Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Six-Month Report Assessing The Feasibility And Effectiveness Of Amniotic Membrane Injections In Patients With Short, Anterior, Urethral Strictures, Nicholas Pryde, Jack Vernocke, Aron Liaw, Michael Sessine, Nivedita Dhar

Medical Student Research Symposium

Introduction: Urethral stricture treatment has high recurrence rates and adjunct injectable agents have been explored. Amniotic membranes (AM) promote apoptosis of pro-inflammatory cells, prevent differentiation of pro-fibrotic cells, and decrease scar formation. These tissues generated interest in reconstructive urethral surgery. Thus, we performed urethral dilation combined with micronized AM injection in urethral scar tissue for treatment of urethral stricture.

Materials and Methods: Adult males with strictures ≤12Fr in diameter and ≤2 cm in length, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥11 and maximum flowrate <15 ml/s. Reconstituted 100mg micronized AM was injected at the time of urethral dilation. Primary study end point was anatomical success (≥14Fr by cystoscopy) at 6 months. Secondary end points were questionnaires, flow rate, and post void residual. Outcomes assessed at baseline, 5 days, 14 days, 3 months, and 6 months post-injection. Safety was analyzed.

Results: Ten men, mean age of 52 ± 15 years, were included. There were 7 patients with …

Oxidative Stress And Micrornas In Endothelial Cells Under Metabolic Disorders, Morgan Minjares, Wendy Wu, Jie-Mei Wang

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radical oxygen intermediates that serve as important second messengers in signal transduction. However, when the accumulation of these molecules exceeds the buffering capacity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction occur. EC dysfunction shifts the vascular system into a pro-coagulative, proinflammatory state, thereby increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) diseases and metabolic disorders. Studies have turned to the investigation of microRNA treatment for CV risk factors, as these post-transcription regulators are known to co-regulate ROS. In this review, we will discuss ROS pathways and generation, normal endothelial cell physiology and ROS-induced …

Pregabalin May Reduce Neuropathic Pain In Burn Victims, Caroline Nikolaidis

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A clinical decision report using:

Gray P, Kirby J, Smith MT, et al. Pregabalin in severe burn injury pain: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2011;152(6):1279-1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.055

for a patient with burn injury pain.

Opioids For Dyspnea End Of Life Review, Lindsey Obarzanek, Wendy Wu, Victoria Tutag-Lehr

Library Scholarly Publications

Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to consolidate the existing evidence on opioid use, including administration, dosing and efficacy, for the relief of dyspnea at end-of-life. The overarching goal is to optimize clinical management of dyspnea by identifying patterns in opioid use, improving opioid management of dyspnea, and to prioritize future research.

Background: Opioids are commonly used in the management of dyspnea at end of life; yet specific administration guidelines are limited. A greater understanding of the effectiveness of opioids in relieving end-of-life dyspnea with consideration of study design, patients, and opioids, including dyspnea evaluation tools …

Oral Budesonide Is An Effective Alternative To Prednisone For Treatment Of Autoimmune Hepatitis, Natanie J. Anilovich

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A clinical decision report using:

Manns MP, Woynarowski M, Kreisel W, et al. Budesonide induces remission more effectively than prednisone in a controlled trial of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(4):1198-1206. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.046

for a patient with autoimmune hepatitis developing septic arthritis secondary to prednisone therapy.

Oral Bisacodyl Is Effective And Safe For Short Term Treatment Of Chronic Constipation, Akanksha Vaishnav

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A clinical decision report using

Kamm MA, Mueller-Lissner S, Wald A, Richter E, Swallow R, Gessner U. Oral bisacodyl is effective and well-tolerated in patients with chronic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(7):577-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.03.026

to evaluate potential long term treatment with oral Bisacodyl in a patient with a history of chronic constipation and recent non-surgical treatment of ischemic colitis.

Maximize Use Of Library Electronic Resources To Help Students Achieve Better Board Examination Scores Through Libguides And Collaboration With A Pharmacy Educational Specialist, Wendy Wu, Karen Gessler

Library Scholarly Publications

Background

The library subscribes to many e-textbooks and Q-bank tools to facilitate pharmacy students’ preparation of North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX). Because these resources are included in various subscription packages, making them discoverable and easily accessible are important to make best use of library resources. This poster will discuss how to promote NAPLEX resources using LibGuides and deliver the specially designed quiz assignments to the students at the point of preparation and the collaboration between a librarian and pharmacy educational specialist.

Description

Resources the library subscribes for NAPLEX preparation were selected, organized, and displayed based on faculty recommendation, students' …

23-Valent Polysaccharide Vaccine (Ppsv23)-Targeted Serotype-Specific Identification Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Using The Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (Lamp) Method, Jiwon Lee, Youngbae Yoon, Eun Jin Kim, Donghyun Lee, Yeoungjun Baek, Chika Takano, Bin Chang, Takahiro Iijima, Paul E. Kilgore, Satoshi Hayakawa, Tomonori Hoshino, Dong Wook Kim, Mitsuko Seki

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Reports of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae have declined since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13). The incidence of invasive diseases due to S. pneumoniae that are not addressed by the vaccines, however, has increased in children and adults, creating a global public health problem. Previously, we established the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for a PCV13 serotype-specific assay. In the current study, we developed a rapid, simple, and cost-effective assay to detect serotypes in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) using the LAMP method. In this study, LAMP primer sets for serotypes 2, 8, 9N, …

Cyclosporine Shows Benefit As Compared To Methotrexate For Treatment Of Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis Refractory To Topical Medications When Rapidity Of Clinical Response Is Of Key Importance To The Patient, Connor R. Buechler, Steven Daveluy Md

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A clinical decision report appraising El-Khalawany MA, Hassan H, Shaaban D, Ghonaim N, Eassa B. Methotrexate versus cyclosporine in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in children: a multicenter experience from Egypt. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2012;172(3):351-356. https://doi.org10.1007/s00431-012-1893-3 for a pediatric patient with severe atopic dermatitis.

Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, And Combination In Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19, Samia Arshad, Paul Kilgore, Zohra S. Chaudhry, Gordon Jacobsen, Dee Dee Wang, Kylie Huitsing, Indira Brar, George J. Alangaden, Mayur S. Ramesh, John E. Mckinnon, William O'Neill, Marcus Zervos, Henry Ford Covid-19 Task Force

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Significance: The United States is in an acceleration phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently there is no known effective therapy or vaccine for treatment of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting urgency around identifying effective therapies.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine therapy alone and in combination with azithromycin in hospitalized patients positive for COVID-19.

Design: Multi-center retrospective observational study.

Setting: The Henry Ford Health System (HFHS) in Southeast Michigan: large six hospital integrated health system; the largest of hospitals is an 802-bed quaternary academic teaching hospital in urban Detroit, Michigan.

Participants: Consecutive patients hospitalized with a …

A Sound Approach: Hydroxychloroquine Reduces Mortality In Severe Covid-19, Marcus Zervos, Samia Arshad, Paul Kilgore, Zohra S. Chaudhry, Gordon Jacobsen, Dee Dee Wang, Kylie Huitsing, Indira Brar, George J. Alangaden, Mayur S. Ramesh, John E. Mckinnon, William O'Neill

Department of Pharmacy Practice

No abstract provided.

Initial And Repeated Point Prevalence Surveys To Inform Sars-Cov-2 Infection Prevention In 26 Skilled Nursing Facilities - Detroit, Michigan, March-May 2020, Guillermo V. Sanchez, Caitlin Bierdon, Lauren R. Fink, Kelly M. Hatfield, Jordan Micah F. Polistico, Monica P. Meyers, Rebecca S. Noe, Casey E. Copen, Amanda K. Lyons, Gonzalo Gonzalez, Keith Kiama, Mark Lebednick, Bonnie K. Caander, Amen Agbonze, Aimee R. Surma, Avnish Sandhu, Valerie H. Mika, Tyler Prentiss, John Zervos, Donia A. Dalal, Amber M. Vasquez, Sujan C. Reddy, John Jernigan, Paul E. Kilgore, Marcus J. Zervos, Teena Chopra, Carla P. Bezold, Najibah K. Rehman

Department of Pharmacy Practice

No abstract provided.

The Impact Of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms On Outcomes In Patients With Diabetic Foot Infections, Oryan Henig, Jason M. Pogue, Emily Martin, Umar Hayat, Mahmoud Ja'ara, Paul E. Kilgore, Raymond Cha, Sorab Dhar, Keith S. Kaye

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Background. Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are important diabetic foot infection (DFI) pathogens. This study evaluated the impact of DFIs associated with MDRO pathogens (DFI-MDRO) on clinical outcomes.

Methods. Adults admitted to Detroit Medical Center from January 2012 to December 2015 with culture-positive DFI were included. Associations between outcomes and DFI-MDRO (evaluated as a single group that included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA], vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporin [3GCR-EC], Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were analyzed. Outcomes included above- and below-knee lower extremity amputation (LEA), readmissions, and mortality within a year after DFI. A propensity score predicting the likelihood …

The Use Of Urine Drug Testing For Risk Stratification And Efficacious Drug Monitoring In Pain Management Settings, Ahmad I. Hasan, Kareem Elhage, Brendan Farley, Khaled J. Saleh

Medical Student Research Symposium

Objective: To understand the current landscape of urine drug testing (UDT) guidelines as part of risk assessment for opioid abuse, and to offer recommendations towards adopting universal screening guidelines.

Background: There has been an opioid epidemic within the United States, and the role of prescription opioids has been well established. Despite proposed recommendations, there has yet to be a published universal screening guideline on the use of UDT in the setting of opioid abuse risk stratification as well as postoperative drug monitoring.

Methods: We explored current guidelines for UDT on two levels. First, we explore general indications for UDT within …

Molecular Serotype-Specific Identification Of Non-Type B Haemophilus Influenzae By Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, Chika Takano, Yoko Kuramochi, Mitsuko Seki, Dong Wook Kim, Daisuke Omagari, Mari Sasano, Bin Chang, Makoto Ohnishi, Eun Jin Kim, Kazumasa Fuwa, Paul E. Kilgore, Tomonori Hoshino, Satoshi Hayakawa

Department of Pharmacy Practice

In children, the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis has decreased since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7 and PCV13). However, since the introduction of the vaccine, developed countries have seen the emergence of non-PCV13 serotypes. However, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by PCV13-targeted serotypes still represents an important public health problem in resource-limited countries. To develop a rapid, simple, and cost-effective assay to detect serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, we developed a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay based on the sequences available for the 13 capsular types that are included in PCV13: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 A, 6B, …

Summary Of The International Patient Safety Conference, June 28-29, 2019, Kathmandu, Nepal, Deepak C. Bajracharya, Kshitij Karki, Chhiring Yangjen Lama, Rajesh Dhoj Joshi, Shankar Man Rai, Sudhakar Jayaram, Amit Tomer, John Zervos, Mohammad Imran Khan, Arjun Sapkota, Madan Kumar Upadhyaya, Paul E. Kilgore

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Globally, medical errors are associated with an estimated $42 billion in costs to healthcare systems. A variety of errors in the delivery of healthcare have been identified by the World Health Organization and it is believed that about 50% of all errors are preventable. Initiatives to improve patient safety are now garnering increased attention across a range of countries in all regions of the world. From June 28--29, 2019, the first International Patient Safety Conference (IPSC) was held in Kathmandu, Nepal and attended by over 200 healthcare professionals as well as hospital, government, and non-governmental organization leaders. During the conference, …

A Community-Based Survey To Assess Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs And Practices Regarding Herpes Zoster In An Urban Setting, Nour A. Baalbaki, Joseph P. Fava, Melanie Ng, Ezinwanne Okorafor, Asad Nawaz, Wesley Chiu, Abdulbaset Salim, Raymond Cha, Paul E. Kilgore

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Introduction: In the USA, nearly one in three people will experience herpes zoster (HZ) in their lifetime. Underserved communities may be at even higher risk due to several factors, including access to healthcare, education, and co-morbid conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate current knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices (KABP) relative to HZ and HZ vaccines in a large urban city.

Methods: A cross-sectional KABP survey was conducted via in-person interview among 381 participants aged ≥ 50 years in Detroit, MI, USA, from June to August 2018. Survey results were stratified into two groups [< 60 and ≥ 60 years of age (YO)] for comparison.

Results: Of the …

Icatibant Is Not Helpful For The Treatment Of Ace Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema, Samantha R. Schwartz

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A critical appraisal and clinical application of Sinert R, Levy P, Bernstein JA, et al. Randomized trial of icatibant for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced upper airway angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017; 5(5): 1402-1409. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.03.003.

Development Of A Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method To Detect Guiana Extended-Spectrum (Ges) Β-Lactamase Genes In Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Chika Takano, Mitsuko Seki, Dong Wook Kim, Humphrey Gardner, Robert E. Mclaughlin, Paul E. Kilgore, Kazunari Kumasaka, Satoshi Hayakawa

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients are often fatal, and nosocomial infections caused by Guiana extended-spectrum (GES) β-lactamase-producing strains are of growing concern. Several genotypes of the GES β-lactamase gene (bla_GES) include a single missense mutation, a change from G to A at nucleotide position 493 (G_493A) that changes glycine to serine; the mutant enzyme exhibits carbapenemase activity. Rapid and reliable identification of drug-resistance is important in clinical settings; however, culture methods remain the gold standard. Conventional and real-time PCR cannot identify carbapenemase-producing genotypes, and direct DNA sequencing is essential. We established …

Population And Fertility By Age And Sex For 195 Countries And Territories, 1950-2017: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study 2017, Gbd 2017 Population And Fertility Collaborators, Paul Evan Kilgore

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Background Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods.

Methods We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on …

Epidemiology Of Diabetic Foot Infection In The Metro-Detroit Area With A Focus On Independent Predictors For Pathogens Resistant To Recommended Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy, Oryan Henig, Jason M. Pogue, Raymond Cha, Paul E. Kilgore, Umar Hayat, Mahmoud Ja'ara, Raza Muhamad Ali, Salman Mahboob, Rahul Pansare, Kathryn Deeds, Bushra Joarder, Hyndavi Kandala, Sorabh Dhar, Keith S. Kaye

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Background. The polymicrobial nature of diabetic foot infection (DFI) and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance have complicated DFI treatment. Current treatment guidelines for deep DFI recommend coverage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and susceptible Enterobacteriaceae. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of DFI and to identify predictors for DFI associated with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and pathogens resistant to recommended treatment (PRRT).

Methods. Adult patients admitted to Detroit Medical Center from January 2012 to December 2015 with DFI and positive cultures were included. Demographics, comorbidities, microbiological history, sepsis severity, and antimicrobial use within 3 months before DFI were obtained …

Exploring The Role Of Ceftaroline In The Treatment Of Community-Acquired Pneumonia, Zachary Meyer

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A critical appraisal and clinical application of File TM Jr, Low DE, Eckburg PB, Talbot GH, Friedland HD, Lee J, Llorens L, Critchley IA, Thye DA, FOCUS 1 investigators. FOCUS 1: a randomized, double-blinded, multicentre, Phase III trial of the efficacy and safety of ceftaroline fosamil versus ceftriaxone in community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3:iii19-32. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr096

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Methods For Diagnosis Of Bacterial Meningitis, Mitsuko Seki, Paul E. Kilgore, Eun Jin Kim, Makoto Ohnishi, Satoshi Hayakawa, Dong Wook Kim

Department of Pharmacy Practice

The rapid, accurate, and efficient identification of an infectious disease is critical to ensure timely clinical treatment and prevention in public health settings. In 2015, meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis was responsible for 379,200 (range: 322,700–444,700) deaths. Clinical features alone cannot determine whether bacterial meningitis is present; an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is essential. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a nucleic acid amplification method offering an alternative to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). LAMP-based assays for detection of three leading bacteria in CSF for diagnosis of meningitis have been established. The typing assays …

Prevalence Of Infection-Competent Serogroup 6 Legionella Pneumophila Within Premise Plumbing In Southeast Michigan, Brenda G. Byrne, Sarah Mccolm, Shawn P. Mcelmurry, Paul E. Kilgore, Joanne Sobeck, Rick Sadler, Nancy G. Love, Michele S. Swanson

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Coinciding with major changes to its municipal water system, Flint, MI, endured Legionnaires’ disease outbreaks in 2014 and 2015. By sampling premise plumbing in Flint in the fall of 2016, we found that 12% of homes harbored legionellae, a frequency similar to that in residences in neighboring areas. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Legionella pneumophila in Southeast Michigan, we determined the sequence type (ST) and serogroup (SG) of the 18 residential isolates from Flint and Detroit, MI, and the 33 clinical isolates submitted by hospitals in three area counties in 2013 to 2016. Common to one environmental and four …

Molecular Serotype-Specific Identification Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, Chika Takano, Mitsuko Seki, Dong Wook Kim, Paul E. Kilgore, Kazumasa Fuwa, Koji Takahashi, Toshiaki Inazaki, Satoshi Hayakawa

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Over the past four decades, the incidence of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in children has decreased due to widespread vaccination against H. influenzae type b (Hib). The incidence of invasive diseases due to H. influenzae types not included in the vaccines, however, has increased. At present, there are a limited number of diagnostics available to detect non-type b H. influenzae. To address this issue, we developed a rapid, simple, and cost-effective method for detecting serotypes of H. influenzae. We designed LAMP primer sets based on published sequences for H. influenzae capsular types a, c, d, e, and …

Recurrent Pneumonia Among Japanese Adults: Disease Burden And Risk Factors, Tomoko Ishifuji, Eiichiro Sando, Norihiro Kaneko, Motoi Suzuki, Paul E. Kilgore, Koya Ariyoshi, Konosuke Morimoto, Naoto Hosokawa, Makito Yaegashi, Masahiro Aoshima, Adult Pneumonia Study Group - Japan (Apsg-J)

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Background: In Japan and other societies with rapidly aging populations, recurrent pneumonia (RP) is a major clinical problem yet only limited information exists regarding the burden of this disease.

Methods: A prospective study of adult pneumonia was conducted to investigate the incidence of RP and potential risk factors. From February 1, 2012 to January 31, 2013, patients aged ≥ 15 years who were diagnosed with pneumonia were prospectively enrolled in a representative community hospital located in central Japan. Patients were followed for one-year to evaluate the recurrence of pneumonia and characteristics associated with RP. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed …

Cross-Sectional Survey Of Perceived Barriers Among Community Pharmacists Who Do Not Immunize, In Wayne County, Michigan, Sarah E. Kelling, Anthony Pattin, Abdulbaset Salim, Paul Kilgore, Steven R. Erickson

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Introduction: The goal of the study was to identify perceived barriers to implementation of vaccination services encountered by independent and small-chain community pharmacies in an urban setting.

Methods: Pharmacists in independent and small-chain pharmacies located in 29 Michigan ZIP codes were visited and asked to complete a 5- to 10-min semi-structured interview.

Results: A total of 93 independent and 12 small-chain pharmacies participated (n = 105; 61%). The pharmacies filled an average of 700 prescriptions each week with 1.1 pharmacist full-time equivalents and 57 h of technician time. The most common services that participating pharmacies provided were dispensing outpatient …

Engagement In A Diverse Urban Community To Describe Community Residents’ Perceptions Of Pharmacists As Immunizers, Anthony J. Pattin, Zachary Rowe, Paul Kilgore, Nada Farhat, Stephen Kaurala, Linda Kaljee

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Objective: To describe the perceptions of pharmacist-delivered vaccination services among community members that live in a diverse urban metropolitan area and to identify potential strategies to improve the use of vaccines provided by pharmacists.

Design: Qualitative study. Setting: Metropolitan urban diverse community in Wayne County, MI.

Participants: Individuals 50 years of age and older that reside in a defined urban metropolitan community.

Intervention: Four, 45-minute, focus group discussions were conducted to gather the experiences and perceptions of participants around pharmacists that immunize. A focus group guide was developed to facilitate focus group sessions.

Main Outcome Measures: Focus group discussions were …

Characterization Of Α‑Synuclein Multimer Stoichiometry In Complex Biological Samples By Electrophoresis, Bryan A. Killinger, Anna Moszczynska

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

The aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein in the brain is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In vivo soluble α-synuclein occurs as a monomer and several multimers, the latter of which may be important for the biological function of α-synuclein. Currently, there is a lack of reproducible methods to compare α-synuclein multimer abundance between complex biological samples. Here we developed a method, termed “multimer-PAGE,” that combines in-gel chemical cross-linking with several common electrophoretic techniques to measure the stoichiometry of soluble α-synuclein multimers in brain tissue lysates. Results show that soluble α-synuclein from the rat brain exists as several high molecular weight …

Chao Yuanfang: Imperial Physician Of The Sui Dynasty And An Early Pertussis Observer?, Yan Liang, Abdulbaset M. Salim, Wendy Wu, Paul E. Kilgore

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Early Chinese texts contain extensive disease descriptions, including various texts that contain descriptions of modernday conditions. During the Sui Dynasty, a leading scholar, Chao Yuanfang, may have authored a leading treatise 1400 years ago. Although these texts are the subject of ongoing research, evidence suggests that a clinical syndrome consistent with pertussis was observed in ancient China.