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Articles 1 - 30 of 250
Full-Text Articles in Software Engineering
The Staging Transformation Approach To Mixing Initiative, Robert Capra, Michael Narayan, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan, Manuel A. Pérez-Quiñones
The Staging Transformation Approach To Mixing Initiative, Robert Capra, Michael Narayan, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan, Manuel A. Pérez-Quiñones
Saverio Perugini
Mixed-initiative interaction is an important facet of many conversational interfaces, flexible planning architectures, intelligent tutoring systems, and interactive information retrieval systems. Software systems for mixed-initiative interaction must enable us to both operationalize the mixing of initiative (i.e., support the creation of practical dialogs) and to reason in real-time about how a flexible mode of interaction can be supported (e.g., from a meta-dialog standpoint). In this paper, we present the staging transformation approach to mixing initiative, where a dialog script captures the structure of the dialog and dialog control processes are realized through generous use of program transformation techniques (e.g., partial …
Personalizing Interactions With Information Systems, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan
Personalizing Interactions With Information Systems, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan
Saverio Perugini
Personalization constitutes the mechanisms and technologies necessary to customize information access to the end-user. It can be defined as the automatic adjustment of information content, structure, and presentation tailored to the individual. In this chapter, we study personalization from the viewpoint of personalizing interaction. The survey covers mechanisms for information-finding on the web, advanced information retrieval systems, dialog-based applications, and mobile access paradigms. Specific emphasis is placed on studying how users interact with an information system and how the system can encourage and foster interaction. This helps bring out the role of the personalization system as a facilitator which reconciles …
Mining Web-Functional Dependencies For Flexible Information Access, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan
Mining Web-Functional Dependencies For Flexible Information Access, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan
Saverio Perugini
We present an approach to enhancing information access through Web structure mining in contrast to traditional approaches involving usage mining. Specifically, we mine the hardwired hierarchical hyperlink structure of Web sites to identify patterns of term-term co-occurrences we call Web functional dependencies (FDs). Intuitively, a Web FD ‘x y’ declares that all paths through a site involving a hyperlink labeled x also contain a hyperlink labeled y. The complete set of FDs satisfied by a site help characterize (flexible and expressive) interaction paradigms supported by a site, where a paradigm is the set of explorable sequences therein. …
Personalization By Program Slicing, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan
Personalization By Program Slicing, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan
Saverio Perugini
Personalization involves customizing information access to the end-user. As any new area of computer science research it lacks formal models to guide the design of systems. In this paper, we present a modeling methodology, based on generative programming, for personalizing interactions with hierarchical websites. The methodology entails modeling a user’s interaction with a site in a program and applying program slicing to personalize the interaction. While preserving interactivity, this approach does not require the designer to anticipate all possible user interactions a priori and provide interfaces for each. Moreover, it provides a theoretical, systematic, and implementation-neutral way to design systems …
The Good, Bad And The Indifferent: Explorations In Recommender System Health, Benjamin J. Keller, Sun-Mi Kim, N. Srinivas Vemuri, Naren Ramakrishnan, Saverio Perugini
The Good, Bad And The Indifferent: Explorations In Recommender System Health, Benjamin J. Keller, Sun-Mi Kim, N. Srinivas Vemuri, Naren Ramakrishnan, Saverio Perugini
Saverio Perugini
Our work is based on the premise that analysis of the connections exploited by a recommender algorithm can provide insight into the algorithm that could be useful to predict its performance in a fielded system. We use the jumping connections model defined by Mirza et al. [6], which describes the recommendation process in terms of graphs. Here we discuss our work that has come out of trying to understand algorithm behavior in terms of these graphs. We start by describing a natural extension of the jumping connections model of Mirza et al., and then discuss observations that have come from …
Personalization By Website Transformation: Theory And Practice, Saverio Perugini
Personalization By Website Transformation: Theory And Practice, Saverio Perugini
Saverio Perugini
We present an analysis of a progressive series of out-of-turn transformations on a hierarchical website to personalize a user’s interaction with the site. We formalize the transformation in graph-theoretic terms and describe a toolkit we built that enumerates all of the traversals enabled by every possible complete series of these transformations in any site and computes a variety of metrics while simulating each traversal therein to qualify the relationship between a site’s structure and the cumulative effect of support for the transformation in a site. We employed this toolkit in two websites. The results indicate that the transformation enables users …
Staging Transformations For Multimodal Web Interaction Management, Michael Narayan, Christopher Williams, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan
Staging Transformations For Multimodal Web Interaction Management, Michael Narayan, Christopher Williams, Saverio Perugini, Naren Ramakrishnan
Saverio Perugini
Multimodal interfaces are becoming increasingly ubiquitous with the advent of mobile devices, accessibility considerations, and novel software technologies that combine diverse interaction media. In addition to improving access and delivery capabilities, such interfaces enable flexible and personalized dialogs with websites, much like a conversation between humans. In this paper, we present a software framework for multimodal web interaction management that supports mixed-initiative dialogs between users and websites. A mixed-initiative dialog is one where the user and the website take turns changing the flow of interaction. The framework supports the functional specification and realization of such dialogs using staging transformations – …
A Content-Sensitive Wiki Help System, Eswara Satya Pavan Rajesh Pinapala
A Content-Sensitive Wiki Help System, Eswara Satya Pavan Rajesh Pinapala
Master's Projects
Context-sensitive help is a software application component that enables users to open help pertaining to their state, location, or the action they are performing within the software. Context-sensitive “wiki” help, on the other hand, is help powered by a wiki system with all the features of context-sensitive help. A context-sensitive wiki help system aims to make the context-sensitive help collaborative; in addition to seeking help, users can directly contribute to the help system. I have implemented a context-sensitive wiki help system into Yioop, an open source search engine and software portal created by Dr. Chris Pollett, in order to measure …
Human Action Classification Based On Sequential Bag-Of-Words Model, Hong Liu, Qiaoduo Zhang, Qianru Sun
Human Action Classification Based On Sequential Bag-Of-Words Model, Hong Liu, Qiaoduo Zhang, Qianru Sun
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Recently, approaches utilizing spatial-temporal features have achieved great success in human action classification. However, they typically rely on bag-of-words (BoWs) model, and ignore the spatial and temporal structure information of visual words, bringing ambiguities among similar actions. In this paper, we present a novel approach called sequential BoWs for efficient human action classification. It captures temporal sequential structure by segmenting the entire action into sub-actions. Each sub-action has a tiny movement within a narrow range of action. Then the sequential BoWs are created, in which each sub-action is assigned with a certain weight and salience to highlight the distinguishing sections. …
Online Learning On Incremental Distance Metric For Person Re-Identification, Yuke Sun, Hong Liu, Qianru Sun
Online Learning On Incremental Distance Metric For Person Re-Identification, Yuke Sun, Hong Liu, Qianru Sun
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Person re-identification is to match persons appearing across non-overlapping cameras. The matching is challenging due to visual ambiguities and disparities of human bodies. Most previous distance metrics are learned by off-line and supervised approaches. However, they are not practical in real-world applications in which online data comes in without any label. In this paper, a novel online learning approach on incremental distance metric, OL-IDM, is proposed. The approach firstly modifies Self-Organizing Incremental Neural Network (SOINN) using Mahalanobis distance metric to cluster incoming data into neural nodes. Such metric maximizes the likelihood of a true image pair matches with a smaller …
Pads: Passive Detection Of Moving Targets With Dynamic Speed Using Phy Layer Information, Kun Qian, Chenshu Wu, Zheng Yang, Yunhao Liu, Zimu Zhou
Pads: Passive Detection Of Moving Targets With Dynamic Speed Using Phy Layer Information, Kun Qian, Chenshu Wu, Zheng Yang, Yunhao Liu, Zimu Zhou
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Device-free passive detection is an emerging technology to detect whether there exists any moving entities in the area of interests without attaching any device to them. It is an essential primitive for a broad range of applications including intrusion detection for safety precautions, patient monitoring in hospitals, child and elder care at home, etc. Despite of the prevalent signal feature Received Signal Strength (RSS), most robust and reliable solutions resort to finer-grained channel descriptor at physical layer, e.g., the Channel State Information (CSI) in the 802.11n standard. Among a large body of emerging techniques, however, few of them have explored …
Cardioguard: A Brassiere-Based Reliable Ecg Monitoring Sensor System For Supporting Daily Smartphone Healthcare Applications, Sungjun Kwon, Jeehoon Kim, Seungwoo Kang, Youngki Lee, Hyunjae Baek, Kwangsuk Park
Cardioguard: A Brassiere-Based Reliable Ecg Monitoring Sensor System For Supporting Daily Smartphone Healthcare Applications, Sungjun Kwon, Jeehoon Kim, Seungwoo Kang, Youngki Lee, Hyunjae Baek, Kwangsuk Park
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
We propose CardioGuard, a brassiere-based reliable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring sensor system, for supporting daily smartphone healthcare applications. It is designed to satisfy two key requirements for user-unobtrusive daily ECG monitoring: reliability of ECG sensing and usability of the sensor. The system is validated through extensive evaluations. The evaluation results showed that the CardioGuard sensor reliably measure the ECG during 12 representative daily activities including diverse movement levels; 89.53% of QRS peaks were detected on average. The questionnaire-based user study with 15 participants showed that the CardioGuard sensor was comfortable and unobtrusive. Additionally, the signal-to-noise ratio test and the washing durability …
Mydeal: A Mobile Shopping Assistant Matching User Preferences To Promotions, Kartik Muralidharan, Swapna Gottipati, Jing Jiang, Narayan Ramasubbu, Rajesh Krishna Balan
Mydeal: A Mobile Shopping Assistant Matching User Preferences To Promotions, Kartik Muralidharan, Swapna Gottipati, Jing Jiang, Narayan Ramasubbu, Rajesh Krishna Balan
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
A common problem in large urban cities is the huge number of retail options available. In response, a number of shopping assistance applications have been created for mobile phones. However, these applications mostly allow users to know where stores are or find promotions on specific items. What is missing is a system that factors in a user's shopping preferences and automatically tells them which stores are of their interest. The key challenge in this system is twofold; 1) building a matching algorithm that can combine user preferences with fairly unstructured deals and store information to generate a final rank ordered …
Midas: Empowering 802.11ac With Multiple-Input Distributed Antenna Systems, Jie Xiong, Karthikeyan Sundaresan, Kyle Jamieson, Mohammad A. Khojastepour, Sampath Rangarajan
Midas: Empowering 802.11ac With Multiple-Input Distributed Antenna Systems, Jie Xiong, Karthikeyan Sundaresan, Kyle Jamieson, Mohammad A. Khojastepour, Sampath Rangarajan
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Next generation WLANs (802.11ac) are undergoing a major shift in their communication paradigm with the introduction of multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), transitioning from single-user to multi-user communications. We argue that the conventional AP deployment model of co-located antennas as well as their PHY and MAC mechanisms are not designed to realize the complete potential of MUMIMO. We propose to leverage distributed antenna systems (DAS) to empower next generation 802.11ac networks. We highlight the multitude of benefits that DAS brings to MU-MIMO and 802.11ac in general. However, several challenges arise in the process of realizing these benefits in practice, where avoiding client …
An Empirical Study On The Adequacy Of Testing In Open Source Projects, Pavneet Singh Kochhar, Ferdian Thung, David Lo, Julia Lawall
An Empirical Study On The Adequacy Of Testing In Open Source Projects, Pavneet Singh Kochhar, Ferdian Thung, David Lo, Julia Lawall
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
During software maintenance, testing is crucial to ensure the quality of code as it evolves. With the increasing size and complexity of software, adequate software testing has become increasingly important. Code coverage is an important metric to gauge the effectiveness of test cases and the adequacy of testing. However, what is the coverage level exhibited by large-scale open-source projects? What is the correlation between software metrics and the code coverage of the software?In this study, we investigate the state-of-the-practice of testing by measuring code coverage in open-source software projects. We examine over300 large open-source projects written in Java, coming from …
Sensor-Free Corner Shape Detection By Wireless Networks, Yuxi Wang, Zimu Zhou, Kaishun Wu
Sensor-Free Corner Shape Detection By Wireless Networks, Yuxi Wang, Zimu Zhou, Kaishun Wu
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Due to the rapid growth of the smartphone applications and the fast development of the Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), numerous indoor location-based techniques have been proposed during the past several decades. Floorplan, which defines the structure and functionality of a specific indoor environment, becomes a hot topic nowadays. Conventional floorplan techniques leverage smartphone sensors combined with WiFi signals to construct the floorplan of a building. However, existing approaches with sensors cannot detect the shape of a corner, and the sensors cost huge amount of energy during the whole floorplan constructing process. In this paper, we propose a sensor-free approach …
Techniques For Efficient Execution Of Large-Scale Scientific Workflows In Distributed Environments, Selim Kalayci
Techniques For Efficient Execution Of Large-Scale Scientific Workflows In Distributed Environments, Selim Kalayci
FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Scientific exploration demands heavy usage of computational resources for large-scale and deep analysis in many different fields. The complexity or the sheer scale of the computational studies can sometimes be encapsulated in the form of a workflow that is made up of numerous dependent components. Due to its decomposable and parallelizable nature, different components of a scientific workflow may be mapped over a distributed resource infrastructure to reduce time to results. However, the resource infrastructure may be heterogeneous, dynamic, and under diverse administrative control. Workflow management tools are utilized to help manage and deal with various aspects in the lifecycle …
Defining, Evaluating, And Improving The Process Of Verifying Patient Identifiers, Junghee Jo
Defining, Evaluating, And Improving The Process Of Verifying Patient Identifiers, Junghee Jo
Doctoral Dissertations
Patient identification errors are a major cause of medication errors. During medication administration, failure to identify patients correctly can lead to patients receiving incorrect medications, perhaps resulting in adverse drug events and even death. Most medication error studies to date have focused on reporting patient misidentification statistics from case studies, on classifying types of patient identification errors, or on evaluating the impact of technology on the patient identification process, but few have proposed specific strategies or guidelines to decrease patient identification errors. This thesis aims to improve the verification of patient identifiers (VPI) process by making three key contributions to …
Subtyping With Generics: A Unified Approach, John G. Altidor
Subtyping With Generics: A Unified Approach, John G. Altidor
Doctoral Dissertations
Reusable software increases programmers' productivity and reduces repetitive code and software bugs. Variance is a key programming language mechanism for writing reusable software. Variance is concerned with the interplay of parametric polymorphism (i.e., templates, generics) and subtype (inclusion) polymorphism. Parametric polymorphism enables programmers to write abstract types and is known to enhance the readability, maintainability, and reliability of programs. Subtyping promotes software reuse by allowing code to be applied to a larger set of terms. Integrating parametric and subtype polymorphism while maintaining type safety is a difficult problem. Existing variance mechanisms enable greater subtyping between parametric types, but they suffer …
Automated Runtime Recovery For Qos-Based Service Composition, Tian Huat Tan, Manman Chen, Étienne André, Jun Sun, Yang Liu, Jin Song Dong
Automated Runtime Recovery For Qos-Based Service Composition, Tian Huat Tan, Manman Chen, Étienne André, Jun Sun, Yang Liu, Jin Song Dong
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Service composition uses existing service-based applications as components to achieve a business goal. The composite service operates in a highly dynamic environment; hence, it can fail at any time due to the failure of component services. Service composition languages such as BPEL provide a compensation mechanism to rollback the error. But such a compensation mechanism has several issues. For instance, it cannot guarantee the functional properties of the composite service after compensation. In this work, we propose an automated approach based on a genetic algorithm to calculate the recovery plan that could guarantee the satisfaction of functional properties of the …
Client/Server Data Synchronization In Ios Development, Dmitry Tumanov
Client/Server Data Synchronization In Ios Development, Dmitry Tumanov
Undergraduate Honors Theses
Electronic gadgets such as touchpads and smartphones are becoming more popular in business and everyday life. The main advantage of mobile devices over personal computers is their portability. Cellular data plans allow Internet access without having permanent access point. There is a number of web-based applications available for gadgets. The primary goal of these apps is to provide their services through constant Internet access. However, it may affect the operation of both devices and applications. The objective of this thesis is to find a better way of client/server data synchronization in iOS development that can reduce the negative consequences of …
Grumon: Fast And Accurate Group Monitoring For Heterogeneous Urban Spaces, Rijurekha Sen, Youngki Lee, Kasthuri Jayarajah, Rajesh Krishna Balan, Archan Misra
Grumon: Fast And Accurate Group Monitoring For Heterogeneous Urban Spaces, Rijurekha Sen, Youngki Lee, Kasthuri Jayarajah, Rajesh Krishna Balan, Archan Misra
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Real-time monitoring of groups and their rich contexts will be a key building block for futuristic, group-aware mobile services. In this paper, we propose GruMon, a fast and accurate group monitoring system for dense and complex urban spaces. GruMon meets the performance criteria of precise group detection at low latencies by overcoming two critical challenges of practical urban spaces, namely (a) the high density of crowds, and (b) the imprecise location information available indoors. Using a host of novel features extracted from commodity smartphone sensors, GruMon can detect over 80% of the groups, with 97% precision, using 10 minutes latency …
Band Selection For Hyperspectral Images Using Probabilistic Memetic Algorithm, Liang Feng, Ah-Hwee Tan, Meng-Hiot Lim, Si Wei Jiang
Band Selection For Hyperspectral Images Using Probabilistic Memetic Algorithm, Liang Feng, Ah-Hwee Tan, Meng-Hiot Lim, Si Wei Jiang
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Band selection plays an important role in identifying the most useful and valuable information contained in the hyperspectral images for further data analysis such as classification, clustering, etc. Memetic algorithm (MA), among other metaheuristic search methods, has been shown to achieve competitive performances in solving the NP-hard band selection problem. In this paper, we propose a formal probabilistic memetic algorithm for band selection, which is able to adaptively control the degree of global exploration against local exploitation as the search progresses. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed probabilistic mechanism, empirical studies conducted on five well-known hyperspectral images against two …
An Ecological Model For Digital Platforms Maintenance And Evolution, Paolo Rocchi, Paolo Spagnoletti, Subhajit Datta
An Ecological Model For Digital Platforms Maintenance And Evolution, Paolo Rocchi, Paolo Spagnoletti, Subhajit Datta
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The maintenance of software products has been studied extensively in both software engineering and management information systems. Such studies are mainly focused on the activities that take place prior to starting the maintenance phase. Their contribution is either related to the improvement of software quality or to validating contingency models for reducing maintenance efforts. The continuous maintenance philosophy suggests to shift the attention within the maintenance phase for better coping with the evolutionary trajectories of digital platforms. In this paper, we examine the maintenance process of a digital platform from the perspective of the software vendor. Based on our empirical …
Rapid: A Toolkit For Reliability Analysis Of Non-Deterministic Systems, Lin Gui, Jun Sun, Yang Liu, Truong Khanh Nguyen, Jin Song Dong Dong
Rapid: A Toolkit For Reliability Analysis Of Non-Deterministic Systems, Lin Gui, Jun Sun, Yang Liu, Truong Khanh Nguyen, Jin Song Dong Dong
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Non-determinism in concurrent or distributed software systems (i.e., various possible execution orders among different distributed components) presents new challenges to the existing reliability analysis methods based on Markov chains. In this work, we present a toolkit RaPiD for the reliability analysis of non-deterministic systems. Taking Markov decision process as reliability model, RaPiD can help in the analysis of three fundamental and rewarding aspects regarding software reliability. First, to have reliability assurance on a system, RaPiD can synthesize the overall system reliability given the reliability values of system components. Second, given a requirement on the overall system reliability, RaPiD can distribute …
Vector Abstraction And Concretization For Scalable Detection Of Refactorings, Narcisa Andreea Milea, Lingxiao Jiang, Siau-Cheng Khoo
Vector Abstraction And Concretization For Scalable Detection Of Refactorings, Narcisa Andreea Milea, Lingxiao Jiang, Siau-Cheng Khoo
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Automated techniques have been proposed to either identify refactoring opportunities (i.e., code fragments that can be but have not yet been restructured in a program), or reconstruct historical refactorings (i.e., code restructuring operations that have happened between different versions of a program). In this paper, we propose a new technique that can detect both refactoring opportunities and historical refactorings in large code bases. The key of our technique is the design of vector abstraction and concretization operations that can encode code changes induced by certain refactorings as characteristic vectors. Thus, the problem of identifying refactorings can be reduced to the …
Cama: Efficient Modeling Of The Capture Effect For Low Power Wireless Networks, Behnam Dezfouli, Marjan Radi, Kamin Whitehouse, Shukor Abd Razak, Hwee-Pink Tan
Cama: Efficient Modeling Of The Capture Effect For Low Power Wireless Networks, Behnam Dezfouli, Marjan Radi, Kamin Whitehouse, Shukor Abd Razak, Hwee-Pink Tan
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Network simulation is an essential tool for the design and evaluation of wireless network protocols, and realistic channel modeling is essential for meaningful analysis. Recently, several network protocols have demonstrated substantial network performance improvements by exploiting the capture effect, but existing models of the capture effect are still not adequate for protocol simulation and analysis. Physical-level models that calculate the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for every incoming bit are too slow to be used for large-scale or long-term networking experiments, and link-level models such as those currently used by the NS2 simulator do not accurately predict protocol performance. In this article, …
Traccs: Trajectory-Aware Coordinated Urban Crowd-Sourcing, Cen Chen, Shih-Fen Cheng, Aldy Gunawan, Archan Misra, Koustuv Dasgupta, Deepthi Chander
Traccs: Trajectory-Aware Coordinated Urban Crowd-Sourcing, Cen Chen, Shih-Fen Cheng, Aldy Gunawan, Archan Misra, Koustuv Dasgupta, Deepthi Chander
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
We investigate the problem of large-scale mobile crowd-tasking, where a large pool of citizen crowd-workers are used to perform a variety of location-specific urban logistics tasks. Current approaches to such mobile crowd-tasking are very decentralized: a crowd-tasking platform usually provides each worker a set of available tasks close to the worker's current location; each worker then independently chooses which tasks she wants to accept and perform. In contrast, we propose TRACCS, a more coordinated task assignment approach, where the crowd-tasking platform assigns a sequence of tasks to each worker, taking into account their expected location trajectory over a wider time …
Predicting Effectiveness Of Ir-Based Bug Localization Techniques, Tien-Duy B. Le, Ferdian Thung, David Lo
Predicting Effectiveness Of Ir-Based Bug Localization Techniques, Tien-Duy B. Le, Ferdian Thung, David Lo
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Recently, many information retrieval (IR) based bug localization approaches have been proposed in the literature. These approaches use information retrieval techniques to process a textual bug report and a collection of source code files to find buggy files. They output a ranked list of files sorted by their likelihood to contain the bug. Recent approaches can achieve reasonable accuracy, however, even a state-of-the-art bug localization tool outputs many ranked lists where buggy files appear very low in the lists. This potentially causes developers to distrust bug localization tools. Parnin and Orso recently conduct a user study and highlight that developers …
Buglocalizer: Integrated Tool Support For Bug Localization, Ferdian Thung, Tien-Duy B. Le, Pavneet Singh Kochhar, David Lo
Buglocalizer: Integrated Tool Support For Bug Localization, Ferdian Thung, Tien-Duy B. Le, Pavneet Singh Kochhar, David Lo
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
To manage bugs that appear in a software, developers often make use of a bug tracking system such as Bugzilla. Users can report bugs that they encounter in such a system. Whenever a user reports a new bug report, developers need to read the summary and description of the bug report and manually locate the buggy files based on this information. This manual process is often time consuming and tedious. Thus, a number of past studies have proposed bug localization techniques to automatically recover potentially buggy files from bug reports. Unfortunately, none of these techniques are integrated to bug tracking …