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Reducing Childhood Pedestrian Injuries: Proceedings Of A Multidisciplinary Conference, Richard A. Schieber, Maria Vegega

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Motor vehicle crashes are associated with one of every five deaths among children 1 to 14 years of age in the United States, and pedestrian injuries account for a third of them. Compared with occupant injuries, pedestrian injuries are more severe; death is five times more likely to occur among those injured. In 1999, 533 child pedestrians were killed, and at least 30,000 children were nonfatally injured in traffic. Another 200 were killed in non-traffic areas, including driveways, sidewalks, and parking lots. Traumatic brain injury accounts for more than half the fatalities.
Dr. Schieber noted that the decline …

The Effects Of Depression And Anxiety On Memory Performance, Ali H. Kizilbash, Rodney D. Vanderploeg, Glenn Curtiss

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The effects of depression and anxiety, as assessed by MMPI D and Pt scales, on memory performance was examined in 3999 veterans who completed the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Depressive symptoms (without anxiety) had an adverse effect on immediate recall of new information and the total amount (but not rate) of acquisition; however, retrieval and retention were unaffected. On the other hand, high levels of anxiety did not have significant detrimental effects on any aspect of memory functioning assessed including immediate recall, total amount acquired, retention, and retrieval of novel information. However, when depression was compounded by anxiety, there …

Chronic Ethanol Administration Decreases The Ligand Binding Properties And The Cellular Content Of The Mannose 6-Phosphatelinsulin-Like Growth Gactor Ii Receptor In Rat Hepatocytes, James Haorah, Daniel L. Mcvicker, James C. Byrd, Richard G. Macdonald, Terrence M. Donohue, Jr.

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We have shown previously that chronic ethanol administration impairs the maturation of lysosomal enzymes in rat hepatocytes. The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor I1 receptor (M6PLGF-IIR) is a protein that facilitates the transport of lysosomal enzymes into the lysosome. Therefore, we examined whether ethanol consumption altered the ligand binding properties and the cellular content of M6P/IGF-IIR. Rats were pair-fed liquid diets containing either ethanol (36% of calories) or isocaloric maltose-dextrin for either 1 week or 5-7 weeks. Hepatocytes prepared from these animals were examined for receptor-ligand binding and receptor content. One week of ethanol feeding had no significant effect on ligand …

Erratum To "Chronic Ethanol Administration Decreases The Ligand Binding Properties And The Cellular Content Of The Mannose 6-Phosphatelinsulin-Like Growth Factor Ii Receptor In Rat Hepatocytes", James Haorah, Daniel L. Mcvicker, James C. Byrd, Richard G. Macdonald, Terrence M. Donohue, Jr.

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We regret that in the above article a mistake occurred in Table 2 and apologize for any confusion or inconvenience which may have resulted. It is now given correctly below.

Increased Hippocampal Volume In Schizophrenics' Parents With Ancestral History Of Schizophrenia, Josette G. Harris, David A. Young, Donald C. Rojas, Ana Cajade-Law, Ann Scherzinger, Safia Nawroz, Lawrence E. Adler, C. Munro Cullum, Jack Simon, Robert Freedman

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Objective: Decreased hippocampal volume is one of the hypothesized pathological features of schizophrenia, but it is not known if this abnormality is familially transmitted. The aim of this study was to measure the hippocampal volume of the parents of schizophrenic probands. in relationship to the apparent transmission of genetic risk.
Method: Eighteen subjects from families consisting of a schizophrenic proband and two clinically unaffected parents were studied. Probands were compared to six control subjects, matched for age, sex, and educational level. The six families were selected so that only one parent had an ancestral family history of schizophrenia. The volumes …

Application Of A Rating System To State Clean Indoor Air Laws (Usa), J. F. Chriqui, M. Frosh, R. C. Brownson, D. M. Shelton, R. C. Sciandra, R. Hobart, P. H. Fisher, R. El Arculli, M. H. Alciati

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Objective: To develop and implement a system for rating state clean indoor air laws.
Design: The public health interest of state clean indoor air laws is to limit non-smoker exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Current estimates of health risks and methods available for controlling ETS provided a framework for devising a ratings scale. An advisory committee applied this scale to each of seven site specific smoking restrictions and two enforcement related items. For each item, a target score of +4 was identified. The nine items were then combined to produce a summary score for each state. A state that …

Inhibition Of Hepatic Stellate Cell Collagen Synthesis By N-(Methy1amino)Isobutyric Acid, Thomas L. Freeman, Kusum K. Kharbanda, Dean Tuma, Mark Milliard

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The increased deposition of extracellular matrix by hepatic stellate cells following liver injury, in a process known as activation, is considered a key mechanism for increased collagen content of liver during the development of liver fibrosis. We report that N- (methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB), a specific inhibitor of System A-mediated amino acid uptake, reduces the accumulation of collagen in CFSC-2G hepatic stellate cell cultures and in a rat model of liver injury and fibrosis. Rat CFSC-2G cells were cultured in 0-5 mM MeAIB, and the accumulation and synthesis of collagen were measured by binding to Sirius red F3B and pulse-labeling with …

Effect Of Malondialdehyde-Acetaldehyde-Protein Adducts On The Protein Kinase C-Dependent Secretion Of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator In Hepatic Stellate Cells, Kusum K. Kharbanda, Kris A. Shubert, Todd A. Wyatt, Michael F. Sorrell, Dean J. Tuma

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Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde-protein adducts (MAA adducts) are formed in hepatocytes of ethanol-fed rats and directly influence the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to induce their secretion of chemokines and to up-regulate their expression of adhesion molecules. Since protein kinase C (PKC) is known to play a major role in many diverse intracellular signal transduction processes, we investigated whether MAA adducts influence the function of HSCs via a PKC-dependent pathway. HSCs in culture were exposed to MAA adducts, and PKC activity was determined. We observed a time- and concentration-dependent activation of PKC when cultures were exposed …

Ata2-Mediated Amino Acid Uptake Following Partial Hepatectomy Is Regulated By Redistribution To The Plasma Membrane, Thomas L. Freeman, Geoffrey M. Thiele, Dean J. Tuma, Tina K. Machu, Mark E. Mailliard

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System A, the Na⁺-dependent amino acid transport activity, is encoded by the ATA2 gene and up-regulated following partial hepatectomy (PH), and its competitive inhibition interferes with liver regeneration. Rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised against a portion of the ATA2 gene product followed by immunodetection of ATA2 in isolated liver plasma membrane and lysate. The level of ATA2 increased in the plasma membrane following PH, while the relatively high quantity of ATA2 found in liver lysate remained constant. We also have shown that Northern analysis of steady-state ATA2 mRNA revealed no significant change following PH. These data show that …

Reduced-Median-Network Analysis Of Complete Mitochondrial Dna Coding-Region Sequences For The Major African, Asian, And European Haplogroups, Corinna Herrnstadt, Joanna L. Elson, Eoin Fahy, Gwen Preston, Douglass M. Turnbull, Christen Anderson, Soumitra S. Ghosh, Jerrold M. Olefsky, M. Flint Beal, Robert E. Davis, Neil Howell

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The evolution of the human mitochondrial genome is characterized by the emergence of ethnically distinct lineages or haplogroups. Nine European, seven Asian (including Native American), and three African mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups have been identified previously on the basis of the presence or absence of a relatively small number of restriction-enzyme recognition sites or on the basis of nucleotide sequences of the D-loop region. We have used reduced-median-network approaches to analyze 560 complete European, Asian, and African mtDNA coding-region sequences from unrelated individuals to develop a more complete understanding of sequence diversity both within and between haplogroups. A total of …

Pathogenesis Of Human And Bovine Cryptosporidium Parvum In Gnotobiotic Pigs, Sonia J. Pereira, Norma E. Ramirez, Lihua Xiao, Lucy A. Ward

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To compare the pathogenesis of human genotype 1 (HuGl) and bovine genotype 2 (BoG2) Cryptosporidium parvum, neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were given 1-10 HuGl or BoG2 oocysts. The prepatent and patent periods were significantly longer for HuGl than for BoG2 C. parvum (prepatent, 8.6 vs. 5.6 days; patent, 16.6 vs. 10.3 days). BoG2-infected pigs developed signif- icantly more severe disease than did HuGl-infected pigs. BoG2 parasites were seen micro- scopically throughout the intestines during the prepatent and patent periods. HuGl parasites were only detected during the patent period in the ileum and colon but colonized the mucosal surface in significantly …

A Preliminary Linkage Map Of The Tick, Ixodes Scapularis, Amy J. Ullmann, Joseph Piesman, M.C. Dolan, William C. Black, Iv

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A linkage map of the Ixodes scapularis genome was constructed based upon segregation amongst 127 loci. These included 84 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, 32 Sequence-Tagged RAPD (STAR) markers, 5 cDNAs, and 5 microsatellites in 232 F₁ intercross progeny from a single, field-collected P₁ female. A preliminary linkage map of 616 cM was generated across 14 linkage groups with one marker every 10.8 cM. Assuming a genome size of ∼10⁹ bp, the relationship of physical to genetic distance is ∼300 kb/cM in the I. scapularis genome.

Real-Time Fluorescence Pcr Assays For Detection And Characterization Of Shiga Toxin, Intimin, And Enterohemolysin Genes From Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli, Udo Reischl, Mohammad T. Youssef, Jochen Kilwinski, Norbert Lehn, Wen Lan Zhang, Helge Karch, Nancy Strockbine

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PCR assays have proved useful for detecting and characterizing Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Recent advances in PCR technology have facilitated the development of real-time fluorescence PCR assays with greatly reduced amplification times and improved methods for the detection of amplified target sequences. We developed and evaluated two such assays for the LightCycler instrument: one that simultaneously detects the genes for Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (stx₁ and stx₂) and another that simultaneously detects the genes for intimin (eae) and enterohemolysin (E-hly). Amplification and sequence-specific detection of the two target genes were …

Annual Report To The Nation On The Status Of Cancer, 1973-1999, Featuring Implications Of Age And Aging On U.S. Cancer Burden, Brenda K. Edwards, Holly L. Howe, Lynn A. G. Ries, Michael J. Thun, Harry M. Rosenberg, Rosemary Yancik, Phyllis A. Wingo, Ahmedin Jemal, Ellen G. Feigal

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BACKGROUND. The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, collaborated to provide an annual update on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This year’s report contained a special feature focusing on implications of age and aging on the U.S. cancer burden.

METHODS. For 1995 through 1999, age-specific rates and age-adjusted rates were calculated for …

Anopheles Gambiae Genome: Completing The Malaria Triad, Kathryn S. Aultman, Michael Gottlieb, Maria Y. Giovanni, Anthony S. Fauci

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The genome sequence of Anopheles gambiae, the major mosquito vector of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, as well as analyses of its gene content and organization, are reported by several teams of investigators in this issue. In addition, the sequence of the P. falciparum genome appears in this week’s issue of Nature. The genomes of these two organisms, along with that of the human, provide a triad of critical genetic information relevant to all stages of the malaria transmission cycle and offer unprecedented opportunities to the scientific and public health communities engaged in the fight against malaria, …