Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Prediction Of Stress Appraisals From Mastery, Extraversion, Neuroticism, And General Appraisal Tendencies, S. H. Hemenover, Richard A. Dienstbier

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Several personality dimensions (mastery, extraversion, and neuroticism) and a new General Appraisal Measure were used to predict stress appraisals made by college students in specific situations. Using multiple-regression techniques, mastery and general appraisal tendencies predicted appraisals for an intellectual task. Path analysis supported a structural model with general appraisal tendencies as a mediator between mastery and specific appraisal. In the second study mastery, extraversion, neuroticism, and general appraisal tendencies predicted appraisals for an academic stressor. Path analysis again supported the mediational nature of general appraisal tendencies from personality variables to specific appraisal. We discuss a potential causal mechanism between personality …

Spruce Run News (December 1996), Spruce Run Staff

Maine Women's Publications - All

No abstract provided.

Use Of Folk Healing Practices By Hiv-Infected Hispanics Living In The United States, Mariana Suarez, Marcela Raffaelli, Ann O'Leary

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

In the absence of a medical cure for AIDS, HIV-infected individuals may seek alternative treatments that are consistent with cultural and social beliefs. This paper examines beliefs about, and use of, folk healing practices by HIV-infected Hispanics receiving care at an HIV/AIDS clinic in inner-city New Jersey. Anonymous individual interviews were conducted with 58 male and 18 female HIV-infected Hispanics aged 23-55, primarily of Puerto Rican origin (61%) or descent (29%). The majority of respondents believed in good and evil spirits (73.7%); among the 56 believers, 48% stated that the spirits had a causal role in their infection, either alone …

The Right To A Family Environment For Children With Disabilities, Victoria Weisz

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

To access services for children with disabilities, the children often have been required to leave their families of origin. However, social science evidence indicates that there are substantial psychological benefits for children to remain with their families whenever possible. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN General Assembly, 1989) supports policies and programs that enable children with disabilities to receive services without leaving their family environment. This article briefly reviews the social science literature and the UN. Convention, and it documents trends in US. law consistent with the implications of the scientific evidence and international consensus. The …

The Effects Of An Appraisal Manipulation: Affect, Intrusive Cognitions, And Performance For Two Cognitive Tasks, Scott H. Hemenover, Richard A. Dienstbier

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

We examined the relationship between trait measures of general appraisal and test anxiety, state measures of stress appraisals, affect, and intrusive cognition, andperformance measures on two cognitive tests (mental math and Raven matrices). Participants were randomly assigned to threat, challenge, or control conditions that were created by manipulating both primary and secondary appraisals. We predicted that the threat condition would lead to more negative affect, stress appraisals, intrusive cognitions, and more errors. While our manipulated conditions led to inconsistent effects, path analyses tended to confirm predictions that negative task appraisals and trait test anxiety lead to negative affect and to …

The Relations Of Children’S Dispositional Prosocial Behavior To Emotionality, Regulation, And Social Functioning, Nancy Eisenberg, Richard A. Fabes, Mariss Karbon, Bridget C. Murphy, Marek Wosinski, Lorena Polazzi, Gustavo Carlo, Candy Juhnke

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of a measure of children’s dispositional prosocial behavior (i.e., peer nominations) to individual differences in children’s negative emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Children with prosocial reputations tended to be high in constructive social skills (i.e., socially appropriate behavior and constructive coping) and attentional regulation, and low in negative emotionality. The relations of children’s negative emotionality to prosocial reputation were moderated by level of dispositional attentional regulation. In addition, the relations of prosocial reputation to constructive social skills and parent-reported negative emotionality (for girls) increased with age. Vagal tone, a marker …

Communicating Violence Risk Assessments, Thomas Grisso, Alan Tomkins

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Recent developments in the law have made the assessment of risk of violence a required professional ability for every clinical psychologist. About 30 years ago, laws controlling involuntary civil commitment evolved to require more than merely a finding of mental illness. They also required evidence that patients, if not committed, would be dangerous to themselves or to others. During that era, states also developed laws that made it mandatory for clinicians to report evidence if their child clients, the children of their adult clients, and disabled or older adults were in danger of abuse by their caretakers.

Clinicians’ obligations to …

The Course Of Aggression In First-Grade Children With And Without Comorbid Anxious Symptoms, Nick Ialongo, Gail Edelsohn, Lisa Werthamer-Larsson, Lisa J. Crockett, Sheppard Kellam

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

We studied the course of aggressive behavior in an epidemiologically defined sample of first graders with and without comorbid anxious symptoms. Our primary purpose in doing so was to understand whether the stability of aggression in young children was attenuated or strengthened in the presence of comorbid anxiety. Previous studies of older children and adolescents had produced equivocal findings in this regard. Data on anxious symptoms were obtained through an interview of the children, whereas aggressive behavior was assessed through the use of a teacher interview and peer nominations. Assessments were performed in the fall and spring of first grade. …

Relationships Of Job And Family Involvement, Family Social Support, And Work–Family Conflict With Job And Life Satisfaction, Gary A. Adams, Lynda A. King, Daniel W. King

Management Faculty Research and Publications

A model of the relationship between work and family that incorporates variables from both the work-family conflict and social support literatures was developed and empirically tested. This model related bidirectional work-family conflict, family instrumental and emotional social support, and job and family involvement to job and life satisfaction. Data came from 163 workers who were living with at least 1 family member. Results suggested that relationships between work and family can have an important effect on job and life satisfaction and that the level of involvement the worker assigns to work and family roles is associated with this relationship. The …

Second-Order Conditioning Detects Unexpressed Morphine-Induced Salt Aversion, Rick A. Bevins, Timothy A. Delzer, Michael T. Bardo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Morphine failed to condition a salt taste aversion at a dose (15 mg/kg) sufficient to produce a robust aversion to a saccharin taste. Indeed, three different concentrations of salt (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) paired with the same morphine dose yielded no direct evidence for conditioned aversion. Yet, when a novel saccharin taste was paired in compound with the previously conditioned salt conditioned stimulus, we found evidence for a conditioning to the saccharin cue alone in three separate experiments. Control groups eliminated alternative accounts such as neophobia and differential exposure to morphine. Combined, these findings indicate that morphine conditioned a salt …

Longitudinal Adjustment Patterns Of Boys And Girls Experiencing Early, Middle, And Late Sexual Intercourse, C. Raymond Bingham, Lisa J. Crockett

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This study examined the association between psychosocial development and the timing of first sexual intercourse in a sample of White, rural adolescents. Two theoretical models were tested. The first model, derived from problem behavior theory, proposed that earlier timing of first sexual intercourse is associated with longitudinal patterns of transition proneness and poor psychosocial adjustment. The second model, the stage termination model, proposed that early first sexual intercourse interferes with subsequent development, thereby resulting in negative developmental outcomes. problem behavior theory was supported. For both boys and girls, earlier timing of first sexual intercourse was associated with longitudinal patterns of …

Rape Survivors: The Effects Of Post-Traumatic Stress And Locus Of Control On The Hoping Process, David Lester Rhoads

Student Dissertations & Theses

The current study examined the relationship between hope. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and locus of control in a sample, of 18 rape survivors and 18 non-raped females over 18 years of age. Instruments utilized were Herth Hope Scale, Structured Interview for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Impact of Events, and Locus of Control Scales. It was hypothesized that rape survivors would exhibit a lower level of hope, higher levels of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and an external locus of control. Independent t-tests revealed that rape trauma impacts Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Independent t-tests were inconclusive among the hope, impact of events, …

2. Assessing Children's Competence To Take The Oath: Research And Recommendations., Thomas D. Lyon

Thomas D. Lyon

Comments On The Distribution Of Botrychium Lunarioides (Ophioglossaceae) In Texas, W. C. Holmes, T. L. Morgan, Jeffrey R. Stevens, R. D. Gooch, J. R. Singhurst

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Botrychium lunarioides (Michx.) Sw. (Ophioglossaceae) is now known to be widespread and abundant throughout the eastern portion of Texas. In 1996, Do, et al. reported ten additional county records in the central portion of the Post Oak Savannah of Texas, thereby extending the known distribution of the species up to 273 km to the west. Additional field studies during 1996 have yielded nineteen new county records for the species in Texas. These new reports are primarily from the Post Oak Savannah, Pineywoods, and Blackland Prairies of northeast Texas and from the southern portion of the Post Oak Savannah. The most …

The Discriminative Stimulus Properties Of Morphine And U-50,488h In A Three-Key Assay: A Mu And Kappa Opioid Discrimination In The Pigeon, Malath Makhay

Dissertations

Opiate drugs have been classified in two-choice assays according to their ability to produce generalization in animals to the prototypicix opiate, morphine, versus vehicle, or to the k opioid, U -50,488H versus vehicle injections (Picker & Dykstra, 1987). A three-choice discrimination procedure, in which subjects discriminate among morphine, U -50,488H , and vehicle injections, might afford a greater degree of precision in characterizing the subjective effects of opioids. The feasibility of such a procedure was demonstrated in the present study, in which five pigeons were trained to discriminate among injections of 5 .6 m g/kg morphinel 5 .6 m g/kg …

The Use Of Respite In Crisis Emergency Services: A Two Year Analysis, Anne D. Kuppinger, Mary E. Evans, Roger A. Boothroyd, Marleen Radigan

Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications

Respite care is widely believed to be an important service for families raising a child with a disability. All caregivers need a break from time to time, and the need may be even greater when the caregiver is coping with the additional stress associated with a child's disability. A number of studies have demonstrated that respite care can improve family functioning (Cohen, 1982), reduce stress (Rimmerman, 1989; Wickler & Hanusa, 1990; Appoloni & Triest, 1983), and delay out-of-home placement (Cohen, 1982; Upshur, 1982) for families with a child who has a disability.

Conditioned Stimulus Determinants Of Conditioned Response Form In Pavlovian Fear Conditioning, Stephen D. Kim, Steven Rivers, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Four experiments using barpress conditioned suppression in rats found that tone evoked more freezing (immobility) than did light. Still, tone and light appeared to have similar conditioned value as assessed by suppression in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, and by blocking, second-order conditioning, and over-conditioning assays in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Experiment 4 arranged for tone to evoke less suppression than light but more freezing. Results suggest that in fear conditioning, the nature of the conditioned stimulus affects the form of conditioned responding (strong vs. weak freezing). This conclusion extends one drawn by P. C. Holland (1977) on …

Envy And Jealousy As Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis, Nick Haslam, Brian H. Bornstein

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Envy and jealousy may differ in kind or only by degree. In a study of emotion episodes recalled by 291 subjects, two forms of taxometric analysis were used to test between categorical and dimensional models of the two emotions. The two emotions yielded strong convergent evidence of discreteness, and commonly co-occurred. However, although subjects rated their episode to contain similar levels of “envy” and “jealousy,” both terms were equally correlated with the presence of envy features and neither term was correlated substantially with the presence of jealousy features. Implications are drawn for the study of categorical distinctions between emotions, and …

Ambulatory Electromyogram Activity In The Upper Trapezius Region: Patients With Muscle Pain Vs. Pain-Free Control Subjects, Charles R. Carlson, Kennen T. Wynn, John Edwards, Jeffrey P. Okeson, Arthur J. Nitz, Don E. Workman, Jeffrey Cassisi

CRVAW Faculty Journal Articles

Study Design: This study compared the ambulatory electromyogram activity of persons reporting pain in the shoulder and cervical regions with an equal group of persons not reporting such pain. Ambulatory electromyogram data were obtained over 3-day periods. In addition, all participants completed several standard psychological questionnaires.

Objectives: The results were analyzed with inferential statistics to determine whether subjects reporting significant pain in the shoulder and cervical regions had greater ambulatory electromyogram activity than an equal number of subjects not reporting pain.

Summary of Background Data: Considerable controversy exists regarding the role of muscle activity in the etiology and maintenance of …

Multidimensional Factors Affecting Well-Being: A Pni Based Model For Therapeutic Nursing Intervention., Mary P. Bennett

Nursing Faculty Publications

This paper is posted to assist graduate nursing students and others who are interested in my early PNI theory development work. The paper documents development and initial testing of a midrange theory of the effects of various nursing interventions on the psychoneuroimmunological (PNI) network. The hypothesized effects of interventions on various immune factors and subsequent health outcomes are explored, with special interest given to the use of PNI theory in nursing. More traditional nursing theory design principles are imbedded in this theory, including a definition of nursing and nursing intervention, as well as outlining how nurses educated at various levels …

On The Order Of The Real: Nietzsche And Lacan, Babette Babich

Articles and Chapters in Academic Book Collections

No abstract provided.

Neonatal Cranial Ultrasound Abnormalities In Lbw Infants: Relation To Cognitive Outcomes At Age Six, Agnes H. Whitaker, Judy F. Feldman, Ronan Van Rossem, Irvin Sam Schonfeld, Jennifer A. Pinto-Martin, Carolyn Torre, Suzannah R. Blumenthal, Nigel S. Paneth

Publications and Research

bjective: To assess the independent relation of neonatal cranial ultrasound (US) abnormalities in low birth weight (LBW) infants to cognitive outcomes at 6 years of age.
Design: Prospective cohort study.
Sample and Methods: Six-year follow-up data were obtained on a regional birth cohort of LBW infants (< 2 kg) systematically screened as neonates with serial US. US abnormalities were dichotomized into isolated germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage (GM/IVH) and parenchymal lesions/ventricular enlargement (PL/VE). Global cognitive outcomes (mental retardation, borderline intelligence, and normal intelligence) and selected specific cognitive abilities were assessed at 6 years of age with standardized instruments. Multivariate techniques were used to assess the effects of US independent of maternal social …

Functioning And Well-Being Of Patients In A Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Clinic, Steven A. Epstein, Junius Gonzales, Patricia Stockton, David M. Goldstein, Bonnie L. Green

Publications from Provost Junius J. Gonzales

Outpatient consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry clinics are valuable settings for research and teaching endeavors. However, little is known about psychiatric symptoms and health status of persons treated in such settings. In this study, 80 persons seen in an outpatient C-L psychiatry clinic were compared with 100 persons seen in a mood disorder clinic on a variety of self-report instruments. Outpatient C-L clinic patients were found to have significantly poorer health status than mood clinic patients on the following domains as measured by the RAND instrument: general health perception, pain, physical functioning, and role functioning due to physical problems. Both groups had …

The Ingrown World Of Animal Model Research In Psychology, Kenneth J. Shapiro

Experimentation Collection

In the previous essay, I described the proper function of models in science as heuristic, as a way of generating hypotheses about the actual object of study. Turning to animal models in psychology, I offered a general characterization of that enterprise using sham feeding, an animal model of the eating disorder called bulimia, as an example. In this final of three essays, I offer an evaluation of this animal model strategy that largely employs the tools of social science. I close with a recommendation and a prediction.

A Rodent For Your Thoughts: The Animal Model Strategy In Psychology, Kenneth J. Shapiro

Experimentation Collection

In this second of three essays, I describe how the early modern psychologists adopted the strategy of further transforming rats and other species into models of human thought, feeling, and behavior, and, particularly, of disorders of these - in effect taking "a rodent for your thoughts." In the third essay I will provide a critique and empirically-based evaluation of animal model research. Here I indicate what the model strategy in the biomedical sciences, properly understand, is intended to achieve and how, by contrast, particular models are presented to the public and funding agencies. Finally, I describe how they are utilized …

Silk Purse Or Sow's Ear? An Mmpi Commonground, Richard H. Dana

Regional Research Institute for Human Services

Velasquez et al allege that "rounding up the usual suspects" in my article on culturally competent MMPI assessment of Hispanics provides information that is inaccurate, raises unanswered questions, and can discourage assessors reluctant to take "extra precautions required with Hispanic clients". They contribute an overview of history and current research that leads to their own recommendations. Using the idiom of "usual" and "unusual" suspects, further investigation of all suspects appears necessary. Juxtaposition of two sets of assessment recommendations-theirs and mine-suggests that an ostensible battleground can become a commonground to better inform assessors of cultural competence issues. From the Author.

Relation Of Negative Affectivity To Self-Reports Of Job Stressors And Psychological Outcomes, Irvin Sam Schonfeld

Publications and Research

A total of 250 new women teachers participated in a longitudinal study of the influence of negative affectivity (NA) on the relation of self-report work-environment measures to psychological outcomes. Three "neutrally worded" work-environment measures were specially constructed to minimize confounding with NA. The work-environment measures were moderately related to postemployment depressive symptoms, job satisfaction, and, among Whites but not among a principally Black and Hispanic subsample, motivation. Correlation and regression coefficients were largely unchanged when the preemployment psychophysiologic symptoms scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (L. S. Radloff, 1977), factors that tap NA, were controlled. Findings suggest NA …

Timing Of First Sexual Intercourse: The Role Of Social Control, Social Learning, And Problem Behavior, Lisa J. Crockett, C. Raymond Bingham, Joanne S. Chopak, Judith R. Vicary

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Prior research has pointed to several distinct processes that may affect the timing of first intercourse among adolescents. In the present study, the role of six hypothesized processes was assessed in a sample of 289 rural adolescent boys and girls. Results support the importance of family socialization and problem behavior for both sexes, the role of biological factors for boys, and the role of social control processes for girls. Two other hypothesized influences--social class and poor psychosocial adjustment--were not supported in either gender. These results indicate that multiple processes influence the timing of first intercourse; thus, they underscore the need …

A Cross-National Study On The Relations Among Prosocial Moral Reasoning, Gender Role Orientations, And Prosocial Behaviors, Gustavo Carlo, Silvia H. Koller, Nancy Eisenberg, Marcia S. Da Silva, Claudia B. Frohlich

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This research examined the correlates of prosocial moral reasoning (PMR) in 2 studies. Study I investigated age, gender, and culture group differences in PMR in Brazilian children and adolescents (n = 265) and U.S. adolescents (n = 67). Relations between PMR and both prosocial behaviors and gender role orientations in Brazilian adolescents (n = 136) were explored in Study 2. Self-reflective, internalized reasoning was positively related, and hedonistic reasoning was negatively related, to peer ratings of prosocial behaviors. Femininity was associated with more self-reflective, internalized concerns and with less concerns regarding gaining others’ approval. In general, age …

Intentional Versus Unintentional Use Of Contingencies Between Perceptual Events, Kieth A. Carlson, John H. Flowers

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

In three experiments we studied human ability to use statistical contingencies between visual stimuli (flankers and targets) to improve performance in a letter–digit classification task. We compared the performance of explicitly informed subjects with that of subjects who were told nothing of the contingencies. Simultaneous presentation of flankers and targets (Experiment 1) produced evidence of unintentional contingency use by both informed and uninformed subjects. When stimuli on trial n predicted target stimuli on trial n + 1 (Experiment 2) there was no evidence of unintentional processes, but informed subjects showed strong evidence of using intentional prediction strategies. When flanker onset …