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Important Lessons On Fgm/C Abandonment From Four Research Studies In Egypt, Nada Wahba, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Abeer Salem Jul 2020

Important Lessons On Fgm/C Abandonment From Four Research Studies In Egypt, Nada Wahba, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Abeer Salem

Reproductive Health

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) continues to be a widespread practice in Egypt. According to the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey, the prevalence of FGM/C was 92 percent among ever-married women aged 15–49. However, Egypt continues to witness a drastic surge in the medicalization of FGM/C, with 74 percent of women aged 19 years and younger circumcised by medical practitioners, compared to 55 percent in 1995. This policy brief provides key results and recommendations of four studies conducted by the Population Council/ Egypt under the Evidence to End FGM/C project, in coordination with Egypt’s National Population Council. The four studies …


Policy Brief: Fertility Preferences And Behaviors Among Younger Cohorts In Egypt: Recent Trends, Correlates, And Prospects For Change [Arabic], Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Shadia Attia, Nourhan Bader, Rania Roushdy, Shatha El-Nakib, Doaa Oraby Apr 2020

Policy Brief: Fertility Preferences And Behaviors Among Younger Cohorts In Egypt: Recent Trends, Correlates, And Prospects For Change [Arabic], Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Shadia Attia, Nourhan Bader, Rania Roushdy, Shatha El-Nakib, Doaa Oraby

Reproductive Health

After years of steady decline, Egypt experienced an increase in the total fertility rate (TFR) from 3.0 births per woman in 2008 to 3.5 in 2014, which was coupled with an increase in desired family size among young people. To better understand this increase in fertility as well as prospects for change, the Evidence Project/Population Council conducted secondary analyses of quantitative data from the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) and collected qualitative data from young people and key informants. This brief examines the changes in fertility preferences and behaviors among …


Fertility Preferences And Behaviors Among Younger Cohorts In Egypt: Recent Trends, Correlates, And Prospects For Change, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Shadia Attia, Nourhan Bader, Rania Roushdy, Shatha El-Nakib, Doaa Oraby Apr 2020

Fertility Preferences And Behaviors Among Younger Cohorts In Egypt: Recent Trends, Correlates, And Prospects For Change, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Shadia Attia, Nourhan Bader, Rania Roushdy, Shatha El-Nakib, Doaa Oraby

Reproductive Health

After years of steady decline, Egypt experienced an increase in the total fertility rate (TFR) from 3.0 births per woman in 2008 to 3.5 in 2014, which was coupled with an increase in desired family size among young people. To better understand this increase in fertility as well as prospects for change, the Evidence Project/Population Council conducted secondary analyses of quantitative data from the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) and collected qualitative data from young people and key informants. This report examines the changes in fertility preferences and behaviors among …


Two Implementation Models Of Workers' Health Education Programs In Egypt: What Works? What Doesn't Work?, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Norhan Bader, Elizabeth Tobey, Aparna Jain Mar 2020

Two Implementation Models Of Workers' Health Education Programs In Egypt: What Works? What Doesn't Work?, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Norhan Bader, Elizabeth Tobey, Aparna Jain

Reproductive Health

This brief presents findings from two models of workers’ health education programs implemented by the Evidence Project/Population Council in Egypt. The two interventions aimed to increase family planning (FP) service demand among young people aged 18–35 in Port Said and urban Souhag. In Port Said, male and female factory workers who were trained as peer educators shared family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH) information with fellow factory workers, distributed communication materials, and provided referrals to infirmary nurses trained in FP counseling. In Souhag, male and female peer educators were trained to provide integrated FP/RH and livelihood workshops to job seekers. Results of …


Understanding Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Abandonment In Egypt, Nada Wahba, Hania El Banhawi, Amira El Ayouti Feb 2020

Understanding Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Abandonment In Egypt, Nada Wahba, Hania El Banhawi, Amira El Ayouti

Reproductive Health

Although the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Egypt among married women aged 15–49 years is high (92 percent), in the most recent (2014) Demographic and Health Survey, prevalence rates appear to be declining among younger cohorts of girls and women. Support for the discontinuation of the practice is more widespread in younger generations, among females, and among those living in urban areas. Variations in attitudes toward FGM/C by education level and wealth status are also documented. While numerous studies have examined the reasons why people practice FGM/C, few studies have examined the characteristics of the individuals who have …


Health Care Providers' And Mothers' Perceptions About The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation Or Cutting In Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Qualitative Study [Arabic], Omaima El-Gibaly, Mirette Aziz Feb 2020

Health Care Providers' And Mothers' Perceptions About The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation Or Cutting In Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Qualitative Study [Arabic], Omaima El-Gibaly, Mirette Aziz

Reproductive Health

The medicalization of FGM/C has been increasing significantly in Egypt making it the country with the highest rate of medicalization. In this qualitative study, we explore the drivers and motives behind why health-care professionals perform FGM/C and why mothers rely on them to perform the practice on their daughters.


No To Circumcision’: The Road To Effective Social Marketing Campaigns In Egypt [Arabic], Salma Abou Hussein, Sarah Ghattass Feb 2020

No To Circumcision’: The Road To Effective Social Marketing Campaigns In Egypt [Arabic], Salma Abou Hussein, Sarah Ghattass

Reproductive Health

This study sought to understand how, where, and why social marketing campaigns (SMCs) supporting abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are working, and with what impact, to inform design and scale-up of campaigns that can foster new perspectives, expectations, and behaviors.


"No To Circumcision": The Road To Effective Social Marketing Campaigns In Egypt, Salma Abou Hussein, Sarah Ghattass Jan 2019

"No To Circumcision": The Road To Effective Social Marketing Campaigns In Egypt, Salma Abou Hussein, Sarah Ghattass

Reproductive Health

To inform the design and scale up of initiatives that can drive a change in attitudes and behaviors toward FGM/C abandonment, there is a rising need to understand the perspectives of individuals who are exposed to social marketing campaigns (SMCs), which are a key intervention to promote the abandonment of the practice. This working paper presents the findings of a study that sought to understand how, where, and why SMCs for FGM/C abandonment are working, and with what impact, to inform design and scale-up of campaigns that can foster new perspectives, expectations, and behaviors.


Cesarean Section Deliveries In Egypt: Trends, Practices, Perceptions, And Cost, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Nevine Hassanein, Shatha El-Nakib Jan 2018

Cesarean Section Deliveries In Egypt: Trends, Practices, Perceptions, And Cost, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Nevine Hassanein, Shatha El-Nakib

Reproductive Health

In Egypt, the past decade has witnessed a sharp increase in the prevalence of cesarean section (CS) with the most recent Egypt Demographic and Health Survey documenting a CS rate of 52 percent, suggesting that cesarean delivery might be overused or used for inappropriate indications. This study aimed to explore trends, practices, and costs associated with CS deliveries to women, their families, and the health system, as well as factors that may contribute to increased use of CS in Egypt. Participating physicians and key informants unanimously agreed that the CS mode of delivery was over-used in Egypt. Perceived reasons underlying …


A Study Of Employment Outcomes Among Technical And Vocational Secondary Education Graduates In Egypt [Arabic], Salma Nasser, Ali Rashed Jan 2018

A Study Of Employment Outcomes Among Technical And Vocational Secondary Education Graduates In Egypt [Arabic], Salma Nasser, Ali Rashed

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In Egypt, some 450,000 students graduate from technical and vocational schools each year. Yet just over 50 percent are employed immediately following their graduation. This brief explores the kinds of jobs that are available to these graduates, and the factors that affect the remaining 50 percent who do not join the work force. The report aims to understand the types of training that best prepare students for the available jobs, differences in opportunities for male and female graduates, and connections between work and the home and/or community circumstances that may hinder employment. The report offers recommendations for improving the education …


Characteristics Of Married Adolescent Girls In Egypt [Arabic], Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, May Gadallah, Doaa Oraby Jan 2017

Characteristics Of Married Adolescent Girls In Egypt [Arabic], Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, May Gadallah, Doaa Oraby

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Despite increases in the average age at marriage in Egypt, and laws mandating minimum marriage age, early marriage remains an issue, particularly in rural areas of the country where up to 33 percent of women marry before the age of 18. This brief describes characteristics of married adolescent girls, including health implications of early marriage on pregnancy and childbirth, risk of dangerous complications, and increased exposure to domestic violence.


Married Adolescent Girls In Rural Assiut And Souhag: Limited Choices And Unfulfilled Reproductive Health Needs, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Omaima El-Gibaly, Manal Darwish, Mirette Aziz, Amira Elgazzar, Heba Mahmoud Jan 2017

Married Adolescent Girls In Rural Assiut And Souhag: Limited Choices And Unfulfilled Reproductive Health Needs, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Omaima El-Gibaly, Manal Darwish, Mirette Aziz, Amira Elgazzar, Heba Mahmoud

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

According to the Survey of Young People in Egypt 2014, a significant proportion of young women residing in rural Upper Egypt were reported to be married before 18. Early marriage deprives a girl of education and employment opportunities and places her at risk of early and repeat pregnancy, gender-based violence, and sexually transmitted infections. The present study examines the sexual and reproductive health needs of married adolescent girls (MAGs) in rural Upper Egypt and identifies key contextual and cognitive factors that could mitigate or exacerbate the effects of early marriage on their sexual and reproductive health. The report finds that …


Situational Analysis Of The Private Sector In The Delivery Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Current Status And Potential For Increased Involvement, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows Jan 2016

Situational Analysis Of The Private Sector In The Delivery Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Current Status And Potential For Increased Involvement, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows

Reproductive Health

The recent increase in Egypt’s total fertility rate, along with stalling contraceptive rates and persistent unmet need for family planning (FP), highlights a need to explore new venues for providing FP services. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the size, scope, and scale of private-sector FP providers (private physicians, nongovernmental organization clinics, and private pharmacies); examine the policy and regulatory environment for private provision of FP products and services; and assess business, financing, and training needs of the private health sector and the potential for expanding its role in FP service provision. To improve current trends in …


Ending The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting In Egypt, Sarah Ghattass, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Salma Abou Hussein Jan 2016

Ending The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting In Egypt, Sarah Ghattass, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Salma Abou Hussein

Reproductive Health

This policy brief examines the extent of medicalization of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Egypt, the characteristics of girls who were cut by medical personnel, factors that may have contributed to increased medicalization, and potential interventions that could influence both physicians and the public to completely abandon the practice. The data show that younger cohorts of women, those from higher wealth quintiles, higher levels of education, and living in urban regions are more likely to have been cut by medical personnel. More importantly, the analysis shows that despite medicalization being more common among young women with the above-mentioned characteristics, it …


The Private Sector As A Provider Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities [Arabic], Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows Jan 2016

The Private Sector As A Provider Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities [Arabic], Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows

Reproductive Health

[In Arabic] The recent increase in Egypt’s fertility rate, following decades of progress in lowering fertility levels, highlights the need for renewed attention to the country’s family planning program. The Ministry of Health is currently the largest provider of family planning in Egypt, serving a diverse population of women, many of whom may not need the free public service. Expanding the role of the private sector in the provision of family planning services and supplies holds great potential to more effectively meet the current and future family planning needs of millions of Egyptian women. This brief examines the role of …


Understanding Married Women's Vulnerability To Hiv Infection In Egypt: An Exploratory Study, Doaa Oraby, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab Jan 2016

Understanding Married Women's Vulnerability To Hiv Infection In Egypt: An Exploratory Study, Doaa Oraby, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab

Reproductive Health

This study examines the behavioral, sociocultural, economic, programmatic, and legal factors that aggravate Egyptian women’s vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS. The study concludes that in low-prevalence settings like Egypt, targeted interventions are the most strategic and cost-effective: for example, HIV awareness-raising with a special focus on the preventive role of consistent, correct condom use, and creating a cadre of peers that could provide psychosocial support and HIV counseling to migrant workers. Furthermore, premarital and antenatal care programs should include HIV awareness-raising and provider-initiated counseling and testing after screening of women to identify those at risk for HIV infection. Concurrently, efforts should be …


Towards Effective Youth Participation [Arabic], Magued Osman, Hanan Girgis Jan 2016

Towards Effective Youth Participation [Arabic], Magued Osman, Hanan Girgis

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

[Arabic] Egyptian youth amazed the world in 2011 during the 18 days of the January 25 revolution, and again in 2013 during the June 30 revolution, however this has not had a significant impact on their political and social participation. This brief aims to shed light on young people’s participation in the aftermath of these revolutions, which embodied their hopes for greater empowerment and participation. The brief uses data from the second round of the Survey of Young People in Egypt conducted by the Population Council in 2013/2014 in collaboration with the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, and …


Ending The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting In Egypt [Arabic], Sarah Ghattass, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Salma Abou Hussein Jan 2016

Ending The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting In Egypt [Arabic], Sarah Ghattass, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Salma Abou Hussein

Reproductive Health

[In Arabic] This policy brief examines the extent of medicalization of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Egypt, the characteristics of girls who were cut by medical personnel, factors that may have contributed to increased medicalization, and potential interventions that could influence both physicians and the public to completely abandon the practice. The data show that younger cohorts of women, those from higher wealth quintiles, higher levels of education, and living in urban regions are more likely to have been cut by medical personnel. More importantly, the analysis shows that despite medicalization being more common among young women with the above-mentioned …


Towards Effective Youth Participation, Magued Osman, Hanan Girgis Jan 2016

Towards Effective Youth Participation, Magued Osman, Hanan Girgis

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Egyptian youth amazed the world in 2011 during the 18 days of the January 25 revolution, and again in 2013 during the June 30 revolution, however this has not had a significant impact on their political and social participation. This brief aims to shed light on young people’s participation in the aftermath of these revolutions, which embodied their hopes for greater empowerment and participation. The brief uses data from the second round of the Survey of Young People in Egypt conducted by the Population Council in 2013/2014 in collaboration with the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, and a …


'Her Future Is Marriage': Young People's Attitudes Towards Gender Roles And The Gender Gap In Egypt, Maia Sieverding, Rasha Hassan Jan 2016

'Her Future Is Marriage': Young People's Attitudes Towards Gender Roles And The Gender Gap In Egypt, Maia Sieverding, Rasha Hassan

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This report examines youth gender-role attitudes in Egypt using quantitative data, from the nationally representative Survey of Young People in Egypt 2009 and 2014, which provides a broad overview of youth gender-role attitudes throughout the country and among different subpopulations of youth. Qualitative data complements this analysis by offering a more in-depth view of how young people think about men and women’s roles in society and why they hold these beliefs. The findings also highlight the extent to which conservative attitudes of gender relations may influence practices even in the face of legal change. Gender-role attitudes are a deeply held …


Understanding Hiv-Related Vulnerabilities And Stigma Among Egyptian Youth, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Sally Saher, Sarah Ismail Jan 2016

Understanding Hiv-Related Vulnerabilities And Stigma Among Egyptian Youth, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Sally Saher, Sarah Ismail

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The overall objective of this study is to provide an evidence-based description and interpretation of the HIV-related risks and vulnerabilities faced by different subgroups of youth in Egypt. The report is part of a six-country study that was conducted by the Population Council in Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda. The study examines social, economic, cultural, and legal factors that may contribute to youth’s increased vulnerability to HIV and documents the situation of the policy and programmatic responses. The study identified poverty, unemployment, delayed marriage, and gender inequality as examples of factors that increase young people’s risk-taking behavior …


Strengthening Factory Health Systems Under Levi Strauss & Co.'S Worker Well-Being Initiative In Egypt, Population Council, The Evidence Project Jan 2016

Strengthening Factory Health Systems Under Levi Strauss & Co.'S Worker Well-Being Initiative In Egypt, Population Council, The Evidence Project

Reproductive Health

The pilot intervention described in this brief took place at an apparel manufacturing company, Lotus, located in Port Said, Egypt as part of the Worker Well-being Initiative. Worker Well-being is an initiative of Levi Strauss & Co. and the Levi Strauss Foundation that seeks to move beyond a “do no harm” compliance model of labor rights in its global supply chain. The interventions in Egypt have contributed to the overall development of a health system–strengthening approach to private workplaces, which is a new concept for management. The work in Egypt contributed to a collaboration between the Evidence Project/RAISE Health and …


The Private Sector As A Provider Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows Jan 2016

The Private Sector As A Provider Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows

Reproductive Health

The recent increase in Egypt’s fertility rate, following decades of progress in lowering fertility levels, highlights the need for renewed attention to the country’s family planning program. The Ministry of Health is currently the largest provider of family planning in Egypt, serving a diverse population of women, many of whom may not need the free public service. Expanding the role of the private sector in the provision of family planning services and supplies holds great potential to more effectively meet the current and future family planning needs of millions of Egyptian women. This brief examines the role of the private …


Panel Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2014: Generating Evidence For Policy, Programs, And Research, Rania Roushdy, Maia Sieverding Jan 2015

Panel Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2014: Generating Evidence For Policy, Programs, And Research, Rania Roushdy, Maia Sieverding

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The Panel Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE), first conducted in 2009 among Egyptian youth aged 10–29, focuses on education, employment, health, family formation, migration, reproductive health, social issues, and civic/political participation. This second round, SYPE 2014, was conducted in the wake of two youth-led revolutions (2011 and 2013). SYPE 2014 attempts to understand changes that occurred among Egyptian youth over the period between the two rounds through targeting the same group of respondents of the 2009 survey in 2014 to accurately document changes and progress in the status of these young people. Preliminary findings indicated: a slight decrease …


Reproductive Health Needs Of Married Girls In Assuit And Sohag Governorates [Arabic], Population Council Jan 2015

Reproductive Health Needs Of Married Girls In Assuit And Sohag Governorates [Arabic], Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

No abstract provided.


Panel Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2014: Generating Evidence For Policies And Programs—Summary Report, Rania Roushdy, Maia Sieverding Jan 2015

Panel Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2014: Generating Evidence For Policies And Programs—Summary Report, Rania Roushdy, Maia Sieverding

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This document contains the Summary Report to the Panel Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) 2014: Generating Evidence for Policy, Programs, and Research. SYPE, which was first conducted in 2009 among Egyptian youth aged 10–29, focuses on education, employment, health, family formation, migration, reproductive health, social issues, and civic/political participation. The second round, SYPE 2014, was conducted in the wake of two youth-led revolutions (2011 and 2013). SYPE 2014 attempts to understand changes that occurred among Egyptian youth over the period between the two rounds through targeting the same group of respondents of the 2009 survey in 2014 to …


Women And Hiv: Risk Of Hiv Infection And How To Prevent [Arabic], Population Council Jan 2015

Women And Hiv: Risk Of Hiv Infection And How To Prevent [Arabic], Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

No abstract provided.


Panel Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2014: Generating Evidence For Policy, Programs, And Research [Arabic], Rania Roushdy, Maia Sieverding Jan 2015

Panel Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2014: Generating Evidence For Policy, Programs, And Research [Arabic], Rania Roushdy, Maia Sieverding

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The Panel Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE), first conducted in 2009 among Egyptian youth aged 10–29, focuses on education, employment, health, family formation, migration, reproductive health, social issues, and civic/political participation. This second round, SYPE 2014, was conducted in the wake of two youth-led revolutions (2011 and 2013). SYPE 2014 attempts to understand changes that occurred among Egyptian youth over the period between the two rounds through targeting the same group of respondents of the 2009 survey in 2014 to accurately document changes and progress in the status of these young people. Preliminary findings indicated: a slight decrease …


Panel Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2014: Generating Evidence For Policy, Programs, And Research—Appendix, Rania Roushdy, Maia Sieverding Jan 2015

Panel Survey Of Young People In Egypt (Sype) 2014: Generating Evidence For Policy, Programs, And Research—Appendix, Rania Roushdy, Maia Sieverding

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This document contains the Appendix to the Panel Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) 2014: Generating Evidence for Policy, Programs, and Research, consisting of 39 Indicator Tables. SYPE, which was first conducted in 2009 among Egyptian youth aged 10–29, focuses on education, employment, health, family formation, migration, reproductive health, social issues, and civic/political participation. The second round, SYPE 2014, was conducted in the wake of two youth-led revolutions (2011 and 2013). SYPE 2014 attempts to understand changes that occurred among Egyptian youth over the period between the two rounds through targeting the same group of respondents of the 2009 …


Hiv/Aids Vulnerabilities, Discrimination, And Service Accessibility Among Africa's Youth: Insights From A Multi-Country Study, Babatunde A.O. Ahonsi, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Scott Geibel, Sam Kalibala, Jerry Okal, Babacar Mane, Nathi Sohaba, Julialynne Walker, Eric P. Green Jan 2014

Hiv/Aids Vulnerabilities, Discrimination, And Service Accessibility Among Africa's Youth: Insights From A Multi-Country Study, Babatunde A.O. Ahonsi, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Scott Geibel, Sam Kalibala, Jerry Okal, Babacar Mane, Nathi Sohaba, Julialynne Walker, Eric P. Green

HIV and AIDS

This report contains information from a study implemented between August 2011 and July 2012 that sought to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based picture of the HIV-related issues facing young people across Africa, and the prevailing legal, policy, and programmatic responses. The study was designed to establish a basis for a sharper focus on youth within the response to HIV on the continent. Researchers conducted country-specific analytical reviews of the relevant literature on factors associated with HIV risk-taking and health-seeking behaviors among young people aged 15–24 in six countries across Africa—Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda. In addition, qualitative and …