Pi, A. J. Mannucci, B. D. Wilson, A. Komjathy, C, Wang, G. Rosen
Ensemble Modeling With Data Assimilation Models: A New Strategy For Space Weather Specifications, Forecasts, And Science, Robert W. Schunk, Ludger Scherliess, V. Eccles, Larry Gardner, Jan Josef Sojka, L. Zhu, X. Pi, A. J. Mannucci, B. D. Wilson, A. Komjathy, C, Wang, G. Rosen
All Physics Faculty Publications
The Earth’s Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Electrodynamics (I-T-E) system varies markedly on a range of spatial and temporal scales and these variations have adverse effects on human operations and systems, including high-frequency communications, over-the-horizon radars, and survey and navigation systems that use Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Consequently, there is a need to elucidate the underlying physical pro- cesses that lead to space weather disturbances and to both mitigate and forecast near-Earth space weather.
Ionospheric Ion Temperature Forecasting In Multiples Of 27 Days, Jan Josef Sojka, Robert W. Schunk, Michael J. Nicholls
Ionospheric Ion Temperature Forecasting In Multiples Of 27 Days, Jan Josef Sojka, Robert W. Schunk, Michael J. Nicholls
All Physics Faculty Publications
he ionospheric variability found at auroral locations is usually assumed to be unpredictable. The magnetosphere, which drives this ionospheric variability via storms and substorms, is at best only qualitatively describable. In this study we demonstrate that over a 3 year period, ionospheric variability observed from Poker Flat, Alaska, has, in fact, a high degree of long-term predictability. The observations used in this study are (a) the solar wind high speed stream velocity measured by the NASA Advanced Composition Explorer satellite, used to define the corotating interaction region (CIR), and (b) the ion temperature at 300 km altitude measured by the …
Coordinated Investigation Of Midlatitude Upper Mesospheric Temperature Inversion Layers And The Associated Gravity Wave Forcing By Na Lidar And Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper In Logan, Utah, Tao Yuan, Pierre-Dominique Pautet, Y. Zhao, Xuguang Cai, Michael J. Taylor, Neal R. Criddle
Coordinated Investigation Of Midlatitude Upper Mesospheric Temperature Inversion Layers And The Associated Gravity Wave Forcing By Na Lidar And Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper In Logan, Utah, Tao Yuan, Pierre-Dominique Pautet, Y. Zhao, Xuguang Cai, Michael J. Taylor, Neal R. Criddle
All Physics Faculty Publications
Mesospheric inversion layers (MIL) are well studied in the literature but their relationship to the dynamic feature associated with the breaking of atmospheric waves in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) region are not well understood. Two strong MIL events (ΔT ~30 K) were observed above 90 km during a 6 day full diurnal cycle Na lidar campaign conducted from 6 August to 13 August Logan, Utah (42°N, 112°W). Colocated Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper observations provided key information on concurrent gravity wave (GW) events and their characteristics during the nighttime observations. The study found both MILs were well correlated with the development …
Characterizing The Tgt-Lightning Relationship Using Entln, Kareem Omar
Characterizing The Tgt-Lightning Relationship Using Entln, Kareem Omar
Summer Community of Scholars Posters (RCEU and HCR Combined Programs)
No abstract provided.
Characterization Of The Atmospheric Effects On The Transmission Of Thermal Radiation, Mohamed E. Hanafy
Characterization Of The Atmospheric Effects On The Transmission Of Thermal Radiation, Mohamed E. Hanafy
Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open
Atmospheric scattering plays a crucial rule in degrading the performance of electro optical imaging systems operating in the visible and infra-red spectral bands, and hence limits the quality of the acquired images, either through reduction of contrast or increase of image blur. The exact nature of light scattering by atmospheric media is highly complex and depends on the types, orientations, sizes and distributions of particles constituting these media, as well as wavelengths, polarization states and directions of the propagating radiation. Here we follow the common approach for solving imaging and propagation problems by treating the propagating light through atmospheric media …
Global Nightly Oh And O2 Mesospheric Airglow: Examining A Decade Of Measurements Using The Nasa Saber Satellite Sensor, Jonathan Price, Jordan C. Rozum, Gene Ware, Doran Baker
Global Nightly Oh And O2 Mesospheric Airglow: Examining A Decade Of Measurements Using The Nasa Saber Satellite Sensor, Jonathan Price, Jordan C. Rozum, Gene Ware, Doran Baker
Browse All Undergraduate research
The SABER instrument aboard the TIMED satellite is a multichannel radiometer and has been continuously measuring the altitude distribution of infrared airglow intensity in the mesosphere on a global basis since 2002. While the majority of these altitude distributions are Gaussian-like, a significant portion exhibit two or more local maxima, suggesting multiple airglow layers. To better understand the cause of this phenomenon, the global and temporal distributions of infrared OH andO2 scans resulting in multiple peak altitude profiles are being examined.
Significant Impacts Of Radiation Physics In The Wrf Model On The Precipitation And Dynamics Of The West African Monsoon, R. Li, J. Jin, Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang, R. R. Gillies
Significant Impacts Of Radiation Physics In The Wrf Model On The Precipitation And Dynamics Of The West African Monsoon, R. Li, J. Jin, Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang, R. R. Gillies
Plants, Soils, and Climate Faculty Publications
Precipitation from the West African Monsoon (WAM) provides food security and supports the economy in the region. As a consequence of the intrinsic complexities of the WAM’s evolution, accurate simulations of the WAM and its precipitation regime, through the application of regional climate models, are challenging. We used the coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Land Model (CLM) to explore impacts of radiation physics on the precipitation and dynamics of the WAM. Our results indicate that the radiation physics schemes not only produce biases in radiation fluxes impacting radiative forcing, but more importantly, result in large bias in …
Relative Permeability Of Homogenous-Wet And Mixed-Wet Porous Media As Determined By Pore-Scale Lattice Boltzmann Modeling, C. J. Landry, Z. T. Karpyn, O. Ayala
Relative Permeability Of Homogenous-Wet And Mixed-Wet Porous Media As Determined By Pore-Scale Lattice Boltzmann Modeling, C. J. Landry, Z. T. Karpyn, O. Ayala
Engineering Technology Faculty Publications
We present a pore-scale study of two-phase relative permeability in homogenous-wet porous media, and porous media altered to a mixed-wet state. A Shan-Chen type multicomponent lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is employed to determine pore-scale fluid distributions and relative permeability. Mixed-wet states are created by altering the wettability of solid surfaces in contact with the nonwetting phase at the end of steady state simulation of initially homogenous-wet porous media. To ensure accurate representation of fluid-solid interfacial areas, we compare LB simulation results to experimental measurements of interfacial fluid-fluid and fluid-solid areas determined by X-ray computed microtomography imaging of water and oil …
Light Scattering From Aerosol Particles In The El Paso Del Norte Region / The Effect Of Humidity, Richard Medina Calderon
Light Scattering From Aerosol Particles In The El Paso Del Norte Region / The Effect Of Humidity, Richard Medina Calderon
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in climate forcing, through scattering and absorption of the incoming solar radiation. The extinction of light by the presence of atmospheric aerosols was studied using two first-principle models, and corresponding computer codes. In the first model the extinction of light from irregularly shaped aerosol particles was analyzed. In the second model it was assumed that the irregularly shaped aerosol particles were covered by a film of water, and the hygroscopicity and the extinction of light by the aerosols was analyzed. These models were then applied to the Paso del Norte region and their light …
Middle Atmospheric Changes Caused By The January And March 2012 Solar Proton Events, C. H. Jackman, C. E. Randall, V. L. Harvey, S. Wang, E. L. Fleming, M. López-Puertas, B. Funke, P. F. Bernath
Middle Atmospheric Changes Caused By The January And March 2012 Solar Proton Events, C. H. Jackman, C. E. Randall, V. L. Harvey, S. Wang, E. L. Fleming, M. López-Puertas, B. Funke, P. F. Bernath
Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications
The recent 23-30 January and 7-11 March 2012 solar proton event (SPE) periods were substantial and caused significant impacts on the middle atmosphere. These were the two largest SPE periods of solar cycle 24 so far. The highly energetic solar protons produced considerable ionization of the neutral atmosphere as well as HOx (H, OH, HO2) and NOx (N, NO, NO2). We compute a NOx production of 1.9 and 2.1 Gigamoles due to these SPE periods in January and March 2012, respectively, which places these SPE periods among the 12 largest in the past 50 yr. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) …
Validation Of Mipas Imk/Iaa V5r_O3_224 Ozone Profiles, A. Laeng, U. Grabowski, T. Von Clarmann, G. Stiller, N. Glatthor, M. Höpfner, S. Kellmann, M. Kiefer, A. Linden, S. Lossow, P. F. Bernath
Validation Of Mipas Imk/Iaa V5r_O3_224 Ozone Profiles, A. Laeng, U. Grabowski, T. Von Clarmann, G. Stiller, N. Glatthor, M. Höpfner, S. Kellmann, M. Kiefer, A. Linden, S. Lossow, P. F. Bernath
Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications
We present the results of an extensive validation program of the most recent version of ozone vertical profiles retrieved with the IMK/IAA (Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research/Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia) MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) research level 2 processor from version 5 spectral level 1 data. The time period covered corresponds to the reduced spectral resolution period of the MIPAS instrument, i.e., January 2005-April 2012. The comparison with satellite instruments includes all post-2005 satellite limb and occultation sensors that have measured the vertical profiles of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone: ACE-FTS, GOMOS, HALOE, HIRDLS, MLS, OSIRIS, POAM, …