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Articles 1 - 30 of 67
Full-Text Articles in Physics
Vanadium Oxide Thin-Film Variable Resistor-Based Rf Switches, Kuanchang Pan, Weisong Wang, Eunsung Shin, Kelvin Freeman, Guru Subramanyam
Vanadium Oxide Thin-Film Variable Resistor-Based Rf Switches, Kuanchang Pan, Weisong Wang, Eunsung Shin, Kelvin Freeman, Guru Subramanyam
Guru Subramanyam
Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a unique phase change material (PCM) that possesses a metal-to-insulator transition property. Pristine VO2 has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, and it undergoes an insulator-to-metal phase change at a transition temperature of 68°C. Such a property makes the VO2 thin-film-based variable resistor (varistor) a good candidate in reconfigurable electronics to be integrated with different RF devices such as inductors, varactors, and antennas. Series single-pole single-throw (SPST) switches with integrated VO2 thin films were designed, fabricated, and tested. The overall size of the device is 380 μm × 600 μm. The SPST switches were fabricated on …
A High Performance Ceramic-Polymer Separator For Lithium Batteries, Jitendra Kumar, Padmakar Kichambare, Amarendra K. Rai, Rabi Bhattacharya, Stanley J. Rodrigues, Guru Subramanyam
A High Performance Ceramic-Polymer Separator For Lithium Batteries, Jitendra Kumar, Padmakar Kichambare, Amarendra K. Rai, Rabi Bhattacharya, Stanley J. Rodrigues, Guru Subramanyam
Guru Subramanyam
A three-layered (ceramic-polymer-ceramic) hybrid separator was prepared by coating ceramic electrolyte [lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP)] over both sides of polyethylene (PE) polymer membrane using electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) technique. Ionic conductivities of membranes were evaluated after soaking PE and LAGP/PE/LAGP membranes in a 1 Molar (1M) lithium hexafluroarsenate (LiAsF6) electrolyte in ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) in volume ratio (1:1:1). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were employed to evaluate morphology and structure of the separators before and after cycling performance tests to better understand structure-property correlation. As compared …
Industry-University Collaboration: A University Of Dayton Model, Guru Subramanyam
Industry-University Collaboration: A University Of Dayton Model, Guru Subramanyam
Guru Subramanyam
This paper introduces industry-university collaboration activities currently in place at the University of Dayton's School of Engineering. These collaborations are important to prepare industry-ready graduates who excel in technical, entrepreneurial, and leadership skills. One of the key curricular components is the industry-sponsored multidisciplinary projects. Industry involvement in advisory committee, strategic research partnerships, and other forms are discussed.
Investigation Of Real-Time Optical Scanning Holography, Bradley D. Duncan
Investigation Of Real-Time Optical Scanning Holography, Bradley D. Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
Real-time holographic recording using an optical heterodyne scanning technique was proposed by Poon in 1985. The first part of this dissertation provides a detailed theoretical treatment of the technique, based on a Gaussian beam analysis. Topics to be addressed include the derivations of the optical transfer function (OTF) and impulse response of the scanning holographic recording system, reconstructed image resolution and magnification, methods of carrier frequency hologram generation and experimental verification of the recording technique based on careful measurements of a hologram corresponding to a simple transmissive slit. Furthermore, computer simulations are presented pertaining to the incoherent nature of the …
Imaging Diffractometer With Holographic Encoding Enhancements For Laser Sensing And Characterization, Joesph Binford, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker, Elizabeth Beecher, Mark Delong
Imaging Diffractometer With Holographic Encoding Enhancements For Laser Sensing And Characterization, Joesph Binford, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker, Elizabeth Beecher, Mark Delong
Bradley D. Duncan
What is believed to be a novel holographic optical encoding scheme has been developed to enhance the performance of laser sensors designed for the measurement of wavelength and angular trajectory. A prototype holographic imaging diffractometer has been created to reconstruct holographic cueing patterns superimposed in the focal plane of wide-angle scene imagery. Based on experimental pattern metric measurements at the focal plane, a theoretical model is used to compute the laser source wavelength and its apparent propagation direction within the sensor's field of view. The benefits of incorporating holographic enhancements within an imager-based sensor architecture are discussed.
Review: 'Optical Fiber Communications' (2nd Edition), By Gerd Keiser, Bradley D. Duncan
Review: 'Optical Fiber Communications' (2nd Edition), By Gerd Keiser, Bradley D. Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
If first impressions are worth anything (and they usually are), I would have to admit that my first impression of the second edition of Gerd Keiser's now popular text Optical Fiber Communications was quite good. My compliments are hereby extended to the publisher for choosing a rather handsome cover and dust jacket. It stands in strong contrast to the text's first edition, which still ranks as probably the ugliest book I own, with color choices ranging from dull cream and "baby" blue to pale pink! I am now happy to say that this older version has been discretely·retired to the …
Optical Sparse Aperture Imaging, Nicholas Miller, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan
Optical Sparse Aperture Imaging, Nicholas Miller, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
The resolution of a conventional diffraction-limited imaging system is proportional to its pupil diameter. A primary goal of sparse aperture imaging is to enhance resolution while minimizing the total light collection area; the latter being desirable, in part, because of the cost of large, monolithic apertures. Performance metrics are defined and used to evaluate several sparse aperture arrays constructed from multiple, identical, circular subapertures. Subaperture piston and∕or tilt effects on image quality are also considered. We selected arrays with compact nonredundant autocorrelations first described by Golay. We vary both the number of subapertures and their relative spacings to arrive at …
Monte Carlo Simulation Of Multiple Photon Scattering In Sugar Maple Tree Canopies, Michael Greiner, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Monte Carlo Simulation Of Multiple Photon Scattering In Sugar Maple Tree Canopies, Michael Greiner, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Bradley D. Duncan
Detecting objects hidden beneath forest canopies is a difficult task for optical remote sensing systems. Rather than relying upon the existence of gaps between leaves, as other researchers have done, our ultimate goal is to use light scattered by leaves to image through dense foliage. Herein we describe the development of a Monte Carlo model for simulating the scattering of light as it propagates through the leaves of an extended tree canopy. We measured several parameters, including the gap fraction and maximum leaf-area density, of a nearby sugar maple tree grove and applied them to our model. We report the …
Improving Mid-Frequency Contrast In Sparse Aperture Optical Imaging Systems Based Upon The Golay-9 Array, Andrew Stokes, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Improving Mid-Frequency Contrast In Sparse Aperture Optical Imaging Systems Based Upon The Golay-9 Array, Andrew Stokes, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Bradley D. Duncan
Sparse aperture imaging systems are capable of producing high resolution images while maintaining an overall light collection area that is small compared to a fully filled aperture yielding the same resolution. This is advantageous for applications where size, volume, weight and/or cost are important considerations. However, conventional sparse aperture systems pay the penalty of reduced contrast at midband spatial frequencies. This paper will focus on increasing the midband contrast of sparse aperture imaging systems based on the Golay-9 array. This is one of a family of two-dimensional arrays we have previously examined due to their compact, non-redundant autocorrelations. The modulation …
Periodic, Pseudo-Noise Waveforms For Multi-Function Coherent Ladar, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan
Periodic, Pseudo-Noise Waveforms For Multi-Function Coherent Ladar, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
We report the use of periodic, pseudonoise waveforms in a multifunction coherent ladar system. We exploit the Doppler sensitivity of these waveforms, as well as agile processing, to enable diverse ladar functions, including high range resolution imaging, macro-Doppler imaging, synthetic aperture ladar, and range-resolved micro-Doppler imaging. We present analytic expressions and simulations demonstrating the utility of pseudonoise waveforms for each of the ladar modes. We also discuss a laboratory pseudonoise ladar system that was developed to demonstrate range compression and range-resolved micro-Doppler imaging, as well as the phase recovery common to each of the coherent modes.
Holographic Aperture Ladar, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Holographic Aperture Ladar, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Bradley D. Duncan
Holographic aperture ladar is a variant of synthetic aperture ladar that seeks to increase cross-range scene resolution by synthesizing a large effective aperture through the motion of a smaller receiver and through the subsequent proper phasing and correlation of the detected signals in postprocessing. Unlike in conventional synthetic aperture ladar, however, holographic aperture ladar makes use of a two- dimensional translating sensor array, not simply a translating point detector. Also unlike in conventional synthetic aperture ladar, holographic aperture images will be formed in the two orthogonal cross-range dimensions parallel and perpendicular to the sensor platform’s direction of motion. The central …
Experimental Demonstration Of A Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System, Jason Stafford, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Experimental Demonstration Of A Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System, Jason Stafford, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Bradley D. Duncan
By synthesizing large effective apertures through the translation of a smaller imaging sensor and the subsequent proper phasing and correlation of detected signals in postprocessing, holographic aperture ladar (HAL) systems seek to increase the resolution of remotely imaged targets. The stripmap HAL process was demonstrated in the laboratory, for the first time to our knowledge. Our results show that the stripmap HAL transformation can precisely account for off-axis transmitter induced phase migrations. This in turn allows multiple pupil plane field segments, sequentially collected across a synthetic aperture, to be coherently mosaiced together. As a direct consequence, we have been able …
Review: 'Theory Of Dielectric Optical Waveguides,' 2nd Edition, By Dietrich Marcuse, Bradley D. Duncan
Review: 'Theory Of Dielectric Optical Waveguides,' 2nd Edition, By Dietrich Marcuse, Bradley D. Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
I suppose I ought to say up front that while preparing this review I often found myself feeling very much like a student evaluating his teacher. After all, it was, in part, the first edition of Dietrich Marcuse's Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides (among a handful of other similar texts) from which I first studied the principles of optical waveguide theory under the demanding, yet patient and graceful guidance of Dr. Ahmad Safaai-Jazi. Thus with the utmost respect for a teacher whom I have never met, I shall try to faithfully share my thoughts and feelings regarding the second edition …
Modal Interference Techniques For Strain Detection In Few-Mode Optical Fibers, Bradley D. Duncan
Modal Interference Techniques For Strain Detection In Few-Mode Optical Fibers, Bradley D. Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
Interference between the modes of an optical fiber results in specific intensity patterns which can be modulated as a function of disturbances in the optical fiber system. These modulation effects are a direct result of the difference in propagation constants of the constituent modes. In this presentation it is shown how the modulated intensity patterns created by the interference of specific mode groups in few-mode optical fibers (V < 5.0) can be used to detect strain. A detailed discussion of the modal phenomena responsible for the observed strain induced pattern modulation is given and it is shown that strain detection sensitivities …
Effects Of Spatial Modes On Ladar Vibration Signature Estimation, Douglas Jameson, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan
Effects Of Spatial Modes On Ladar Vibration Signature Estimation, Douglas Jameson, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
Ladar-based vibrometry has been shown to be a powerful technique in enabling the plant identification of machines. Rather than sensing the geometric shape of a target laser vibrometers sense motions of the target induced by moving parts within the system. Since the target need not be spatially resolved, vibration can be sensed reliably and provide positive identification at ranges beyond the imaging limits of the aperture. However, as the range of observation increases, the diffraction-limited beam size on the target increases as well, and may encompass multiple vibrational modes on the target's surface. As a result, vibration estimates formed from …
Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions Of Maple And Cottonwood Leaves, Michael Greiner, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions Of Maple And Cottonwood Leaves, Michael Greiner, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Bradley D. Duncan
We present our investigations into the optical scattering properties of both sugar maple (Acer saccarum) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) leaves in the near-IR wavelength regime. The bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) describes the fractions of light reflected by and transmitted through a leaf for a given set of illumination and observation angles. Experiments were performed to measure the BSDF of each species at a discrete set of illumination and observation angles. We then modeled the BSDFs in such a way that other researchers may interpolate their values for scattering in any direction under illumination at any angle.
Demonstrated Resolution Enhancement Capability Of A Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System, Samuel Venable, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking, David Rabb
Demonstrated Resolution Enhancement Capability Of A Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System, Samuel Venable, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking, David Rabb
Bradley D. Duncan
Holographic aperture ladar (HAL) is a variant of synthetic aperture ladar (SAL). The two processes are related in that they both seek to increase cross-range (i.e., the direction of the receiver translation) image resolution through the synthesis of a large effective aperture. This is in turn achieved via the translation of a receiver aperture and the subsequent coherent phasing and correlation of multiple received signals. However, while SAL imaging incorporates a translating point detector, HAL takes advantage of a two-dimensional translating sensor array. For the research presented in this article, a side-looking stripmap HAL geometry was used to sequentially image …
Saturated Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Phase Modulation For Long Range Laser Radar Applications, Jennifer Carns, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Saturated Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Phase Modulation For Long Range Laser Radar Applications, Jennifer Carns, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking
Bradley D. Duncan
We investigate the use of a semiconductor optical amplifier operated in the saturation regime as a phase modulator for long range laser radar applications. The nature of the phase and amplitude modulation resulting from a high peak power Gaussian pulse, and the impact this has on the ideal pulse response of a laser radar system, is explored. We also present results of a proof-of-concept laboratory demonstration using phase-modulated pulses to interrogate a stationary target.
Review: 'Integrated Optics: Design And Modeling,' By Reinhard Marz, Bradley D. Duncan
Review: 'Integrated Optics: Design And Modeling,' By Reinhard Marz, Bradley D. Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
My overall impression is that Integrated Optics: Design and Modeling will make a fine addition to almost anyone's collection of books on integrated optics. It will, however, serve its readers better as a reference book than as a text from which to first learn the basic concepts of integrated optics. I say this because the book is written at a fairly sophisticated technical level, though the author often moves rather quickly to the "bottom line" without providing material much beyond what is first necessary to introduce a problem or concept, and then a statement of the results and/or implications. It …
Index-Matched Boundary Techniques For The Elimination Of Acoustical Resonances, Jack H. Parker, Bradley D. Duncan
Index-Matched Boundary Techniques For The Elimination Of Acoustical Resonances, Jack H. Parker, Bradley D. Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
We extend the principle of optical index of refraction to apply the concept of acoustical index for transverse acoustical wave propagation in strings. The relationship between acoustical index and mass density of the acoustic material is developed. With this theoretical link established, classic index-matching techniques are explored at acoustical boundaries. Proper selection of boundary interface segments leads to the elimination of resonant vibrationalmodes that occur in rigidly supported strings, while maintaining the nonresonant vibration response.
Coupling Efficiencies For General Target Illumination Ladar Systems Incorporating Single Mode Optical Fiber Receivers, Christopher Brewer, Bradley Duncan, Kenneth Barnard, Edward Watson
Coupling Efficiencies For General Target Illumination Ladar Systems Incorporating Single Mode Optical Fiber Receivers, Christopher Brewer, Bradley Duncan, Kenneth Barnard, Edward Watson
Bradley D. Duncan
A rigorous method for modeling received power coupling efficiency (ηF/R) and transmitted power coupling efficiency (ηF/T) in a general-target-illumination ladar system is presented. For our analysis we concentrate on incorporating a single-mode optical fiber into the ladar return signal path. By developing expressions for both ηF/R and ηF/T for a simple, diffuse target, our model allows for varying range, beam size on target, target diameter, and coupling optics. Through numerical analysis ηF/R is shown to increase as the range to target increases and decrease as target diameter increases, and ηF/T is shown to decrease with target range. A baseline signal-to-noise …
Parametric Extension Of The Classical Exposure Schedule Theory For Angle-Multiplexed Photorefractive Recording Using The Common-Aperture Beam Geometry, Mark Delong, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker
Parametric Extension Of The Classical Exposure Schedule Theory For Angle-Multiplexed Photorefractive Recording Using The Common-Aperture Beam Geometry, Mark Delong, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker
Bradley D. Duncan
The gradual reorientations in crystal geometry encountered during angle-multiplexed holographic recording with obliquely incident recording beams can create significant parametric exposure-time and recording-angle dependencies in both grating writing- and erasure-time constants. We present a parametric extension of the classically derived backward-recursion algorithm that compensates for the intermingling effects of recording geometry, writing-beam intensity variations, and unique crystal behavior. We present experimental data for a sequence of 301 holograms recorded with the goal of equal hologram strength and, separately, the same sequence recorded with the goal of equal hologram reconstruction intensity—which are different cases for a steeply incident readout beam.
Heterodyne Ladar System Efficiency Enhancement Using Single-Mode Optical Fiber Mixers, Donald K. Jacob, Martin B. Mark, Bradley D. Duncan
Heterodyne Ladar System Efficiency Enhancement Using Single-Mode Optical Fiber Mixers, Donald K. Jacob, Martin B. Mark, Bradley D. Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
A theoretical performance analysis of a heterodyne ladar system incorporating a single-mode fiber receiver has been performed. For our purposes, the performance parameters of interest are the coupling and mixing efficiency of the ladar receiver, as they relate to the overall system carrier-to-noise ratio. For a receiver incorporating a single-mode fiber mixer, the received and local-oscillator fields are matched both spatially and temporally at the detector, yielding 100% mixing efficiency. We have therefore focused our efforts on determining an expression for the efficiency with which a diffuse return from a purely speckle target can be coupled into the receiving leg …
Space-Bandwidth Product Enhancement Of A Monostatic, Multi-Aperture Infrared Image Upconversion Ladar Receiver Incorporating Periodically Polled Linbo3, Christopher Brewer, Bradley Duncan, Phillip Maciejewski, Sean Kirkpatrick, Edward Watson
Space-Bandwidth Product Enhancement Of A Monostatic, Multi-Aperture Infrared Image Upconversion Ladar Receiver Incorporating Periodically Polled Linbo3, Christopher Brewer, Bradley Duncan, Phillip Maciejewski, Sean Kirkpatrick, Edward Watson
Bradley D. Duncan
We investigate the space-bandwidth product of a ladar system incorporating an upconversion receiver. After illuminating a target with an eye-safe beam, we direct the return into a piece of periodically poled LiNbO3 where it is upconverted into the visible spectrum and detected with a CCD camera. The theoretical and experimental transfer functions are then found. We show that the angular acceptance of the upconversion process severely limits the receiver field of regard for macroscopic coupling optics. This limitation is overcome with a pair of microlens arrays, and a 43% increase in the system’s measured space-bandwidth product is demonstrated.
Real-Time Non-Linear Image Processing Using An Active Optical Scanning Technique, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon, Ron Piper
Real-Time Non-Linear Image Processing Using An Active Optical Scanning Technique, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon, Ron Piper
Bradley D. Duncan
Real-time non-linear image processing has been achieved using an active optical scanning technique. This paper reports experimental results in edge extraction for both binary and grey-scale transmissive objects. Binary edge extraction is achieved using morphological transformations, while grey-scale edge extraction is achieved using a threshold decomposition technique. Advantages and limitation of both techniques are identified.
Wide Angle Achromatic Prism Beam Steering For Infrared Countermeasures Applications, Bradley D. Duncan, Philip J. Bos, Vassili Sergan
Wide Angle Achromatic Prism Beam Steering For Infrared Countermeasures Applications, Bradley D. Duncan, Philip J. Bos, Vassili Sergan
Bradley D. Duncan
The design and analysis of achromatic doublet prisms for use in laser beam steering is presented. The geometric relationships describing the maximum steering angle are given, as are discussions of first- and second-order dispersion reduction. Infrared (IR) material alternatives and optimum IR material characteristics for wide-angle achromatic prism beam steering are also investigated. Sixteen materials in 120 different combinations have been examined to date. For midwave IR applications it is shown that the minimum dispersion currently achievable across the full 2 to 5 μm spectrum is 1.7816 mrad at an average maximum steering angle of 45 deg. This is accomplished …
Optical-Fiber Preamplifiers For Ladar Detection And Associated Measurements For Improving The Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Michael Salisbury, Paul Mcmanamon, Bradley Duncan
Optical-Fiber Preamplifiers For Ladar Detection And Associated Measurements For Improving The Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Michael Salisbury, Paul Mcmanamon, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
In an effort to increase achievable postdetection signal-tonoise ratios (SNRs) of continuous-wave, 1-gm all-solid-state ladar systems, a prototype rare-earth-doped optical-fiber amplifier has been included in the optical return signal path of both a heterodyne and a directdetection ladar system. We provide numerical predictions for SNR increases according to our previously developed theory. We also detail our experimental efforts and provide the results of SNR measurements for four distinct cases: direct ladar detection with and without a fiber amplifier, and heterodyne ladar detection with and without a fiber amplifier. Experimentally measured increases in SNRs for ladar systems incorporating an optical-fiber amplifier …
Volume Holographic Memory For Laser Threat Discrimination, Mark Delong, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker
Volume Holographic Memory For Laser Threat Discrimination, Mark Delong, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker
Bradley D. Duncan
Using conventional volume-holographic angle multiplexing in an Fe:LiNbO3 crystal, we have developed a compact laser threat discriminator, intended for aircraft integration, that optically detects laser spatial coherence and angle of arrival while simultaneously rejecting incoherent background sources, such as the Sun. The device is intended for a specific type of psychophysical laser attack against U.S. Air Force pilots, namely, third-world-country exploitation of inexpensive and powerful cw Ar-ion or doubled Nd:YAG lasers in the visible spectrum to blind or disorient U.S. pilots. The component does not solve the general tactical laser weapon situation, which includes identifying precision-guided munitions, range finders, and …
Analysis Of Ladar Range Resolution Enhancement By Sinusoidal Phase Modulation, Leonard Masters, Martin Mark, Bradley Duncan
Analysis Of Ladar Range Resolution Enhancement By Sinusoidal Phase Modulation, Leonard Masters, Martin Mark, Bradley Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
The ability of a ladar system to resolve two or more separate returns from a combined echo is related to the effective correlation bandwidth of the pulse emitted by the ladar system. Phase modulation of an outgoing pulse introduces additional frequency components, which increases the effective correlation bandwidth of the pulse and thus improves the range resolution of the system. In this paper, we discuss the general theoretical basis for achieving improved range resolution using a modulated waveform and a matched filter receiver. We then demonstrate these concepts by considering the particular case of improved range resolution for a sinusoidally …
Sensitivity Improvement Of A 1-Μm Ladar System Incorporating An Active Optical Fiber Preamplifier, Michael S. Salisbury, Paul F. Mcmanamon, Bradley D. Duncan
Sensitivity Improvement Of A 1-Μm Ladar System Incorporating An Active Optical Fiber Preamplifier, Michael S. Salisbury, Paul F. Mcmanamon, Bradley D. Duncan
Bradley D. Duncan
In an effort to increase the SNR of a continuous wave, 1-μm all solid state ladar system, a rare-earth-doped optical fiber amplifier is investigated as a preamplifier for ladar return signals. The experimental system is detailed and a theoretical analysis of the fiber amplifier's effect on both heterodyne and direct detection schemes is provided. Beginning with the optical powers incident on the detector, the signal and noises are analyzed, through the detector electronics, to predict the SNR. The SNR is then plotted as a function of the return signal power, and a SNR threshold is defined to determine a minimum …