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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Design And Synthesis Of Tlr2 And Tlr6 Heterodimer Ligands, A Triply Functionalized Α-Galcer Derivative For Identifying Proteins Involved In Glycolipid Trafficking, And The Disaccharide Of Staphylococcus Aureus Cp8 Towards A Self-Adjuvanting Vaccine, Sara Mayeth Mata
Theses and Dissertations
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are found on B cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells, and these cells belong to the innate immune system that recognizes antigens and induces multiple cell responses through the release of cytokines. TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 function as heterodimers, either as TLR1/TLR2 or TLR2/TLR6 to recognize lipopeptides. TLR1/2 dimer activation releases inflammatory cytokines, while TLR2/TLR6 dimer activation releases immunomodulatory cytokines. Based on the size of the binding pocket between TLR2 and TLR6, it was hypothesized that lipopeptides, such as FSL1, could be simplified while keeping overall activity. FSL1 is a lipopeptide first isolated from Mycoplasma salivarum …
Learning Chemistry Through Experimentation, Brent Kamba `, Dr. Jennifer Nielson
Learning Chemistry Through Experimentation, Brent Kamba `, Dr. Jennifer Nielson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
There is a great need for students to learn scientific skills in Uganda. Very few students pass the national chemistry exams (about 40%) and even fewer go on to study science fields in higher education. The teaching methods in Uganda are a little bit old fashion where students often just learn facts and practise rote memorization. Rarely do they develop the critical and analytical skills to help them succeed in science jobs. Teachers also express that the curriculum is very theoretical, and not experimental.
Synthesis And Immunological Evaluation Of Type I, Type Ii, And Gamma Delta Nkt Cell Antigens, Brian L. Anderson
Synthesis And Immunological Evaluation Of Type I, Type Ii, And Gamma Delta Nkt Cell Antigens, Brian L. Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the immune system is to protect our bodies from infection. One way it accomplishes this task is through the presentation of foreign pathogens to NKT cells. After an antigen is presented to the T cell receptor, activated NKT cells quickly release soluble chemical signals, termed chemokines and cytokines, that modulate the response of the immune system. Due to the immunological relevance of NKT cell activation, we developed and synthesised non-natural analogs of immunostimulatory type I, II, and gamma delta NKT cell antigens. The immunological evaluations of these analogs resulted in identification of sulfatide as a gamma delta …
Photocycloaddition Of Allenes, Crystal Ward
Photocycloaddition Of Allenes, Crystal Ward
Theses and Dissertations
For the past ten years the Fleming research group has been involved in the research of allene compounds. We have explored the synthesis of allenes as well as several reactions involving allenes, such as oxidation and nitrene addition. Recently, we have explored the synthesis and photochemistry of allenic alcohols tethered to silicon. There are literature examples using allenes in synthesis, but very few examples exist using allenes in photochemical cycloaddition reactions. We have found that a diisopropylallenyloxy(cinnamyloxy)silane derivative undergoes [2+2] photochemical cycloaddition to produce a cyclobutylsilane product when irradiated for 60-75 minutes.
Dna-Templated Nanomaterials, Hector Alejandro Becerril-Garcia
Dna-Templated Nanomaterials, Hector Alejandro Becerril-Garcia
Theses and Dissertations
Nanomaterials display interesting physical and chemical properties depending on their shape, size and composition. Self assembly is an intriguing route to producing nanomaterials with controllable compositions and morphologies. DNA has been used to guide the self assembly of materials, resulting in: (1) metal nanowires; (2) metal or semiconductor nanorods; (3) carbon nanotubes; and (4) semiconductor, metal or biological nanoparticles. My work expands the range of DNA templated nanomaterials and develops novel ways of using DNA to pattern nanostructures on surfaces. I have performed the first synthesis of silver nanorods on single stranded DNA, an attractive material for localizing DNA coupled …
High Pressure Spectral Chemistry Of Selected Organic Compounds, Frank William Linsley
High Pressure Spectral Chemistry Of Selected Organic Compounds, Frank William Linsley
Theses and Dissertations
The series of compounds indicated by the formular C_6H_5-(CH=CH)n-C_6H_5 change in color from white (colorless) to yellow to orange to red to deep red as n increases from 1 to 12. Stilbene is the first compound of this series (n=1). Under pressure, exerted by a diamond anvil press, stilbene can be seen to change color from white to yellow to red as increasing pressure is applied. Similar color changes are observed for the compounds where n=2,3, and 4 when subjected to similar pressure. This study records and reports the spectra versus pressure for these compounds.
Syntheses Via Modifications Of The Knorr-Paal Procedure :|Ba. Derivatives Of 2,6-Dioxa-10-Azatricyclo[5.2.1.0[Superscript 4,10]]Decane ; B. Highly Sterically Crowded 1,2,5-Trialkylpyrroles And Pyrrolidines, Weldron Severin Burnham
Syntheses Via Modifications Of The Knorr-Paal Procedure :|Ba. Derivatives Of 2,6-Dioxa-10-Azatricyclo[5.2.1.0[Superscript 4,10]]Decane ; B. Highly Sterically Crowded 1,2,5-Trialkylpyrroles And Pyrrolidines, Weldron Severin Burnham
Theses and Dissertations
Earlier work in these laboratories on the heterotricyclic system 2,6-dioxa-10-azatricyclo[5.2.1.04,10]-decane, formed from 1,4-diketones and 2-amino-1,3-propanediols by a product-water-azeotroping procedure, was extended with the synthesis of analogous compounds, e.g., the 1,4,7-triethyl-, 1,7-dimethyl-4-isopropyl-1,7-diethyl-4-isopropyl-, 1,7-dimethyl-3- and 4-phenyl- compounds. The 1,7-dimethyl heterotricycle, the kinetically-controlled product, was accompanied by the thermodynamically-controlled product, 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-pyrryl)-1,3-propanediol. The 1,7-diethyl heterotricycle was also accompanied by the isomeric pyrrole as were the 1,7-dimethyl-3- and 4-phenyl compounds. A scheme postulating a common intermediate is presented. The interesting analogous compounds, 1,7-dimethyl-2-oxa-6-thia-10-azatricyclo[5.2.1.04,10]decane, 1,4,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxa-11-azatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undecane and 11-hydroxymethyl- and 11-methyl-9,13-dioxa-14- azatetracyclo[6.5.1.02,7 011,14]tetradeca-2,4,6-triene were also prepared. The syntheses in good yields of a considerable number of moderately to …
Refinements In The Isomer Distribution And Relative Rate Of Sulfonation Of Toluene And Hydrochlorination Of Olefins With Stannic Chloride Catalyst, David George Guillot
Refinements In The Isomer Distribution And Relative Rate Of Sulfonation Of Toluene And Hydrochlorination Of Olefins With Stannic Chloride Catalyst, David George Guillot
Theses and Dissertations
The sulfonation of toluene at -12.5° C. with sulfur trioxide in liquid sulfur dioxide was found to give 10.03 ± 0.20 % ortho, 0.73 ± 0.20 % meta and 89.24 ± 0.20 % para isomers. This isomer distribution was determined by isotope dilution analysis using sulfur-35 enriched sulfur trioxide. After dilution of aliquots of the neutralized sulfonation mixture with pure sodium salts of each of the isomers prepared from the corresponding toluidines, the isomers were converted to the p-toluidine salts, purified by recrystallization, and counted by liquid scintillation counting. The relative rate of sulfonation of toluene compared to benzene was …
Hydrogenation Of 4-Methylcinnoline, William E. Maycock
Hydrogenation Of 4-Methylcinnoline, William E. Maycock
Theses and Dissertations
The rapid expansion of knowledge of cinnoline chemistry since 1941 has not included the hydrocinnolines. Not one catalytic hydrogenation of a fully aromatic cinnoline had been reported. This thesis is an effort to enlarge knowledge of this particular area of cinnoline chemistry. The work is a natural outgrowth of that done at Brigham Young University on decahydroquinoxaline, both the cis- and trans- isomers having been prepared and characterized. 4-Methylcinnoline, prepared by the method of Jacobs, et.al., was hydrogenated in neutral and acidic ethanolic solutions at 2000-3000 psig. hydrogen pressure and 100-266°. The catalysts used were 5% palladium on alumina, ruthenium …
I. Preparation And Properties Of Alkyl And Aryl Substituted Thioquinazolines And Sulfoxides ; Ii. An Investigation Of The Quinazoline 3-Oxide--1,4-Benzodiazepine 4-Oxide Rearrangement, Marvin C. J. Kuchar
I. Preparation And Properties Of Alkyl And Aryl Substituted Thioquinazolines And Sulfoxides ; Ii. An Investigation Of The Quinazoline 3-Oxide--1,4-Benzodiazepine 4-Oxide Rearrangement, Marvin C. J. Kuchar
Theses and Dissertations
I. The quinazolines, a branch of the benzodiazine class of aromatic nitrogen hetercycles, do not occur to any great extent in naturally occurring compounds. The discovery of the antimalarial febrifugine and its structure elucidation led to the preparation and investigation of a host of new quinazolines in the search for new and more effective antimalarials. Most of the present body of information governing the quinazolines arose out of these synthetic studies. The present study has been accomplished with a four-fold purpose in mind: (1) to investigate the susceptibility of chloroquinazolines to nucleophilic displacement reactions by thiols or their salts, (2) …
Molecular Addition Compounds :|Bi. Systems Of P-Dioxane With Alkyl Halides, Anisole, And Silicon Tetrachloride ; Ii. Titanium Tetrachloride Chargetransfer Complexes Of Benzene, P-Xylene, And Pseudocumene, Nolan F. Mangelson
Theses and Dissertations
Freezing-point diagrams were detennined tor a number or p-dioxane systems. The system, p-dioxane:carbon tetrachloride, was found to contain a 1:2 complex with a congruent melting point of 255.71 °K. This confirmed work reported in the literature. Solid solutions in the region between 0.0000 and 0.4796 mole fraction of p-dioxane were found in the present study. The system, p-dioxane:chloroform, was found to contain a 1:2 complex with a congruent melting point of 215.65 °K. It was determined that no other complexes formed in the solid state. This information resolved contradicting reports in the literature. The system, p-dioxane:dichloromethane, was found to contain …
Directive Effects In The Sulfonation Of Toluene ; Synthesis And Attempted Rearrangement Of Some Anilinoketones ; The Kinetics And Mechanism Of The Addition Of Bromine To Cyclohexene In Dichloromethane. Solution, John Joseph Duvall
Theses and Dissertations
The pure sodium salts of the toluenesulfonic acids were prepared by one of two ways. Both methods started with diazotization of the toluidine. In the first method, the diazonium solution was treated with sulfur dioxide and copper powder, and the resulting sulfinic acid was oxidized to the sulfonic acid with potassium permanganate. In the second method, the diazonium solution was treated with cuprous chloride and sulfur dioxide to give the sulfonyl chloride which was hydrolyzed to the sulfonate. Toluene was sulfonated by SO3 (enriched with S-35) in refluxing SO2 solution. The isotope dilution technique was used to determine the isomer …
Kinetic Investigation Of The Hydrochlorination Of Olefins In Aprotic Solvents And Sulfonation Of Idobenzene And The Selectivity Relation, Thomas Glen Davies
Kinetic Investigation Of The Hydrochlorination Of Olefins In Aprotic Solvents And Sulfonation Of Idobenzene And The Selectivity Relation, Thomas Glen Davies
Theses and Dissertations
Kinetic investigation of the hydrochlorination of cyclohexene and cis-2-butene in n-heptane with SnCl4 as catalyst shows that the reaction is second order with respect to both olefin and catalyst. The specific rate constants at 25° , 0° and -23.8°C and the activation parameters were determined. Investigation of the Ga2Cl6 catalyzed hydrochlorination of cyclohexene and cis-2-butene in dichloromethane indicates that alkylation and polymerization compete with the hydrochlorination reaction in the presence of the solvent. The relative reaction rates and the isomer distribution for the sulfonation of iodobenzene by S35O3 have been determined in refluxing SO2 at -10°C. The reaction resulted in …
Sulfonation Of Chlorobenzene And The Selectivity Relation ; Bromine Addition To Cyclohexene In Dichloromethane ; Thorpe's Synthesis Of The Caged Acid, 4-Methyltricyclo[1.1.0.0[Superscript 2-4]] Butane-1,2,3-Tricarboxylic Acid, John A. Gurney
Theses and Dissertations
Aromatic sulfonation and some substitution reactions of chlorobenzene show deviations in the selectivity relation. A determination of chlorobenzene sulfonation provided the following rate ratio relative to benzene and partial rate factors: 1.0, [---] of 0.064 , mf 1.7 and pf 4. 2. Our work, Olah's nitration, Ferguson's bromination and Stock's chlorination define a new relation that can be express by adding an entropy term (A) to the selectivity relation. We determined the rate of bromine-cyclohexene addition in dichloro-methane at 0° to provide a basis for a systematic variation of solvents at low temperature. An unusual zero-order reaction was encountered. The …
Dissertation In Organic Chemistry. Part I, The Fate Of The Anilino Moiety In The Rearrangement Of Α-Anilonoketones. Part Ii, Partial Rate Factors For Sulfonation Of Bromebenzene With Sulfur Trioxide. Part Iii., Preliminary Survey On The Effect Of High Pressure On Ferrocene And Cycloöctatetraene, Jerold Carter Robertson
Theses and Dissertations
Part I. The rearrangement of α-anilinoketones was studied in an effort to determine the mode of movement of the nitrogen moiety. A crossover experiment was carried out with an equimolar mixture of 2-(4- bromoanilino)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethanone and 2-(4-chloroanilino)-1-(4-chlorophenyl) -2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone with γ- picoline hydrobromide as the catalyst. The reaction product was analysed by means of a mass spectrograph. The results of the analysis indicate a crossover of the nitrogen moiety during rearrangement. This indicates that the nitrogen moiety moves in an intermolecular manner during the rearrangement. Part II. The isomer distribution from the sulfonation of bromobenzene with sulfur trioxide was determined by …
Studies Of Some Reactions Of Quinoxaline, 2-Methyl-, And 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline, Delos Edward Bown
Studies Of Some Reactions Of Quinoxaline, 2-Methyl-, And 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline, Delos Edward Bown
Theses and Dissertations
Although many compounds have been prepared which contain the heterocyclic nucleus known as the quinoxaline nucleus, very little fundamental experimentation has been reported by way of expanding the chemistry of quinoxaline beyond the basic condensation reaction and its valuable use as a means of characterization, for example, the reaction of vicinal diketones with o-phenylenediamine. Also, no know effort has been made to assemble the chemistry of the quinoxalines into one paper for ready reference. Additional interest is concerned with the chemotherapeutic value of basically substituted quinoxalines^1; however, this aspect of the problem will not be discussed. The chemistry of quinoxaline …
A Study Of Chromatographic Adsorption Analysis And Its Application To Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Sidney Marion Beck
A Study Of Chromatographic Adsorption Analysis And Its Application To Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Sidney Marion Beck
Theses and Dissertations
This work is a study of the analytical applications of the chromatographic method, particularly as applied to inorganic qualitative analysis. It is divided into four parts as follows: (a) The main part of the work is a search of the common laboratory reagents, likely to be found in any beginning qualitative analysis laboratory, with the purpose of finding the best reagents for developing an invisible chromatogram on an adsoption column of activated alumina. For the most part, only inorganic reagents were used, but in special cases, a few of the more common orgaic reagents were used. (b) An evaluation of …
A Study Of Form And Content For A Laboratory Manual To Be Used By Students In General Chemistry Laboratory, Berne P. Broadbent
A Study Of Form And Content For A Laboratory Manual To Be Used By Students In General Chemistry Laboratory, Berne P. Broadbent
Theses and Dissertations
This investigation was carried out for general chemistry classes in which recitation and laboratory work are closely integrated and in which very close supervision is given to laboratory classes. Results indicate that there are fewer failures under these conditions if students do individual work. Students receiving grades of over 80% seem to work just as effectively in pairs as they do when working individually, but about 5% who fail when working in pairs could, apparently obtain grades above 60% if they did individual work. The formal full statement type of report is substantially more effective than the questionaire report as …