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Notes On The Ecology Of Sewer Rats In St. Louis, Kyle R. Barbehenn
Notes On The Ecology Of Sewer Rats In St. Louis, Kyle R. Barbehenn
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
The awareness, if not the magnitude, of problems caused by sewer rats has increased in the United States in recent years. Thus, current concern with the more general problem of urban rats is leading many city agencies to incorporate plans for controlling sewer rats in budgets that are already severely strained. The most effective programs for controlling pests are those based on an intimate knowledge of the interactions between the target species and its environment. Some basic studies of sewer rat ecology were begun in St. Louis, Missouri, in February, 1969. Since the initial results have provided information that should …
The Role Of The Coyote In An Infection Of Man And Animals, I. K. M. Liu
The Role Of The Coyote In An Infection Of Man And Animals, I. K. M. Liu
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
As part of epidemiological studies on hydatid disease in the central valley of California, a survey was made of seven counties of possible infections with Echinococcus granulosus in the coyote (Canis latrans). Of 173 animals examined, seven 4.O per cent) were found infected, six of them from Tehama County.
Outlook For Rodenticides And Avicides Registration, James O. Lee
Outlook For Rodenticides And Avicides Registration, James O. Lee
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
The history of pesticide regulations is presented. Major emphasis is on federal regulations. The evaluation of avicides and rodenticides is discussed and related to regu¬lations. Currently registered avicides and rodenticides are described along with a listing of efficacy criteria requirements. The future of registration of avicides and rodenticides is projected.
Opening Remarks - Fourth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Richard H. Dana
Opening Remarks - Fourth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Richard H. Dana
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
I am pleased to welcome you to the Fourth Vertebrate Pest Conference. This is our second Sacramento meeting. The first was in 1962 - eight years ago. It was an historic occasion. It was the first conference devoted exclusively to vertebrate pests. This conference is sponsored by the California Vertebrate Pest Committee comprised of representatives from the California Department of Agriculture, the University of California at Davis, Department of Animal Physiology and the Agricultural Extension Service; the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Division of Wildlife Services and of Wildlife Research, the California Departments of Public Health, Fish …
The Pharmacology Of Rodenticides, S. A. Peoples
The Pharmacology Of Rodenticides, S. A. Peoples
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
The compounds used as rodenticides are tremendously varied in their chemical structure and mechanism of action. With a few exceptions, these agents are generally poisonous to all animals, including man, and a great deal of study has been directed to their toxicity in animals other than rodents. However, the development of new compounds as Norbormide and certain antifertility drugs which are highly selective in their action may justify the hope that the ideal rodenticide free of secondary toxic hazards will soon be available. Until this happy announcement is made, a review of the pharmacology of the older compounds is in …
Frontmatter And Contents
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
PROCEEDINGS: FOURTH VERTEBRATE PEST CCONFERENCE held at El Rancho Hotel, West Sacramento, California, March 3, 4 and 5, 1970. Edited By Richard H. Dana, Conference Chairman. Sponsored by the California Vertebrate Pest Committee
New Factors Controlling Populations Of Land Vertebrates In Great Britain, N. W. Moore
New Factors Controlling Populations Of Land Vertebrates In Great Britain, N. W. Moore
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
The vertebrate fauna of Britain is impoverished by nature. Further, virtually the whole land surface has been altered radically by Man, and all vertebrate species have been profoundly affected both unconsciously and consciously by Man. The rate of change during the last quarter of a century has been far greater than at any other time; new deleterious factors - increased habitat destruction, increased human pressure and motor traffic, myxomatosis and a vast increase in pesticide use have coincided in this period. The public's attitude to several common species (e.g., rabbit, woodpigeon, fox and birds of prey) has been equivocal and …
Keynote Address --- "The Year Of Ecology", Robert I. Cushing
Keynote Address --- "The Year Of Ecology", Robert I. Cushing
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
It seems to me that there are at least two things we should be concerned about. First, I believe there is a real possibility that the environmental quality bandwagon will get to playing so loud and to rolling so fast that there can be some unfavorable consequences in food production and processing-—the job I work at and that some of you work at. Second, I believe there are signs that we could lose our balance—-that we could be making decisions on emotional instead of rational grounds. Reason seems to be in danger from an epidemic of emotion. And we need …
The Rat In Hawaiian Sugarcane, Glenn A. Hood, Roger D. Nass, Gerald D. Lindsey
The Rat In Hawaiian Sugarcane, Glenn A. Hood, Roger D. Nass, Gerald D. Lindsey
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Heavy losses In Hawaiian sugarcane are caused by Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans), Norway rats (R. norveglcus), and black rats (R. rattus). Relative population levels, movement patterns, damage to sugarcane, and suggested timing of control during five stages of the 2-year crop cycle are described. The progress toward the registering of zinc phosphide for use in crops and the development of other rodenticides are mentioned.
Rodent Control In The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima
Rodent Control In The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Past and present concepts of rodent control at the 24 sugar plantations of Hawaii are reviewed with particular attention being given to the research efforts of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association in improving operational rodent control in sugarcane. Hawaii offers a unique set of conditions: a 2-year crop cycle, a production of over 100 tons of sugarcane per acre, countless numbers of gulches and wasteland bordering crop fields, and a year-long growing season, all having an effect on rat population and habitat.
Current Status Of Plague And Plague Control In The United States, Jack D. Poland, Allan M. Barnes
Current Status Of Plague And Plague Control In The United States, Jack D. Poland, Allan M. Barnes
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
During the first quarter of the 20th century massive rat-borne plague epidemics occurred in port cities of the United States in conjunction with the last world-wide pandemic which originated in China in 1893. By 1950, plague was found to be firmly established in wild rodent populations in states west of the 100th meridian. Presumably because of improved sanitation coupled with retreat of the world-wide pandemic there have been no human cases in this country associated with urban rats since 1924. However, sporadic cases, fewer than 10 per year, are reported as due to contact with wild rodents, lagomorphs, rural rats, …
Vampire Bat Control: A Review And Proposed Research Programme For Latin America, Arthur M. Greenhall
Vampire Bat Control: A Review And Proposed Research Programme For Latin America, Arthur M. Greenhall
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
In Latin America paralytic rabies transmitted by vampire bats is a major cause of death in cattle. This problem becomes more acute as countries attempt to increase livestock production to feed rapidly expanding human populations. Vaccination has been the principal weapon against rabies, however this offers no protection to domestic animals and poultry against daily predation of vampire bats. Established methods of vampire bat control, though limited, have proved effective and should be continued while more effective methods are being developed and tested. Existing methods are discussed in some detail. Of the approximately 200 kinds of bats found in Latin …
Importance Of Wildlife Rabies Control, Richard L. Parker
Importance Of Wildlife Rabies Control, Richard L. Parker
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
ABSTRACT: Rabies in animals has been known in North America for over two centuries, and whether the disease was initially present in wild species or was introduced by dogs, it has been known in skunks for almost a century and a half. Today more rabies cases in wild animals are reported than in domestic animals, and a considerable proportion of both human and domestic animal exposures to the disease are the result of wild-animal contact. The most useful techniques for controlling wild animal rabies today are methods that reduce contact between infected individuals and susceptible individuals; these involve the manipulation …
Methods Of Controlling Jackrabbits, James Evans, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard E. Griffith Jr.
Methods Of Controlling Jackrabbits, James Evans, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard E. Griffith Jr.
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Since 1963, biologists of the Denver Wildlife Research Center have been investigating methods of alleviating agricultural damage by the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus). Of the several approaches to control, most biological methods (predation, habitat manipulation, disease and parasites, and chemosterilants) appear impractical with present knowledge. Mechanical control except for fence barriers, usually has limited effectiveness. Currently, the most useful approach is still chemical control. Improved baiting techniques and several chemical control agents, including an experimental toxicant highly selective for jackrabbits, are described.
Rodenticides - Problems And Current Research, F. P. Rowe, J. H. Greaves, R. Redfern, A. D. Martin
Rodenticides - Problems And Current Research, F. P. Rowe, J. H. Greaves, R. Redfern, A. D. Martin
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Regarded from both the economic and health aspects, the control of rodents is a pressing world wide problem. Continued improvements in food storage facilities, crop husbandry and environmental control are likely to do much in the long-term to help reduce rodent populations and damage. Looking ahead again, it is possible that biological control methods involving for example the use of reproduction inhibitors or rodent predators or diseases may ultimately be developed for rodent control purposes. In the immediate future however it is likely that rodent control operations will continue to be based on the use of rodenticides.
The Outlook For Vertebrate Pest Control, Howard A. Merrill
The Outlook For Vertebrate Pest Control, Howard A. Merrill
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Because of the increased concern for the environment and the public's positive action toward preservation of all forms of plant and animal life, future control methods for pest animals will require a greater degree of specificity than in the past. Vertebrate pest control does not face a very promising future unless the independent and cooperative effort of both industry and government is expanded. The time has passed when one could use a chemical simply because it was a good poison or repellent. Now, especially when food or feed crops are involved, it is necessary to know a lot more about …
Rodent Control Problems In Developing Countries, Robert Z. Brown
Rodent Control Problems In Developing Countries, Robert Z. Brown
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
None of the so-called developing countries has an adequate rodent control program at present. In only a few of these countries is any rodent control research occurring despite the fact that rodent problems are actually quite serious in many regions and potentially so in others. Expertise, techniques and materials from the developed countries are of limited usefulness because of major differences in rodent species involved, standards for food handling and sanitation, and in the cultural contexts in which rodent control must occur. Trained personnel, both for control work and the basic research needed, are in very short supply. In addition, …
Mole Control, Lee W. Kuhn
Mole Control, Lee W. Kuhn
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
ABSTRACT: Four kinds of moles are found in the Pacific coast states but only the Townsend mole (Scapanus townsendii) in Washington and Oregon and the broad-handed mole (Scapanus latimanus) in California are considered economically important. Damage in agricultural areas is caused by mole mounds and burrow systems which reduce pasture production, make harvesting difficult by breaking or plugging machinery, contaminate hay and silage thus, retarding proper curing, contribute to soil erosion and make ready-made homes for invading meadow mice, pocket gophers, and other rodent pests. Moles also damage lawns, gardens, flower beds and occasionally eat or destroy valuable seeds and …
Destruction Of Conifer Seed And Methods Of Protection, M. A. Radwan
Destruction Of Conifer Seed And Methods Of Protection, M. A. Radwan
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
ABSTRACT: Agents responsible for tosses of conifer seed and methods for seed protection are reviewed. Published information indicates that much seed is destroyed, especially by seed-eating rodents and birds. Improvement of existing protective methods and development of new chemical means are necessary to overcome the problem.
Studies In Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, P. B. Cornwell
Studies In Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, P. B. Cornwell
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Warfarin, zinc phosphide, norbormide and alphachloralose have been microencapsulated by the technique of coacervation and fed to laboratory rats (R. norvegicus) and mice (M. musculus). Results are given of experiments in which the concentration of rodenticide, wall material and phase ratio have been varied separately and in combination. Experiments are also reported in which normal and encapsulated rodenticide has been fed together in the same test diet.
Pocket Gopher Problems And Control Practices On National Forest Lands In The Pacific Northwest Region, Paul R. Canutt
Pocket Gopher Problems And Control Practices On National Forest Lands In The Pacific Northwest Region, Paul R. Canutt
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Pocket gophers of concern to foresters in the Pacific Northwest belong to the genus Thomomys (13). The two species believed responsible for most conifer damage are the northern pocket gopher (T. talpoides) which occurs east of the Cascade mountains in Washington, Oregon, and south into the northeastern edge of California and the nearly identical Mazama pocket gopher (j_. mazama), which ranges throughout western Oregon and into north central California (13). Pocket gopher damage is best known to agriculturalists who for many years have suffered losses to root, hay, fruit, and bulb crops, as well as damage to irrigation canals (23). …
Olfaction In Rodent Control, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Olfaction In Rodent Control, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
A brief survey is presented of current knowledge on olfaction in rodents and the various roles that odors may play in modifying rodent behavior. Some species at least utilize olfactory cues: to locate food items; to recognize their mother and mates; to mark territory; as an involuntary population density regulator; possibly to recognize predators; as a warning cue against a repellent or toxic substance (poison-bait shyness); and probably, for many other behavioral purposes. The value of using artificial odors in rodent baits to increase bait acceptance is not yet well documented. The addition of attractive natural odors may increase detection …
Chemosterilants As An Approach To Rodent Control, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard
Chemosterilants As An Approach To Rodent Control, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Capitalizing on research directed toward oral contraceptives for humans, a wide variety of compounds are now under study for their practical value in inhibiting rodent reproduction to suppress detrimental populations. This paper discusses the specifications of ideal rodent chemosterilants and the advantages of chemosterilants over other methods of control, and compares the potential values of chemosterilants acting on females, males, and both sexes. Specific situations are detailed where chemosterilants will be most valuable in rodent control, together with proposed methods of application. Chemosterilants are not expected to become a panacea for control, but since they are based on sound biological …
Control Of Freshwater Fish With Chemicals, Robert E. Lennon
Control Of Freshwater Fish With Chemicals, Robert E. Lennon
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
Fish toxicants have been used for nearly 60 years by sport fishery managers to remove predaceous or competing fishes from gamefish waters. The reclamation of lakes and streams by poisoning unwanted fish is considered to be one of the better management tools, and the demand for reclamations is increasing as more waters come under intensive management. Many chemicals have been tried as fish toxicants, but the insecticides rotenone and toxaphene have been most widely used despite their disadvantages of non-selectivity between wanted and unwanted fishes, persistence in water, and toxic effects on aquatic invertebrates. Research in the past 20 years …
Standardization Of Procedures For Developing Vertebrate Control Agents, Nelson B. Kverno
Standardization Of Procedures For Developing Vertebrate Control Agents, Nelson B. Kverno
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
In research to develop methods for controlling damage by vertebrates, chemical evaluation procedures vary with every investigator, so that data cannot be meaningfully compared. Toxicology is one common area where standardization is both applicable and desirable. It is recommended that standard guidelines be developed through an international body recognized by the members of the discipline.
A Vehicle Mounted Bait Dispenser, Richard E. Griffith Jr., James Evans
A Vehicle Mounted Bait Dispenser, Richard E. Griffith Jr., James Evans
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
A 3-inch-diameter plastic tube mounted on a truck was designed for distributing bait (cut carrots or grain) for mammal control. Baits are fed into the tube by an operator standing in the truck bed. The device is light-weight and detachable and permits rapid, accurate placement of bait along a line on the ground or in a plowed furrow.
A Permanent Type Poison Station For Porcupine Control, William A. Neitro
A Permanent Type Poison Station For Porcupine Control, William A. Neitro
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
A method has been devised to protect the poison strychnine-salt blocks used in controlling porcupines, Erethizon dorsatum, from the weather, killing of non-target animals and vandalism. An aluminum poison bait station has been developed which is light weight, durable, camouflaged, and safe. These structures are easily constructed and are relatively inexpensive when longevity is considered. Porcupines are controlled effectively and economically using this method
Trapping - The Oldest Profession, William D. Fitzwater
Trapping - The Oldest Profession, William D. Fitzwater
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
While trapping is probably the oldest pursuit of man, predating hunting and agriculture, it has not undergone many drastic changes since the first primitive attempts. An arbitrary classification of traps [improvised traps, snares-and nets, cage traps, spring traps and glues] is discussed and examples of each group given. As the behavioral and physical characteristics of vertebrate animals vary so much, it is impossible to discuss trapping procedures in any detail, but certain principles apply to most situations. These are: (1) need for an understanding of the target species' habit patterns, (2) selection of a trap size and design suitable for …
The Pocatello Supply Depot, Adolph Zajanc
The Pocatello Supply Depot, Adolph Zajanc
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
The Pocatello Supply Depot is operated by the Division of Wildlife Services, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, a branch of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service--all a part of the Department of Interior. The major purpose of the Supply Depot is to provide rodent and predator control materials not available to the general public, to cooperating Federal, State and private agencies. On occasion materials are also provided to Canada and to South American countries as well as other foreign countries after a review of justification by the Central Office.
Some Vertebrate Pest Problems In Japan, Tatsuo Udagawa
Some Vertebrate Pest Problems In Japan, Tatsuo Udagawa
Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970)
The wildlife in Japan does more damage in outbreaks in forestry than in agriculture. Hares annually damage in excess of 250 thousand acres. Voles annually damage 50 to 100 thousand acres; in some areas great damage may occur suddenly. The giant flying squirrel damages areas of replanted trees in southern areas of Japan. The Himalayan black bear strips the bark on tree trunks. In agriculture, the sparrow and the duck do an excessive amount of damage in rice fields, and the boar does conspicuous harm in the plowed fields of mountain villages. In Okinawa, sugar cane is attacked by Rattus …