Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Heart Failure, Molly Davis

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Heart Failure is defined as the pathophysiologic condition in which the heart is unable to generate an adequate cardiac output such that perfusion of tissues or increased diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle, or both occurs (Huether & McCance, 2019).

Malignant Hyperthermia, Jessica Joos

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Being a proficient anesthesia provider requires vigilantly monitoring for any complications that may arise during the anesthetic period. Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is one such complication. Succinylcholine, a neuromuscular blocking agent, and volatile anesthetic gases can initiate an MH reaction. In MH, ryanodine receptors are stimulated to release excess calcium, which causes muscle hypermetabolism. This process causes the patient to develop highly elevated temperatures, hypoxia, hypercarbia, and muscle rigidity. Left untreated, MH can be fatal. Treatment requires discontinuation of the triggering agent, administering dantrolene, providing 100% oxygen, and managing complications such as acidosis, hyperkalemia, and arrhythmias. MH is a manageable complication …

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Jyoti Adhikari

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects millions of people. The trend continues to be upward. Youth and children are not exempt from this. It is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Causes are impaired insulin secretion, resistance to the peripheral action of insulin, or both. There are three types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational. Type 2 DM accounts for around 90% of all cases of DM. In type 2 DM, the body's response to insulin diminishes causing insulin resistance. It is commonly seen in people older than 45 years old but increasingly seen …

Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Ojaswi Bhattarai

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a type of autoimmune disease marked by thyroid-specific autoantibodies, which cause immune cells and antibodies to attack and kill thyroid cells. As a result, the body's mechanisms slow down, resulting in fatigue, coldness, weight gain, dry skin, and hair loss, among other symptoms. Although the exact cause of HT is unknown, it is thought to be caused by a combination of genetics, environment, physical activity, immunology, dietary intake, and epigenesis. High serum antibody concentrations against one or more thyroid antigens, as well as widespread lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid, are clinical manifestations. Typically, HT is treated …

Hellp Syndrome: Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Low Platelets, Kimberly Roman

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

The research provided was to understand a rare, life-threatening condition that occurs in pregnant women or recently postpartum women. The topic searched was HELLP Syndrome, an acronym for Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelets. This syndrome is named this due to the underlying conditions in women who experience this disorder. Women can recover from HELLP Syndrome if detected early and treated appropriately, but symptoms are vague and difficult to diagnose. The best way to understand and detect this disorder is by promoting awareness and understanding the mechanisms and treatment involved. A search was conducted about the topic through research …

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Copd), Joseph Earich

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an irreversible, preventable respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation and obstruction that is usually progressive. COPD affects millions of people globally and over $7 billion dollars is spent on COPD related hospitalizations in the U.S. annually. This poster includes information focused on COPD, the underlying pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, nursing care implications, and treatment.

Methods: Research articles within the last five years were obtained using keywords such as COPD, pathophysiology, treatment, prevention, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis from databases EBSCO and PubMed. The data and quality of these articles were assessed and information compiled …

Pneumothorax, Jennifer Wenger

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Pneumothorax is the presence of air or gas in the pleural space caused by rupture in the visceral pleura of the parietal pleura and chest wall. A pneumothorax is the most common thoracic disease affecting adolescence and young adults. There are several types of pneumothoraxes including spontaneous pneumothorax caused by the rupture of a bleb, usually in relatively healthily individuals. Secondary pneumothoraxes are cause by trauma or diseases. Penetrating/ blunt trauma, surgical intervention, COPD/emphysema, and mechanical ventilation are all risk factors associated with secondary pneumothorax. Common symptoms are sharp chest pains on inspiration, shortness of breath and tachypnea. Is some …

Unmasking Beta Thalassemia, Shaunte Churchill

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Abstract for Beta Thalassemia Poster Project

Beta Thalassemia is a highly prevalent inherited disease that has the ability to cause symptoms where a patient can present asymptomatic to severe life-threatening conditions. The drive behind researching this topic was regarding my husband and the journey to getting a diagnosis for his unknown problems. Diagnosis can occur from birth into middle adulthood. The milder cases tend to be diagnosed in adulthood. There are new innovative ways to help combat symptoms of beta thalassemia, however, there has not been one successful solution for a cure except very specific bone marrow transplantation. This also …

Depression, Gerardo Serrano

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Depression is a common illness worldwide, with an estimated 3.8% of he population affected, including 5.0% among adults and 5.7% among adults older than 60 years (Schomerus et at., 019). Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression (Schomerus et at., 2019). Depression is different from usual mood fluctuations nd short-lived emotional responses to challenges in everyday life. Especially hen recurrent and with moderate or severe intensity, depression may become serious health condition. It can cause he affected person to suffer greatly and unction poorly at work, at school and in he family. At its worst, depression can lead …

Malignant Hyperthermia, Luther Nyirenda

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare, life-threatening, and rapidly progressing disorder of the skeletal muscle tissue. It can be induced with the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and inhaled anesthetics which are frequently used by anesthesia providers. The pathophysiology of MH involves an uncontrolled release of free calcium from the ryanodine receptor that is found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum leading to a hypermetabolic state. MH has hereditary significance due to mutation of the ryanodine receptor, thus genetic testing and MH contracture biopsy should be performed to assess susceptibility. Signs and symptoms present as tachycardia. labile blood pressure, hyperthermia, elevated carbon …

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathophysiology, Alex Thompson

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

This poster presentation overviews the pathophysiologic process and accompanying disease characteristics associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). COPD is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Studies suggest that its incidence will only increase in the future. COPD risk factors include smoking tobacco, environmental chemical/pollution irritants, and genetic predisposition. Smoking is the most common cause of COPD, and cessation can improve patient outcomes drastically. This chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overview discusses the importance of knowledge of COPD, signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, peri-operative management, treatments, and prevention.

Acute Kidney Injury, Chelsey Benner

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of surgical procedures and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. AKI can be described by a sudden decline in kidney function, evidenced by elevation of serum creatinine, elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, and a decreased glomerular filtration rate (McCance & Huether, 2018, p. 1360). Optimal perioperative management and recognition of patients at high risk for AKI is important in preventing the development of acute kidney injury.

Anesthetic Considerations For Patients With Aortic Stenosis, Owen Diehl

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Aortic Stenosis places surgical patients at greater risk for adverse events during surgery. Due to the pathological process of Aortic Stenosis, the left ventricle must generate high systolic pressures to ensure adequate cardiac output. These increased pressures result in left ventricular hypertrophy, placing the patient at greater risk for myocardial ischemia. For induction of anesthesia, it is imperative to maintain hemodynamic stability as this is where problems arise. Five research articles were reviewed to determine how to administer anesthesia to these patients safely. Additional sources were gathered for a background on the pathophysiology of aortic stenosis. The research articles reviewed …

Myasthenia Gravis, Rebecca Wheeler

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Myasthenia gravis (MG), a neuromuscular and autoimmune disorder, is not completely understood by clinicians and scientists. The primary cause is thought to be anti-Acetylcholine receptor antibodies that attack the neuromuscular junction, causing destruction of post-synaptic junctional folds and blockade of the receptor. This causes frequent weakness and fatigability of voluntary muscles, making activities of daily living difficult for those living with MG. Although it is not an incredibly prevalent disease, the incidence is increasing in the United States due to better testing and diagnosis. Treatments are available, including cholinesterase inhibitors that raise the concentration of Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction …

Perioperative Management Of The Patient With Obesity, Trevor Mack

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Abstract

Obesity has become a problem worldwide during the past few decades. The prevalence of obesity worldwide has led to an increase in the number of obese surgical patients to whom perioperative care needs to be delivered. Hence, surgeons and nurse anesthetists will care for an increasing number of obese patients in the foreseeable future and should be prepared to provide optimal management for these individuals. This poster considers preparing for and managing the obese surgical patient by explaining underlying pathophysiology, implications of nursing care, perioperative considerations, diagnosis, and various treatments. This review provides updated evidence regarding perioperative management for …

Malignant Hyperthermia, Christina Bensley

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Malignant Hyperthermia

Christina Bensley

Department of Nursing, Otterbein University

NURS 6810: Advanced Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse

Dr. Batross and Dr. Bhatnagar

August 5th, 2022

Abstract

Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a rare genetic mutation of the skeletal muscle that induces a hypermetabolic response when patients are exposed to volatile inhaled anesthetics or depolarizing neuromuscular blockers (Weant & Gregory, 2021). The first case of MH was identified in 1960, with an estimated mortality rate of 70-80% without appropriate treatment (Hopkins et al., 2021). Perioperative care providers must be able to identify triggering agents, recognize presenting signs and symptoms, and know …

Malignant Hyperthermia, Shannen Steinbrunner

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

This poster aims to investigate the concept of malignant hyperthermia (MH). MH is a rare and fatal skeletal muscle reaction that can progress rapidly, especially if advanced practice nurses do not recognize the symptoms or know how to treat them (Hopkins et al., 2021). This hypermetabolic disorder has predisposing factors that should alert APRNs to avoid specific trigger agents such as volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine (Rosenbaum & Rosenburg, 2022). Genetic predispositions also play a significant role in the etiology of MH (Hopkins et al., 2021). Viewers will learn why dantrolene is the medication of choice for MH and why symptoms, …

Pathophysiology Of Aortic Stenosis, Melissa Lee

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis

Melissa J. Lee

Department of Nursing, Otterbein University

NURS 6810: Advanced Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse

Dr. Deana Batross & Dr. Shivani Bhatnagar

July 29, 2022

Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis

Proper evaluation of co-morbidities is imperative for patient safety and successful outcomes for patients undergoing anesthesia. Aortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most complex diseases encountered in anesthesia, affecting five percent of older adults and ten percent of the 80-89-year-old-cohort (Joseph et al., 2017). The pathophysiological development of AS is the end result of an inflammatory process caused by endothelial damage from mechanical stress, …

Perioperative Risks Of The Patient With Heart Failure, Gabrielle Metoyer

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Perioperative Risks of the Patient with Heart Failure

Gabrielle Metoyer

Department of Nursing, Otterbein University

NURS 6810 – Advanced Pathophysiology

Dr. Deanna Batross and Dr. Shivani Bhatnagar

August 5, 2022

Abstract

According to the CDC (2020), heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body. Heart failure is an epidemic disease affecting 1-2% of the population worldwide (Schwinger, 2020). It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide with an estimated 6.5 million adults with heart failure in the United States (Lo et al., 2021). Medical advances …

Pathophysiology Of Pulmonary Hypertension, Kayla Thomsen

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Abstract

Understanding the pathophysiology behind various diseases is essential for nursing, especially those in advanced practice roles such as nurse anesthetists. Pulmonary hypertension (PH), characterized by vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, and thrombosis, has a complex physiological process and a vast compilation of patient considerations (Sarkar & Desai, 2018). PH affects up to fifty million people worldwide, with 1-year survival rates of 90.4% and 5-year survival rate of 65.4%, further solidifying the importance of understanding the disease for quick diagnosis and treatment (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2021). Diagnosis of PH is often delayed, with some patients experiencing symptoms up to two years before …

Diabetic Ketoacidosis In Pediatric Patients, Jarrod Genther

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pediatric Patients

Jarrod Genther

Otterbein University

NURS 6810- Advanced Pathophysiology

Deana Batross, DNP & Shivani Bhatnagar, DNP

July 29, 2022

Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pediatric Patients

Abstract

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication in children with type 1 diabetes. Children with type 1 diabetes cannot produce endogenous insulin and must receive exogenous insulin to allow glucose influx into cells throughout the body for energy consumption. Without insulin, the child will progress to diabetic ketoacidosis. The covid-19 pandemic introduced new obstacles for patients with a predisposition for type 1 diabetes, presenting with a more profound acidosis, greater need for …

Perioperative Management In Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Jonathan Wagner

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results in three million deaths a year globally; COPD is becoming the third leading cause of death worldwide (Shin et al., 2017). The prevalence of COPD has a significant impact on the delivery of anesthesia in surgery.

Purpose: This poster analyzes risk factors associated with COPD and the complications associated with the disease. The implications and nursing considerations are outlined to direct goals of care and ventilator management during surgery.

Methodology: The data was collected from various control trials and meta-analysis studies. Information was also derived from pathophysiology and anesthesia resources.

Results: Patients …

Acute Kidney Injury In Perioperative Patients, Matthew Hall

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

In the surgical setting, caring for a patient in the operative and postoperative phases require perioperative care providers to be attentive to risk factors that can lead to potential harm. Of all the possible complications of surgical cases, acute kidney injury is more common than others. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is kidney function that abruptly declines over a few hours or days, increases serum creatinine, causes a period of oliguria, and has three levels of severity (Zarbock et al., 2018, p.1236-1237). Risk factors predispose patients to AKI, including age, diabetes, cardiac failure, previous history of AKI, sepsis, and many more. …

Congestive Heart Failure, Ostap Dvorakevych

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Abstract

Ostap Dvorakevych

Department of Nursing, Otterbein University

NURS 6810 – Advanced Pathophysiology

Dr. Batross & Dr. Bhatnagar

July 29, 2022

Abstract

To provide the highest quality care, multidisciplinary clinical teams in critical care settings must understand the pathophysiology of the patient conditions they encounter. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an example of such a condition. CHF is “an abnormality of the myocardial function responsible for failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissue...a condition in which the heart fails to maintain an output sufficient for the needs of the …

Hypertension-A Global Epidemic, Marie Tanyi

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Hypertension is a major cause of premature death and a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases globally. Heart diseases, renal failure, stroke, premature deaths, and disability mostly if not all contribute to the cardiovascular burden and thus pose a public health issue worldwide. The trends in hypertension are similar globally with a high prevalence noted in low and medium-income countries. Studies have identified smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, overweight or obesity, and sedentary lifestyle as modifiable risk factors in these populations. However, hypertension remains a substantial public health concern despite providers’ engagement in multi-component hypertension treatment and patient involvement …

Osteoarthritis (Oa), Ashley Smith

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis that millions of people struggle with in their day to day lives. OA is often observed in an outpatient pain management setting as it is considered an unavoidable disease process expected in aging individuals. OA is a costly, painful, and debilitating disease. OA goes further than physically limiting patients, it can even affect mental and emotional stability. Although there is not an available cure for OA, there are many preventative manageable treatment options available. Education, evaluation and management of OA is important to be knowledgeable about in order to help patients …

Electronic - Cigarettes And Anesthesia Implications, Duane Robinson

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Electronic cigarettes (ECs) became available in the United States in 2007. They were originally marketed as a safer alternative to smoking (Arndt et al., 2020). The number of users has exceeded 14M people in the U.S. (Bulat et al., 2022). ECs are not as regulated as tobacco cigarettes. The levels of nicotine in the e-liquid vary significantly and the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate the non-nicotine ingredients in e-liquid (Krishna et al., 2020). The vapor from ECs contains heavy metals, volatile hydrocarbons, and over 70 carcinogenic substances. Lung damage from EC use has created a new respiratory ailment, …

Perioperative Malignant Hyperthermia, Mitchell Mccorkle

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Abstract

Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a rare inherited disorder in which exposure to triggering agents such as volatile anesthetics or depolarizing neuromuscular blockers causes a hypermetabolic reaction leading to patient fatality. MH susceptible patients have a genetic mutation on the ryanodine one receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle, allowing uninhibited calcium release (Smith, Tranovich, & Ebraheim, 2018). Increases in free calcium result in an uncontrollable sustained muscle contraction through the excitation-contraction coupling of myosin and actin. Sustained muscle contraction rapidly consumes adenosine triphosphate stores and stimulates conversion to lactate producing anaerobic metabolism (Smith et al., 2018). Immediate recognition and treatment of …

Malignant Hyperthermia, Brennon Pinion

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Malignant Hyperthermia is a rare but potentially fatal disorder that is triggered by the use of certain anesthetic medications. It is caused by a mutation in specific proteins in skeletal muscle that causes prolonged contraction, leading to a hypermetabolic state. This condition can have deadly effects like kidney failure, hemodynamic instability, and cardiac arrest. It is normally discovered during surgery and must be treated right away. The discovery of the treatment of Malignant Hyperthermia has dramatically decreased the fatality of the disorder, but treatment must be given immediately. For patients who develop Malignant Hyperthermia to have the highest chance of …

Substance Use Disorder In The Crna, Bridget Hayes

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Substance use disorder (SUD) affects the anesthesia community disproportionally as compared to the general public (Rupprecht, 2022). It is estimated that SUD will affect 10%-15% of all anesthesia providers at some point in their careers (Rupprecht, 2022). One way that SUD affects the human body is the alteration of microRNAs, which are small segments of RNA that exist to regulate gene expression (Gowen et al., 2020). This poster will discuss how miRNAs change in the SUD-affected individual, anesthesia-specific risk factors, and signs and symptoms to identify when this disorder has affected someone else. Resources for help are available from the …