Physiology Commons^™

Impact Of An Acute Bout Of Submaximal Aerobic Exercise On Circulating Leukocytes In Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury, Garett S. Jackson, Kendra R. Todd, Jan W. Van Der Scheer, Jeremy J. Walsh, Gabriel U. Dix, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, Jonathan P. Little

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(3): 1085-1104, 2022. Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) may experience cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and organ function dysregulation. Sequelae include reduced catecholamine secretion and attenuated immune responses which may impact exercise-induced leukocytosis. The purpose of this study was to characterize major leukocyte subtypes following 30 minutes of acute, submaximal aerobic exercise, in line with updated international SCI exercise guidelines for adults. It was hypothesized that exercise would increase major leukocyte subtypes when compared to fasted baseline. Eight participants with SCI (incomplete n = 6; complete n = 2) completed a 30-minute bout of aerobic exercise on …

Montmorency Cherry Juice Consumption Does Not Improve Muscle Soreness Or Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Monocyte Responses Following An Acute Bout Of Whole-Body Resistance Training., Devin Drummer, Kelly Pritchett, Gina M. Many, Blaise Dondji, Kathleen Connor, Jerusalem Tesfaye, Mark Young, Robert C. Pritchett

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(6): 686-701, 2022. Montmorency Cherry Juice (MCJ) may­­­ improve acute exercise recovery by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of MCJ on monocyte responses following resistance exercise have not been explored. Seven resistance-trained males (age: 22.9 ± 4.1 yrs; height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m; weight: 81.7 ± 13.2 kg) participated in this study. Participants completed a placebo-controlled crossover design, drinking either MCJ or placebo beverages, 7 days prior to completing an acute bout of unilateral resistance exercise. Statistical significance was assessed using a within-subjects repeated measures ANOVA; alpha level p ≤ 0.05. …

Covid-19 Lockdowns: Exacerbating The Silent Pandemic, David Gomez, Eric V. Neufeld, James W. Hicks, Brett A. Dolezal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 1256-1260, 2021. The global medical community has exalted the vaccine as the champion solution to end the violent toll inflicted by COVID-19. While the role of vaccines cannot be undervalued in wide-scale intervention, presenting them as the sole solution exonerates individuals of the importance of taking ownership over their lifestyle choices. This editorial focuses on the importance of physical activity as a crucial component of COVID-19 prevention programs and a long-term investment against chronic diseases.

Effects Of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression On Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (Doms) In Long Distance Runners, Shane Draper, Emily Kullman, Kenneth E. Sparks, Kathleen D. Little, Joan Thoman

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 75-86, 2020. The purpose of this study was to observe the effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) on reducing C-reactive protein (CRP) and DOMS after long distance running.Ten distance runners, five males and five females, ages 20-53 years performed two 20-mile runs at 70% VO₂max. Each run was followed by either no treatment (control) or IPC treatment for five consecutive days. For the IPC run, participants were treated for one hour immediately following the run and daily for five more days thereafter. On control runs, participants did not receive any treatment. …

Voluntary Exercise Reduces Alzheimer’S-Like Pathology After Inflammation In Mice, Marielle K. Weintraub, Jordon D. White, Stephanie M. Turner, Samantha L. Hodges, Amanda Leigh Morin, Lindsey N. Sadler, Gary W. Boehm, Michael J. Chumley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Current global statistics estimate that 44.4 million people are afflicted with dementia, and that 50%-75% of these patients suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (AD; Prince et al. 2013). AD, a progressive disorder categorized by neuronal and behavioral deterioration, is the 6^th leading cause of death in America (Alz facts and figure 2012). One hallmark pathology of AD is the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain, which can limit cell-to-cell communication, leading to cognitive deficits, and neuronal cell death. Although the exact origins of this disease still remain unknown, one possible catalyst of AD pathology is inflammation. Our lab has …

Using Image-Based Flow Cytometry To Monitor Exercise-Induced Changes In Granulocyte Function, Randall R. Williams, Adam Venable, Eric Prado, Andrea Henning, Brian Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction. Strenuous aerobic exercise is known to disrupt innate immune function for up to 24-h, resulting in a period of time where individuals are more likely to get sick; granulocytes play a key role in this innate immune response. Recently our laboratory validated a new, image-based method of simultaneously assessing granulocyte phagocytosis and oxidative burst to divide granulocytes into high-, moderate-, and low-active phenotypes. The purpose of the present study was to use image-based flow cytometry method to assess the effect of strenuous aerobic exercise on the change in granulocyte activation phenotype. Methods. After providing their informed consent, subjects were …

Using Dry Blood Spots To Evaluate Serum Cytokines And Chemokines In Humans Via Multiplex Technology, Eric A. Prado, Adam S. Venable, Andie L. Henning, Randall R. Williams, Brian K. Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Dried Blood Spot (DBS) analysis has been used routinely since 1963 for the assessment of metabolic diseases in neonates; however, recent efforts have focused on the refinement and validation of DBS for other patient populations. The purpose of this study was to adapt existing DBS methods to analyze 38 serum cytokines/chemokines in human subjects. Validation will be completed by comparing DBS to serum for a given analyte.

Methods: After providing informed consent, subjects (N=21) provided a finger-stick DBS or venous serum sample using standard technique. Subjects were apparently healthy, non-obese, and had no known disease. Finger-stick capillary blood samples …

Effects Of Whole Body Cryotherapy And Cold Water Immersion On Immune And Inflammatory Markers Following Exercise Induced Muscle Damage, Matthew A. Summers Mr, Corinne Caillaud, Kenneth S. Graham, Jason C. Siegler, Kate M. Edwards

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Cold therapies are used regularly in medicine for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves exposure to air maintained between -110 and -160^oC, and is hypothesised to reduce pain, local and systemic inflammation. WBC has recently become popular in an exercise and sporting context as a recovery method after skeletal muscle damage. However, research examining the efficacy of WBC in an athletic context is minimal, in particular, studies comparing WBC to currently accepted recovery methods are lacking. Cold water immersion (CWI) is a widely researched and applied method of skeletal muscle recovery in sport science. …

Whole Body Cryotherapy And Recovery From Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review, Matthew A. Summers, Kate M. Edwards, Jason C. Siegler, Kenneth S. Graham, Corinne Caillaud

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction

Cold therapies are used regularly in medicine for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves exposure to air maintained between -110 and -160^oC, and is hypothesised to reduce pain, local and systemic inflammation. WBC has recently become popular in an exercise and sporting context as a recovery method after skeletal muscle damage, however, research examining the efficacy of WBC in an athletic context is minimal. This review seeks to summarise the evidence for the effects of WBC on exercise recovery measures.

Methods

Electronic database searches were conducted from March to April 2013. Six large online …

Effects Of Carbohydrate And Green Tea Co-Ingestion On Performance, Metabolism And Hormone During Cycling Exercise, Shih-Hua Fang

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

It has been known that carbohydrate intake during exercise can improve athletic performance, and caffeine can extend exercise endurance. Green tea containing caffeine and various polyphenols has been suggested beneficial to athletes due to anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of carbohydrate and green tea co-ingestion on the performance, metabolism and hormone during high-intensity road cycling exercise.

Nine well-trained male cyclists, aged 17.8 ± 1.0 yr, participated this acute-treatment, double-blind, crossover study that included 6.4-km cycling time trial. Participants ingested carbohydrate (240 mg/kg body mass fructose and 120 mg/kg body mass glucose) without (CHO group) and …

Releasing The Anti-Inflammatory Potential Of Paralysed Skeletal Muscle: The Circulating Cytokine Response To Voluntary Upper-Limb Exercise With/Without The Addition Of Functional Electrical Stimulation (Fes)-Evoked Lower-Limb Contractions, Thomas Aw Paulson, Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey, Brett M. Smith, Nicolette C. Bishop

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Skeletal muscle is a rich store of inflammatory mediating ‘myokines’. Following release from contracting muscle, the myokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes a circulating anti-inflammatory environment associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The metabolic and functional consequences of lower-limb paralysis, including the gain in relative adiposity and physical inactivity, result in a high prevalence of CVD in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the magnitude of any contraction-induced myokine response in this population may be limited by the small active muscle mass of the upper-limb. The combination of voluntary, upper-limb exercise and involuntary, functional electrical stimulation (FES)-evoked …

Preventive Effect Of Tribulus Terrestris Extract On Exercise-Related Immunosuppression And Its Mechanism, Liang Yin, Gui Liu, Xiaohui Wang

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: To investigate preventive effect of Tribulus terrestris extract (TT) on exercise-related immunosuppression in rats and explore the mechanisms- the role of Glucocorticoid (GC), Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and NF-kB inhibitor protein alpha (IkBa). Methods: Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, over-trained group and over-trained plus TT group. The last two groups were trained on a motor-driven treadmill with a progressively increased load for 6 weeks. The over-trained plus TT rats took the medicine by gastric irrigation while the others ingested the same amount of saline. The numbers of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and …

Does Caffeine Influence Salivary Iga Responses In A Dose-Dependent Manner Following High-Intensity Treadmill Exercise?, Deborah K. Fletcher, Chloe A. Gibson, Andrew Kilding

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Caffeine ingestion is associated with enhanced athletic performance, with doses as low as 2 mg.kg^-1 body mass (BM) proving ergogenic. Bishop et al. (2006) have shown that ingesting a 6 mg.kg^-1 BM dose of caffeine 1 h prior to 90 min of cycle exercise at 70%causes a transient increase in saliva Immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration both during and immediately following exercise. However, no research has identified if the same response occurs with either lower or higher doses of caffeine. As such the purpose of this study was to examine the dose-response effects of caffeine ingestion on salivary …

Effect Of Extracted Garlic Powder Ingestion For Two Months On Exercise-Induced Immunological Responses, Ayaka Sunami, Hiroshi Tamura, Mikako Sunaga, Naoki Katori, Akira Yokota, Syuichi Kusano, Toshiaki Kodama, Takahiro Yoshizaki, Yuri Yokoyama, Ayumi Nakai, Jyun Yasuda, Yuki Tada, Azumi Hida, Yuko Hasegawa, Yukari Kawano

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction. Exhaustive exercise is associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Previously, allicin supplementation has been reported to reduce the incidence of common cold symptoms and production of exercise-induced interleukin (IL)-6. However, it is not clear if daily ingestion of the edible portion of whole garlic (Allium sativum) alters the exercise-induced immunological response. The present study investigated the effects of extracted garlic powder ingestion for 2 months on immune cell counts, natural killer cell activity (NKCA), as well as changes in cytokines, cortisol, and lactic acid in response to high-intensity cycling exercise.

Methods. The present …

Relationship Between Macrophage Differentiation And The Chemotactic Activity Toward Damaged Muscle Cells, Hiromi Yano, Masataka Uchida, Eri Oyanagi, Akira Yamauchi, Michael J. Kremenik

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Aim: We investigated the effect of macrophage differentiation on the chemotactic activity to invade local damaged muscle using in vitro models of muscle injury. Methods: C2C12 cell myoblasts, and J774 cell macrophages were used. The “killed-C2C12” cells were combined with live C2C12 cells (live:killed C2C12 = 1:0.5) as a partially damaged muscle model. The J774 cells were stimulated with LPS and DEX. The chemotactic activity of J774 cells was examined using TAXIScan device. Results: Although the velocity of J774 cells was little affected by each type of C2C12 cells (live, killed and combination), the directionality of the J774 cells was …

The Relationship Between Percent Change In Salivary Α-Amylase Activity And Fitness Level (Vo2peak And Anaerobic Threshold) Following Maximal Cycling Exercise In Moderately Trained Male Individuals, Nobuo Yasuda

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Salivary α-amylase has been proposed as a biomaker for autonomic nervous system activity as well as mucosal immune function given that its realase into saliva is elicited by the stimulation of the salivary glands by sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Clarifying how a individual’s fitness level will influence on the secretion of salivary α-amylase in response to exercise is a critical biological determinant of vulnerability to psychological and physiological stress. Although previous studies have shown the correlation between salivary α-amylase and exercise intensity, the relationship between autonomic nervous system activity and fitness level such as peak oxygen uptake (VO_{2 …}

Auto Anti Oxldl, Igm And Igg: Comparison Between Sedentary And Athletes, Juliana M B Santos, André L L Bachi, Francisco J O Rios, Tiago L. Capel, Pedro H C Vaisberg, Gislene R. Amirato, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: The practice of regular physical activity contributes to reduce the prevalence of coronary hearth disease (CHD) and aerobic exercises are associated with beneficial changes in the profile of circulating lipids and lipoproteins. However in the past years the oxidative hypothesis assumed great importance in the pathogenesis of CHD. During exhaustive exercises there is a greater possibility of oxidation of LDL, forming oxidized LDL (oxLDL) that has a key role in atherogenesis. However the incidence of coronary events in athletes is lower than in sedentary persons. It is described in the literature that we can found in serum auto autoantibodies …

Inflammation And Resolution In Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury: The Effect Of Nsaid Treatment On Pro-Inflammatory And Anti-Inflammatory/Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators., James F. Markworth, Luke Vella, Krishna R. Maddipati, David Cameron-Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Current approaches in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury rely on the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways to alleviate cardinal signs of inflammation; redness, swelling, heat and pain. However, recent research suggests that the cellular events which occur early in acute inflammation engage an active and coordinated inflammatory resolution program characterised by a switch from pro-inflammatory mediators to production of active pro-resolution factors that govern the withdrawal of inflammation whilst facilitating tissue healing. This led to the identification of novel classes of anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving lipid mediators, including the lipoxins (LX), resolvins (Rv), and protectins (P), which may provide new targets in the …

Adaptation Of Upper Airways In Urban Runners To Air Pollution, Matheus C. Sá, Naomi K. Nakagawa, Juliana M B Santos, Tomas S. Carvalho, Marina L. Nicola, Paulo H N Saldiva, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Air pollution continues to be a matter of concern in public health, despite falling levels of some of the major pollutants in industrial and overcrowded cities. The practice of aerobic exercise in urban environments is necessary to keep a health life, despite the increased inhalation or air pollutants. The aim of this research was to investigate the immune adaptations of the upper airways in amateur runners, who live and practice aerobic exercise in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Forty healthy amateur male runners without any acute or chronic upper airways disease. The subjects trained four times a week, 50 …

Relation Between Tnf-Alpha And Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction, Juliana M B Santos, Luiz A. Luna Jr, Ana P R Sierra, Luiz A R Costa, André L L Bachi, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) describes an acute airway narrowing that occurs as a result of exercise. EIB is associated with a hyperosmolar environment that lead to airway smooth muscle contraction. The proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, has a prominent role in the development of airway hiperresponsiveness (AHR). A single bout of heavy exercise can trigger EIB. The aim of this research was to compare the response of TNF-alpha over time with the presence or absence of EIB in marathon runners. Methods: Thirty-eight male runners, who did not have any chronic or acute airway disease, performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill …

Γδ T Cell Response To Prolonged Heavy Endurance Exercise, Michael W. Kakanis, Bon Gray, Jonathan Peake, Michael Simmonds, Ekua Brenu, Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The focus of this study was to assess exercise-induced alterations in circulating γδ T cell subpopulations and memory phenotypes after a prolonged heavy-intensity exercise bout. Ten highly-trained endurance cyclists (mean ± SEM: age 24.0 ± 1.3 years; height 1.81 ± 0.02 m; body mass 73.3 ± 1.8 kg; peak oxygen uptake 60.7 ± 1.5 mL.kg-1.min-1) performed 2 h of cycling exercise at 90% of the second ventilatory threshold. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately post-exercise, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h post-exercise. Flow cytometry was used to examine γδ T cell subsets, memory phenotypes and receptor …

Changes Of Cytokines In Mouse Skeletal Muscle And Plasma By A Single Bout Of Endurance Exercise., Minjung Lee, Noriaki Kawanishi, Koichi Yada, Yungli Hung, Tsubasa Mizokami, Hiroyuki Niihara, Katsuhiko Suzuki

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Exercise influences some cytokine levels, which is considered the body’s reaction against endogenous stress. Previous human studies demonstrated that high intensity exercise contributes to a dramatic increase of plasma cytokines like Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) immediately after exercise. Recently, it has been identified that skeletal muscle produces cytokines and peptides and they exert both paracrine and endocrine effects. However, the sequential changes of cytokine production according to exercise conditions such as intensity, types and working time are still unclear. In this study, we identified the sequential changes of cytokines in both skeletal muscle and plasma after …

Assessment Of Neutrophil Functional Activity Following Prolonged Endurance Exercise, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Kaoru Sugama, Kayo Yoshitani, Koso Shiraishi, Takashi Kometani, Shigeki Miura, Hiroshi Yoshioka, Yuichi Mori

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Neutrophils not only play an important role in host defense by migrating to the site of infection and producing reactive oxygen species (RO S), but also mediate pathological process in inflammatory tissue damage. Therefore, it is import ant not only to assess but also modulate neutrophil activities for disease prevention. We hav e reported that exhaustive exercise causes neutrophil priming (Suzuki et al. J. Appl. Physiol. , 81, 1213-1222, 1996) which might be associated wi th muscle damage (Suzuki et al. J. Appl. Physiol. , 87, 1360-1367, 1999), but antioxidant capacity is also activated following exercise (Suzuki et al. …

Running Economy And Cytokines: What The Influence Of Il-6 And Il-10?, Luiz Luna Jr., Roberta Paiva, Ana Sierra, Andre Bachi, Pedro Vaisberg, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: During the exercise performing the muscle produce cytokines, named “myokines”. These molecules show autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects. One of them IL-6 demonstrates both pro and anti-inflammatory actions. Usually they have an anti-inflammatory action when produced by working muscles and when produced by other tissues, especially adipose, they assume a pro-inflammatory profile. Athletes´ performance, especially those that run long distances races (endurance) is associated with higher levels of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Running economy (RE) is a methodology used to evaluate the performance of runners and is defined as "the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) required for maintain …

Assessment Of Neutrophil Functional Activity Following Prolonged Endurance Exercise, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Kaoru Sugama, Kayo Yoshitani, Koso Shiraishi, Takashi Kometani, Shigeki Miura, Hiroshi Yoshioka, Yuichi Mori

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ntroduction: Neutrophils not only play an important role in host defense by migrating to the site of infection and producing reactive oxygen species (RO S), but also mediate pathological process in inflammatory tissue damage. Therefore, it is import ant not only to assess but also modulate neutrophil activities for disease prevention. We hav e reported that exhaustive exercise causes neutrophil priming (Suzuki et al. J. Appl. Physiol. , 81, 1213-1222, 1996) which might be associated wi th muscle damage (Suzuki et al. J. Appl. Physiol. , 87, 1360-1367, 1999), but antioxidant capacity is also activated following exercise (Suzuki et al. …

The Effect Of Combination Of Tamoxifen With Interval And Continue Training On Tumor Mass In Mice With Breast Cancer Tumor, Omid Salehian, Rahman Soori Dr, Zuhair Muhammad Hassan Full Prof., Ali Asghar Ravasi Dr

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Beast cancer is considered as the most common malignancy among females in the world .in Iran, this cancer is also the most prevalent malignancy among women. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of Tamoxifen and interval and continues training on tumor mass Balb/c mice suffering from breast cancer

Methods: for this reason 30 female balb/c mice were utilized and after transplant carcinoma tumor to mice randomly divided in 4 groups 6 groups as follow : 1:tumor-control 2:tumor-continue training 3:tumor –continue training-Tamoxifen 4:tumor-interval training 5: tumor-interval training-Tamoxifen 6:tumor-tamoxifen. Continues training protocol was done for …

Physical Exercise And Its Implications For Aging Immunity And Adoptive Transfer Immunotherapy, Richard J. Simpson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Advancing age is associated with a profound decline in the normal functioning of the immune system that is commonly referred to as immunosenescence. Impaired responses to vaccination and the increased incidence of infection and malignancy seen in the elderly are often considered to be a direct consequence of immunosenescence. A large body of cross-sectional data has shown that habitual exercise is associated with enhanced functional responses in both the innate and adaptive arms of the aging immune system, indicating that exercise may help curtail the onset of immunosenescence. However, it is not known if exercise is also capable of reversing …

Exploring The Mechanisms Behind The Effects Of Chronic Bovine Colostrum Supplementation On Risk Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Arwel W. Jones, Rhys Thatcher, Luis A J Mur, Simon J S Cameron, Marikka Beecroft, Glen Davison

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Chronic bovine colostrum (COL) supplementation has been shown to reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Fifty seven highly active males (aged 18-62) were randomised to daily supplementation of 20g of COL (N = 28) or an isoenergetic/isomacronutrient placebo (PLA) (N = 29) for 12 weeks under double-blind procedures. Daily illness and weekly activity logs were completed. Resting blood samples collected at baseline and at 12 weeks were analysed for total/differential leukocyte counts and in-vitro stimulated neutrophil oxidative burst. Metabolomic profiling of serum samples at these timepoints was performed using fourier transform …

Exercise Selectively Mobilises Skin-Homing Effector Cd8+ T Cells And Natural Killer Cells Into Peripheral Blood., John P. Campbell, James E. Turner, Alex Wadley, Jos A. Bosch, Mark T. Drayson, Sarah Aldred

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Acute exercise induces a transient mobilisation of lymphocyes into peripheral blood that is largely comprised of CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The magnitude of this response is dependent on the differentiation status of these lymphocyte subsets, thus cells with a capacity to initiate rapid effector function (i.e., cytokine secretion and target killing) exhibit the largest changes in response to exercise. It is hypothesised that the effector cells preferentially mobilised into the bloodstream have high tissue-migrating potential, however, the origin of these cells, and their potential homing destination(s) following exercise has not been established in humans. Accordingly, …

Effect Of Ageing And Exercise Training On Myokine Expression Responses To Acute Exercise, Paul A. Della Gatta, Michelle M. Farnfield, Jonathan M. Peake, Andrew P. Garnham, David Cameron-Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Age-related muscle loss is a major contributor to falls, fraility and mortality. It has been widely suggested that chronic, age-related inflammation contributes to the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with ageing. Indeed, ageing is associated with elevations in a number of circulating inflammatory proteins, many of which have detrimental effects on skeletal muscle growth and protein balance. Exercise training has been shown to reduce chronic inflammation and, therefore, may represent an appropriate means to reduce age-related inflammation and counteract sarcopenia. Yet few studies have evaluated the effect of aging on skeletal muscle expression of inflammatory proteins and …