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Articles 1 - 30 of 54
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Ac Zeeman Force With Ultracold Atoms, Charles Fancher
Ac Zeeman Force With Ultracold Atoms, Charles Fancher
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Ultracold atom experiments use a gas of neutral atoms with temperatures less than 100 µK above absolute zero and offer unmatched experimental control of quantum states and coherence, which has allowed ultracold atom-based measurements to be some of the most precise to date. While ultracold atom experiments can control almost all atomic degrees of freedom, spin-dependent trapping and spatial manipulation has remained difficult if not inaccessible. We are developing a method of spin-dependent trapping and spatial manipulation for ultracold neutral atoms using the AC Zeeman force produced by a microwave magnetic near-field gradient generated by an atom chip. We measure …
Physical Properties Of Traditional And Water-Miscible Oil Paints As Assessed By Single-Sided Nmr, Nicholas Anthony Sanchez Udell
Physical Properties Of Traditional And Water-Miscible Oil Paints As Assessed By Single-Sided Nmr, Nicholas Anthony Sanchez Udell
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Single-sided NMR has been demonstrated as a useful technique for the inexpensive and non-invasive study of cultural heritage objects, including numerous different painting and paint samples. The relatively recent invention of water-miscible oil paints – a new form of environmentally friendly oil paint that can be thinned and cleaned by water – provides a need for analysis of the physical properties of the cured paint films. Single-sided NMR offers an excellent analytical tool to study the structural effects of the emulsifying agent present in water-miscible oil paints on the paint linoxyn network by measuring the transverse (T2) relaxation times for …
An Improved Measurement Of The Muon Neutrino Charged Current Quasi-Elastic Cross-Section On Hydrocarbon At Minerva, Dun Zhang
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Neutrino interactions in the detectors of long baseline oscillation experiments are analyzed to determine the neutrino flavor and energy spectrum, allowing the neutrino mass ordering and mixing parameters to be determined. For neutrino interactions below the pion production threshold, the dominant reaction is charged current quasi-elastic (CCQE) scattering. Oscillation experiments are made of heavy nuclei so the QE process occurs on nucleons that are embedded in the nuclear environment. Predictions of the QE cross-section suffer from significant uncertainties due to our understanding of that nuclear environment and the way it is probed by the weak interaction. I have developed a …
Studies Of Respiratory Rhythm Generation Maintained In Organotypic Slice Cultures, Wiktor Samuel Phillips
Studies Of Respiratory Rhythm Generation Maintained In Organotypic Slice Cultures, Wiktor Samuel Phillips
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Breathing is an important rhythmic motor behavior whose underlying neural mechanisms can be studied in vitro. The study of breathing rhythms in vitro has depended upon reduced preparations of the brainstem that both retain respiratory-active neuronal populations and spontaneously generate respiratory-related motor output from cranial and spinal motor nerves. Brainstem-spinal cord en bloc preparations and transverse medullary slices of the brainstem have greatly improved the ability of researchers to experimentally access and thus characterize interneurons important in respiratory rhythmogenesis. These existing in vitro preparations are, however, not without their limitations. For example, the window of time within which experiments may …
Rethinking Privacy And Security Mechanisms In Online Social Networks, Xin Ruan
Rethinking Privacy And Security Mechanisms In Online Social Networks, Xin Ruan
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
With billions of users, Online Social Networks(OSNs) are amongst the largest scale communication applications on the Internet. OSNs enable users to easily access news from local and worldwide, as well as share information publicly and interact with friends. On the negative side, OSNs are also abused by spammers to distribute ads or malicious information, such as scams, fraud, and even manipulate public political opinions. Having achieved significant commercial success with large amount of user information, OSNs do treat the security and privacy of their users seriously and provide several mechanisms to reinforce their account security and information privacy. However, the …
Electron Neutrino Appearance In The Nova Experiment, Ji Liu
Electron Neutrino Appearance In The Nova Experiment, Ji Liu
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The NuMI off-Axis $\nu_e$ Appearance (NO$\nu$A) experiment is a long baseline, off-axis neutrino oscillation experiment. It is designed to search for oscillations of $\nu_\mu$ to $\nu_e$ by comparing measurements of the NuMI beam composition in two detectors. These two detectors are functionally identical, nearly fully-active liquid-scintillator tracking calorimeters and located at two points along the beam line to observe the neutrinos. The Near Detector (ND), situated \unit[1]{km} away from the proton target at Fermilab, measures neutrinos prior to oscillation. Then the Far Detector (FD), located 810 km away at Ash River, Minnesota, measures the neutrinos after they have traveled and …
Developmental, Physiological, And Transcriptomic Analyses Of Neurons Involved In The Generation Of Mammalian Breathing, Andrew Kottick
Developmental, Physiological, And Transcriptomic Analyses Of Neurons Involved In The Generation Of Mammalian Breathing, Andrew Kottick
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Breathing is a rhythmic motor behavior with obvious physiological importance: breathing movements are essential for respiration, which sustains homeostasis and life itself in a wide array of animals including humans and all mammals. The breathing rhythm is produced by interneurons of the brainstem preBötzinger complex (preBötC) whose progenitors express the transcription factor Dbx1. However, the cellular and synaptic neural mechanisms underlying respiratory rhythmogenesis remain unclear. The first chapter of this dissertation examines a Dbx1 transgenic mouse line often exploited to study the neural control of breathing. It emphasizes the cellular fate of progenitors that express Dbx1 at different times during …
Matrix Results And Techniques In Quantum Information Science And Related Topics, Diane Christine Pelejo
Matrix Results And Techniques In Quantum Information Science And Related Topics, Diane Christine Pelejo
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
In this dissertation, we present several matrix-related problems and results motivated by quantum information theory. Some background material of quantum information science will be discussed in chapter 1, while chapter 7 gives a summary of results and concluding remarks. In chapter 2, we look at $2^n\times 2^n$ unitary matrices, which describe operations on a closed $n$-qubit system. We define a set of simple quantum gates, called controlled single qubit gates, and their associated operational cost. We then present a recurrence scheme to decompose a general $2^n\times 2^n$ unitary matrix to the product of no more than $2^{n-1}(2^n-1)$ single qubit gates …
Workload Interleaving With Performance Guarantees In Data Centers, Feng Yan
Workload Interleaving With Performance Guarantees In Data Centers, Feng Yan
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
In the era of global, large scale data centers residing in clouds, many applications and users share the same pool of resources for the purposes of reducing energy and operating costs, and of improving availability and reliability. Along with the above benefits, resource sharing also introduces performance challenges: when multiple workloads access the same resources concurrently, contention may occur and introduce delays in the performance of individual workloads. Providing performance isolation to individual workloads needs effective management methodologies. The challenges of deriving effective management methodologies lie in finding accurate, robust, compact metrics and models to drive algorithms that can meet …
Study Of Variations Of The Dynamics Of The Metal-Insulator Transition Of Thin Films Of Vanadium Dioxide With An Ultra-Fast Laser, Elizabeth Lee Radue
Study Of Variations Of The Dynamics Of The Metal-Insulator Transition Of Thin Films Of Vanadium Dioxide With An Ultra-Fast Laser, Elizabeth Lee Radue
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Vanadium dioxide is an intensely studied material, since it goes through an insulator-metal transition at a critical temperature just above room temperature at 340~K. The dramatic change in conductivity and the easily accessible transition temperature makes it an attractive material for novel technologies. Thin films of VO2 have a reversible transition without any significant degradation in contrast, and depending on the microstructure of the films, the properties of the transition are tunable. In this work, I study the dynamics of the insulator-transition in thin films grown on different substrates using a pump-probe configuration. The energy needed to trigger the transition, …
Security Supports For Cyber-Physical System And Its Communication Networks, Zhengrui Qin
Security Supports For Cyber-Physical System And Its Communication Networks, Zhengrui Qin
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a sensing and communication platform that features tight integration and combination of computation, networking, and physical processes. In such a system, embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes through a feedback loop, in which physical processes affect computations and vice versa. In recent years, CPS has caught much attention in many different aspects of research, such as security and privacy. In this dissertation, we focus on supporting security in CPS and its communication networks. First, we investigate the electric power system, which is an important CPS in modern society. as crucial and …
Synthesis, Structure And Optical Memory Properties Of Copper (I) Thiocyanate Networks With Aromatic Amines, Diimines And Alkyl Sulfides, Gerardo Ayala
Synthesis, Structure And Optical Memory Properties Of Copper (I) Thiocyanate Networks With Aromatic Amines, Diimines And Alkyl Sulfides, Gerardo Ayala
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
A series of CuSCN compounds were synthesized. Ligands included the alkyl sulfides methyl sulfide (Me2S), ethyl sulfide (Et2S), isopropyl sulfide (Pri2S) and tetrahydrothiophene (THT); diimine ligands pyrazine (Pyz), 2,3-dimethylpyrazine (2,3- Me2Pyz), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (2,5-Me2Pyz), 2-aminopyrazine (2-NH2Pyz) and 2- methoxypyrazine (2-MeOPyz); two-ring diimines quinoxaline (Qox), quinazoline (Qnz), phthalazine (Ptz); and 3-halopyridines 3-chloropyridine (3-ClPy), 3-bromopyridine (3- BrPy), 3-iodopyridine (3-IPy). Crystal structures were solved for twelve products. With the exception of one Cu(II) compound, all could be classified in the common motifs of chains, ladders or sheets. Alkyl sulfides formed either 1:2 (CuSCN)L2 1-D chains (L = Me2S, 1a and THT, 4) or 1:1 …
A Measurement Of The Parity-Violating Asymmetry In Aluminum And Its Contribution To A Measurement Of The Proton's Weak Charge, Joshua Allen Magee
A Measurement Of The Parity-Violating Asymmetry In Aluminum And Its Contribution To A Measurement Of The Proton's Weak Charge, Joshua Allen Magee
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The Qweak experiment, which ran at the Thomas Je↵erson National Accelerator Facility, made a precision measurement of the proton’s weak charge, Q_p^W . The weak charge is extracted via a measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in elastic electron-proton scattering from hydrogen at low momentum transfer (Q^2=0.025 GeV^2). This result is directly related to the electroweak mixing angle, sin2 (theta_W ), a fundamental parameter in the Standard Model of particle physics. This provides a precision test sensitive to new, as yet unknown, fundamental physics. This dissertation focuses on two central corrections to the Qweak measurement: the target window contribution and sub-percent …
The Impact Of Surface Normals On Appearance, Kathleen Dorothy Moore
The Impact Of Surface Normals On Appearance, Kathleen Dorothy Moore
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The appearance of an object is the result of complex light interaction with the object. Beyond the basic interplay between incident light and the object's material, a multitude of physical events occur between this illumination and the microgeometry at the point of incidence, and also beneath the surface. A given object, made as smooth and opaque as possible, will have a completely different appearance if either one of these attributes - amount of surface mesostructure (small-scale surface orientation) or translucency - is altered. Indeed, while they are not always readily perceptible, the small-scale features of an object are as important …
Enhancing The Sensing Capabilities Of Mobile And Embedded Systems, Daniel George Graham
Enhancing The Sensing Capabilities Of Mobile And Embedded Systems, Daniel George Graham
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
In this work, we aim to develop new sensors and sensing platforms that facilitate the development of new mobile and embedded devices. Mobile and embedded devices have become an integral part of our everyday lives and the sensing capabilities of these devices have improved throughout the years. Developing new and innovative sensors and sensing platforms will provide the building blocks for developing new sensing systems. In an effort to facilitate these innovations we have developed two new in-air sonar sensors and a new reconfigurable sensing platform. The first in-air sonar sensor is designed for ranging applications and uses the phone's …
Turbulent Particle Transport In H-Mode Plasmas On Diii-D, Xin Wang
Turbulent Particle Transport In H-Mode Plasmas On Diii-D, Xin Wang
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Particle transport is an important topic in plasma physics. It determines the density profile of a burning plasma within a tokamak – a magnetic confinement device. Microscopic turbulent particle transport is two orders of magnitude larger than other transport mechanisms for electrons and small ions. In order to confine a plasma in a tokamak with a core density that exceeds the fusion criteria, it is essential to study turbulent particle transport. This thesis investigates how different plasma parameters such as the toroidal rotation and microscopic instabilities affect turbulent particle transport in the DIII-D tokamak. First, we show how toroidal rotation …
Enhancing Mobile Device System Using Information From Users And Upper Layers, Dung Nguyen Tien
Enhancing Mobile Device System Using Information From Users And Upper Layers, Dung Nguyen Tien
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Despite the rapid hardware upgrades, a common complaint among smartphone owners is the poor battery life. to many users, being required to charge the smartphone after a single day of moderate usage is unacceptable. Moreover, current smartphones suffer various unpredictable delays during operation, e.g., when launching an app, leading to poor user experience. In this dissertation, we provide solutions that enhance systems on portable devices using information obtained from their users and upper layers on the I/O path. First, we provide an experimental study on how storage I/O path upper layers affect power levels in smartphones, and introduce energy-efficient approaches …
Neutrino Flux Prediction For The Numi Beamline, Leonidas Aliaga Soplin
Neutrino Flux Prediction For The Numi Beamline, Leonidas Aliaga Soplin
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The determination of the neutrino flux in any conventional neutrino beam presents a challenge for the current and future short and long baseline neutrino experiments. The uncertainties associated with the production and attenuation of the hadrons in the beamline materials along with those associated with the beam optics have a big effect in the flux spectrum knowledge. For experiments like MINERvA, understanding the flux is crucial since it enters directly into every neutrino-nucleus cross-section measurements. The foundation of this work is predicting the neutrino flux at MINERvA using dedicated measurements of hadron production in hadron-nucleus collisions and incorporating in-situ MINERvA …
Applications Of High Energy Theory To Superconductivity And Cosmic Inflation, Zhen Wang
Applications Of High Energy Theory To Superconductivity And Cosmic Inflation, Zhen Wang
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
This dissertation examines applications of methods of high-energy theory to other physical systems: unconventional superconductors on the one hand, and cosmology on the other. Extra-dimensional models of superconductors, motivated by gauge/gravity duality in string theory, have proven remarkably successful in reproducing qualitative, and sometimes quantitative, aspects of unconventional superconductors. We analyze the universality of some of these predictions, and discover a universal relation between certain superconducting observables. The second part of this dissertation is about cosmic inflation. The evolution of the universe is sensitive to the fundamental particles and their interactions. We investigate models of cosmic inflation which involve the …
Methods For Estimating The Diagonal Of Matrix Functions, Jesse Harrison Laeuchli
Methods For Estimating The Diagonal Of Matrix Functions, Jesse Harrison Laeuchli
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Many applications such as path integral evaluation in Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD), variance estimation of least square solutions and spline ts, and centrality measures in network analysis, require computing the diagonal of a function of a matrix, Diag(f(A)) where A is sparse matrix, and f is some function. Unfortunately, when A is large, this can be computationally prohibitive. Because of this, many applications resort to Monte Carlo methods. However, Monte Carlo methods tend to converge slowly. One method for dealing with this shortcoming is probing. Probing assumes that nodes that have a large distance between them in the graph of …
Managing Micro Vms In Amazon Ec2, Jiawei Wen
Managing Micro Vms In Amazon Ec2, Jiawei Wen
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Micro instances (t1.micro) are the class of Amazon EC2 virtual machines (VMs) offering the lowest operational costs for applications with short bursts in their CPU requirements. as processing proceeds, EC2 throttles CPU capacity of micro instances in a complex, unpredictable, manner. This thesis aims at making micro instances more predictable and efficient to use. First, we present a characterization of EC2 micro instances that evaluates the complex interactions between cost, performance, idleness and CPU throttling. Next, we define adaptive algorithms to manage CPU consumption by learning the workload characteristics at runtime and by injecting idleness to diminish host-level throttling. Experimental …
Protecting Web Contents Against Persistent Crawlers, Shengye Wan
Protecting Web Contents Against Persistent Crawlers, Shengye Wan
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Web crawlers have been developed for several malicious purposes like downloading server data without permission from website administrator. Armored stealthy crawlers are evolving against new anti-crawler mechanisms in the arms race between the crawler developers and crawler defenders. In this paper, we develop a new anti-crawler mechanism called PathMarker to detect and constrain crawlers that crawl content of servers stealthy and persistently. The basic idea is to add a marker to each web page URL and then encrypt the URL and marker. By using the URL path and user information contained in the marker as the novel features of machine …
Investigating Proton Spin Structure: A Measurement Of G_2^P At Low Q^2, Melissa Ann Cummings
Investigating Proton Spin Structure: A Measurement Of G_2^P At Low Q^2, Melissa Ann Cummings
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The $g_2^p$ collaboration performed the first measurement of the reaction $\vec{p}(\vec{e},e')X$ in the kinematic range 0.02 $ < $ Q$^2$ $ < $ 0.2 GeV$^2$ in the resonance region. Experiment E08-027 took place in Hall A at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility from March-May of 2012. Data was taken with a longitudinally polarized electron beam, using an NH$_3$ target polarized in both parallel and perpendicular configurations. Very preliminary results for $g_1^p$ and $g_2^p$ are shown in this thesis. to extract the spin structure functions, asymmetries are calculated from data taken with a 2.2 GeV electron beam and a 5 T target field, and combined with the Bosted model proton cross section. Preliminary dilution factors and preliminary radiative corrections are included in the asymmetry analysis. Sum rules and $\chi$PT allow us to test the Burkhardtt-Cottingham (BC) sum rule and obtain the spin polarizability quantities $\gamma_0$ and $\delta_{LT}$. The BC sum rule, valid for all values of $Q^2$, says that the integral of $g_2$ over all Bjorken $x$ vanishes. The very preliminary result presented here shows the contribution to the integral from the measured kinematic region. Although the contribution from the resonance region is not consistent with the expected result of zero, an extrapolation to high and low $x$ must be included to test whether the BC sum rule is satisfied. The difficulty in $\chi$PT calculations of $\gamma_0$ and $\delta_{LT}$ is how to include the resonance contributions, particularly the $\Delta$-resonance, which dominates. Recent developments have found better agreement with neutron experimental results, however this is little proton data to compare with the calculations, particularly at low $Q^2$. The very preliminary results shown here do not show agreement with any of the current $\chi$PT predictions. However, as this is only the contribution from the measured kinematic region, it is necessary to include the extrapolation outside the resonance region to draw a stronger conclusion. Further analysis is ongoing, and preliminary results, including a cross section extracted from data instead of a model prediction, are expected within the next year.
Solving Problems Of The Standard Model Through Scale Invariance, Dark Matter, Inflation And Flavor Symmetry, Raymundo Alberto Ramos
Solving Problems Of The Standard Model Through Scale Invariance, Dark Matter, Inflation And Flavor Symmetry, Raymundo Alberto Ramos
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Through beyond standard model formulations we are able to suggest solutions to some of the current shortcomings of the standard model. In this thesis we focus in particular on inflation, the hierarchy of fermion masses, scale invariant extensions and dark matter candidates. First we present a model of hybrid natural inflation based on the discrete group S_3, the smallest non-Abelian group. The S_3 potential has an accidental symmetry whose breaking results in a pseudo-Goldstone boson with the appropriate potential for a slow-rolling inflaton. The hybrid adjective comes from the fact that inflation is ended by additional scalar fields interacting with …
Compton Scattering Polarimetry For The Determination Of The Proton’S Weak Charge Through Measurements Of The Parity-Violating Asymmetry Of 1h(E,E')P, Juan Carlos Cornejo
Compton Scattering Polarimetry For The Determination Of The Proton’S Weak Charge Through Measurements Of The Parity-Violating Asymmetry Of 1h(E,E')P, Juan Carlos Cornejo
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The Standard Model has been a theory with the greatest success in describing the fundamental interactions of particles. as of the writing of this dissertation, the Standard Model has not been shown to make a false prediction. However, the limitations of the Standard Model have long been suspected by its lack of a description of gravity, nor dark matter. its largest challenge to date, has been the observation of neutrino oscillations, and the implication that they may not be massless, as required by the Standard Model. The growing consensus is that the Standard Model is simply a lower energy effective …
Supporting Evolution And Maintenance Of Android Apps, Mario Linares-Vasquez
Supporting Evolution And Maintenance Of Android Apps, Mario Linares-Vasquez
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Mobile developers and testers face a number of emerging challenges. These include rapid platform evolution and API instability; issues in bug reporting and reproduction involving complex multitouch gestures; platform fragmentation; the impact of reviews and ratings on the success of their apps; management of crowd-sourced requirements; continuous pressure from the market for frequent releases; lack of effective and usable testing tools; and limited computational resources for handheld devices. Traditional and contemporary methods in software evolution and maintenance were not designed for these types of challenges; therefore, a set of studies and a new toolbox of techniques for mobile development are …
Algorithms For Large Scale Problems In Eigenvalue And Svd Computations And In Big Data Applications, Lingfei Wu
Algorithms For Large Scale Problems In Eigenvalue And Svd Computations And In Big Data Applications, Lingfei Wu
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
As ”big data” has increasing influence on our daily life and research activities, it poses significant challenges on various research areas. Some applications often demand a fast solution of large, sparse eigenvalue and singular value problems; In other applications, extracting knowledge from large-scale data requires many techniques such as statistical calculations, data mining, and high performance computing. In this dissertation, we develop efficient and robust iterative methods and software for the computation of eigenvalue and singular values. We also develop practical numerical and data mining techniques to estimate the trace of a function of a large, sparse matrix and to …
Security And Privacy For Ubiquitous Mobile Devices, Edmund Novak
Security And Privacy For Ubiquitous Mobile Devices, Edmund Novak
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
We live in a world where mobile devices are already ubiquitous. It is estimated that in the United States approximately two thirds of adults own a smartphone, and that for many, these devices are their primary method of accessing the Internet. World wide, it is estimated that in May of 2014 there were 6.9 billion mobile cellular subscriptions, almost as much as the world population. of these 6.9 billion, approximately 1 billion are smart devices, which are concentrated in the developed world. In the developing world, users are moving from feature phones to smart devices as a result of lower …
Study Of Spatial Structure Of Squeezed Vacuum Field, Mi Zhang
Study Of Spatial Structure Of Squeezed Vacuum Field, Mi Zhang
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Squeezed states of light, with field fluctuations smaller than the coherent state fluctuations (or shot noise), are used for improving accuracy of quantum-noise limited measurements, like the detection of gravitational waves. They are also essential resources for quantum information transfer protocols. We studied a squeezed vacuum field generated in hot Rb vapor via the polarization self-rotation effect. We studied the mode structure of the squeezed field by spatially-masking the laser beam after its interaction with the Rb atomic vapor. From analysis of the data we developed a multi-mode theory to simulate the mode composition of the squeezed vacuum field. Our …
Thin Film Approaches To The Srf Cavity Problem: Fabrication And Characterization Of Superconducting Thin Films, Douglas Beringer
Thin Film Approaches To The Srf Cavity Problem: Fabrication And Characterization Of Superconducting Thin Films, Douglas Beringer
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities are responsible for the acceleration of charged particles to relativistic velocities in most modern linear accelerators, such as those employed at high-energy research facilities like Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory’s CEBAF and the LHC at CERN. Recognizing SRF as primarily a surface phenomenon enables the possibility of applying thin films to the interior surface of SRF cavities, opening a formidable tool chest of opportunities by combining and designing materials that offer greater benefit. Thus, while improvements in radio frequency cavity design and refinements in cavity processing techniques have improved accelerator performance and efficiency – 1.5 GHz …