Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

External Link

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication

Articles 1 - 30 of 111

Full-Text Articles in Neuroscience and Neurobiology

Regardless Of Genotype, Offspring Of Vip-Deficient Female Mice Exhibit Developmental Delays And Deficits In Social Behavior., Hewlet Mcfarlane May 2016

Regardless Of Genotype, Offspring Of Vip-Deficient Female Mice Exhibit Developmental Delays And Deficits In Social Behavior., Hewlet Mcfarlane

Hewlet McFarlane

Pharmacological studies indicate that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may be necessary for normal embryonic development in the mouse. For example, VIP antagonist treatment before embryonic day 11 resulted in developmental delays, growth restriction, modified adult brain chemistry and reduced social behavior. Here, developmental milestones, growth, and social behaviors of neonates of VIP-deficient mothers (VIP +/-) mated to VIP +/- males were compared with the offspring of wild type mothers (VIP +/+) mated to VIP +/+ and +/- males, to assess the contributions of both maternal and offspring VIP genotype. Regardless of their own genotype, all offsprings of VIP-deficient mothers exhibited …


Reduced Ultrasonic Vocalizations In Vasopressin 1b Knockout Mice., Hewlet Mcfarlane May 2016

Reduced Ultrasonic Vocalizations In Vasopressin 1b Knockout Mice., Hewlet Mcfarlane

Hewlet McFarlane

The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin have been implicated in rodent social and affiliative behaviors, including social bonding, parental care, social recognition, social memory, vocalizations, territoriality, and aggression, as well as components of human social behaviors and the etiology of autism. Previous investigations of mice with various manipulations of the oxytocin and vasopressin systems reported unusual levels of ultrasonic vocalizations in social settings. We employed a vasopressin 1b receptor (Avpr1b) knockout mouse to evaluate the role of the vasopressin 1b receptor subtype in the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations in adult and infant mice. Avpr1b null mutant female mice emitted fewer ultrasonic …


Animal Cryptochromes Mediate Magnetoreception By An Unconventional Photochemical Mechanism, Robert Gegear, Lauren Foley, Amy Casselman, Steven Reppert Dec 2015

Animal Cryptochromes Mediate Magnetoreception By An Unconventional Photochemical Mechanism, Robert Gegear, Lauren Foley, Amy Casselman, Steven Reppert

Robert J. Gegear

Understanding the biophysical basis of animal magnetoreception has been one of the greatest challenges in sensory biology. Recently it was discovered that the light-dependent magnetic sense of Drosophila melanogaster is mediated by the ultraviolet (UV)-A/blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome (Cry). Here we show, using a transgenic approach, that the photoreceptive, Drosophila-like type 1 Cry and the transcriptionally repressive, vertebrate-like type 2 Cry of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) can both function in the magnetoreception system of Drosophila and require UV-A/blue light (wavelength below 420 nm) to do so. The lack of magnetic responses for both Cry types at wavelengths above 420 …


Genetic And Acute Cpeb1 Depletion Ameliorate Fragile X Pathophysiology, Tsuyoshi Udagawa, Natalie Farny, Mira Jakovcevski, Hanoch Kaphzan, Juan Alarcon, Shobha Anilkumar, Maria Ivshina, Jessica Hurt, Kentaro Nagaoka, Vijayalaxmi Nalavadi, Lori Lorenz, Gary Bassell, Schahram Akbarian, Sumantra Chattarji, Eric Klann, Joel Richter Dec 2015

Genetic And Acute Cpeb1 Depletion Ameliorate Fragile X Pathophysiology, Tsuyoshi Udagawa, Natalie Farny, Mira Jakovcevski, Hanoch Kaphzan, Juan Alarcon, Shobha Anilkumar, Maria Ivshina, Jessica Hurt, Kentaro Nagaoka, Vijayalaxmi Nalavadi, Lori Lorenz, Gary Bassell, Schahram Akbarian, Sumantra Chattarji, Eric Klann, Joel Richter

Natalie G. Farny

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common cause of inherited mental retardation and autism, is caused by transcriptional silencing of FMR1, which encodes the translational repressor fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP and cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein (CPEB), an activator of translation, are present in neuronal dendrites, are predicted to bind many of the same mRNAs and may mediate a translational homeostasis that, when imbalanced, results in FXS. Consistent with this possibility, Fmr1(-/y); Cpeb1(-/-) double-knockout mice displayed amelioration of biochemical, morphological, electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes associated with FXS. Acute depletion of CPEB1 in the hippocampus of adult Fmr1(-/y) mice …


Navigational Mechanisms Of Migrating Monarch Butterflies, Steven Reppert, Robert Gegear, Christine Merlin Dec 2015

Navigational Mechanisms Of Migrating Monarch Butterflies, Steven Reppert, Robert Gegear, Christine Merlin

Robert J. Gegear

Recent studies of the iconic fall migration of monarch butterflies have illuminated the mechanisms behind their southward navigation while using a time-compensated sun compass. Skylight cues, such as the sun itself and polarized light, are processed through both eyes and are probably integrated in the brain's central complex, the presumed site of the sun compass. Time compensation is provided by circadian clocks that have a distinctive molecular mechanism and that reside in the antennae. Monarchs might also use a magnetic compass because they possess two cryptochromes that have the molecular capability for light-dependent magnetoreception. Multiple genomic approaches are now being …


Discordant Timing Between Antennae Disrupts Sun Compass Orientation In Migratory Monarch Butterflies, Patrick Guerra, Christine Merlin, Robert Gegear, Steven Reppert Dec 2015

Discordant Timing Between Antennae Disrupts Sun Compass Orientation In Migratory Monarch Butterflies, Patrick Guerra, Christine Merlin, Robert Gegear, Steven Reppert

Robert J. Gegear

To navigate during their long-distance migration, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a time-compensated sun compass. The sun compass timing elements reside in light-entrained circadian clocks in the antennae. Here we show that either antenna is sufficient for proper time compensation. However, migrants with either antenna painted black (to block light entrainment) and the other painted clear (to permit light entrainment) display disoriented group flight. Remarkably, when the black-painted antenna is removed, re-flown migrants with a single, clear-painted antenna exhibit proper orientation behaviour. Molecular correlates of clock function reveal that period and timeless expression is highly rhythmic in brains and clear-painted …


Antennal Circadian Clocks Coordinate Sun Compass Orientation In Migratory Monarch Butterflies, Christine Merlin, Robert Gegear, Steven Reppert Dec 2015

Antennal Circadian Clocks Coordinate Sun Compass Orientation In Migratory Monarch Butterflies, Christine Merlin, Robert Gegear, Steven Reppert

Robert J. Gegear

During their fall migration, Eastern North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a time-compensated Sun compass to aid navigation to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico. It has been assumed that the circadian clock that provides time compensation resides in the brain, although this assumption has never been examined directly. Here, we show that the antennae are necessary for proper time-compensated Sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies, that antennal clocks exist in monarchs, and that they likely provide the primary timing mechanism for Sun compass orientation. These unexpected findings pose a novel function for the antennae and open a …


Human Cryptochrome Exhibits Light-Dependent Magnetosensitivity, Lauren Foley, Robert Gegear, Steven Reppert Dec 2015

Human Cryptochrome Exhibits Light-Dependent Magnetosensitivity, Lauren Foley, Robert Gegear, Steven Reppert

Robert J. Gegear

Humans are not believed to have a magnetic sense, even though many animals use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation. One model of magnetosensing in animals proposes that geomagnetic fields are perceived by light-sensitive chemical reactions involving the flavoprotein cryptochrome (CRY). Here we show using a transgenic approach that human CRY2, which is heavily expressed in the retina, can function as a magnetosensor in the magnetoreception system of Drosophila and that it does so in a light-dependent manner. The results show that human CRY2 has the molecular capability to function as a light-sensitive magnetosensor and reopen an area …


Defining Behavioral And Molecular Differences Between Summer And Migratory Monarch Butterflies, Haisun Zhu, Robert Gegear, Amy Casselman, Sriramana Kanginakudru, Steven Reppert Dec 2015

Defining Behavioral And Molecular Differences Between Summer And Migratory Monarch Butterflies, Haisun Zhu, Robert Gegear, Amy Casselman, Sriramana Kanginakudru, Steven Reppert

Robert J. Gegear

BACKGROUND: In the fall, Eastern North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) undergo a magnificent long-range migration. In contrast to spring and summer butterflies, fall migrants are juvenile hormone deficient, which leads to reproductive arrest and increased longevity. Migrants also use a time-compensated sun compass to help them navigate in the south/southwesterly direction en route for Mexico. Central issues in this area are defining the relationship between juvenile hormone status and oriented flight, critical features that differentiate summer monarchs from fall migrants, and identifying molecular correlates of behavioral state. RESULTS: Here we show that increasing juvenile hormone activity to induce summer-like …


Developmental Decline In Neuronal Regeneration By The Progressive Change Of Two Intrinsic Timers, Yan Zou, Hui Chiu, Anna Zinovyeva, Victor Ambros, Chiou-Fen Chuang, Chieh Chang Oct 2015

Developmental Decline In Neuronal Regeneration By The Progressive Change Of Two Intrinsic Timers, Yan Zou, Hui Chiu, Anna Zinovyeva, Victor Ambros, Chiou-Fen Chuang, Chieh Chang

Victor R. Ambros

Like mammalian neurons, Caenorhabditis elegans neurons lose axon regeneration ability as they age, but it is not known why. Here, we report that let-7 contributes to a developmental decline in anterior ventral microtubule (AVM) axon regeneration. In older AVM axons, let-7 inhibits regeneration by down-regulating LIN-41, an important AVM axon regeneration-promoting factor. Whereas let-7 inhibits lin-41 expression in older neurons through the lin-41 3' untranslated region, lin-41 inhibits let-7 expression in younger neurons through Argonaute ALG-1. This reciprocal inhibition ensures that axon regeneration is inhibited only in older neurons. These findings show that a let-7-lin-41 regulatory circuit, which was previously …


The Fly Camta Transcription Factor Potentiates Deactivation Of Rhodopsin, A G Protein-Coupled Light Receptor, Junhai Han, Ping Gong, Keith Reddig, Mirna Mitra, Peiyi Guo, Hong-Sheng Li Jul 2015

The Fly Camta Transcription Factor Potentiates Deactivation Of Rhodopsin, A G Protein-Coupled Light Receptor, Junhai Han, Ping Gong, Keith Reddig, Mirna Mitra, Peiyi Guo, Hong-Sheng Li

Peiyi Guo

Control of membrane-receptor activity is required not only for the accuracy of sensory responses, but also to protect cells from excitotoxicity. Here we report the isolation of two noncomplementary fly mutants with slow termination of photoresponses. Genetic and electrophysiological analyses of the mutants revealed a defect in the deactivation of rhodopsin, a visual G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The mutant gene was identified as the calmodulin-binding transcription activator (dCAMTA). The known rhodopsin regulator Arr2 does not mediate this visual function of dCAMTA. A genome-wide screen identified five dCAMTA target genes. Of these, overexpression of the F box gene dFbxl4 rescued the …


Mutation Of A Tadr Protein Leads To Rhodopsin And Gq-Dependent Retinal Degeneration In Drosophila, Lina Ni, Peiyi Guo, Keith Reddig, Mirna Mitra, Hong-Sheng Li Jul 2015

Mutation Of A Tadr Protein Leads To Rhodopsin And Gq-Dependent Retinal Degeneration In Drosophila, Lina Ni, Peiyi Guo, Keith Reddig, Mirna Mitra, Hong-Sheng Li

Peiyi Guo

The Drosophila photoreceptor is a model system for genetic study of retinal degeneration. Many gene mutations cause fly photoreceptor degeneration, either because of excessive stimulation of the visual transduction (phototransduction) cascade, or through apoptotic pathways that in many cases involve a visual arrestin Arr2. Here we report a gene named tadr (for torn and diminished rhabdomeres), which, when mutated, leads to photoreceptor degeneration through a different mechanism. Degeneration in the tadr mutant is characterized by shrunk and disrupted rhabdomeres, the light sensory organelles of photoreceptor. The TADR protein interacted in vitro with the major light receptor Rh1 rhodopsin, and genetic …


Protein Gq Modulates Termination Of Phototransduction And Prevents Retinal Degeneration, Wen Hu, Didi Wan, Xiaoming Yu, Jinguo Cao, Peiyi Guo, Hong-Sheng Li, Junhai Han Jul 2015

Protein Gq Modulates Termination Of Phototransduction And Prevents Retinal Degeneration, Wen Hu, Didi Wan, Xiaoming Yu, Jinguo Cao, Peiyi Guo, Hong-Sheng Li, Junhai Han

Peiyi Guo

Appropriate termination of the phototransduction cascade is critical for photoreceptors to achieve high temporal resolution and to prevent excessive Ca(2+)-induced cell toxicity. Using a genetic screen to identify defective photoresponse mutants in Drosophila, we isolated and identified a novel Galpha(q) mutant allele, which has defects in both activation and deactivation. We revealed that G(q) modulates the termination of the light response and that metarhodopsin/G(q) interaction affects subsequent arrestin-rhodopsin (Arr2-Rh1) binding, which mediates the deactivation of metarhodopsin. We further showed that the Galpha(q) mutant undergoes light-dependent retinal degeneration, which is due to the slow accumulation of stable Arr2-Rh1 complexes. Our study …


Social Habituation And Dishabituation In Cd-1 Mice Treated With The Norepinephrine Neurotoxin N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-Ethyl-2-Bromobenzylamine (Dsp-4), Hewlet Mcfarlane Jun 2015

Social Habituation And Dishabituation In Cd-1 Mice Treated With The Norepinephrine Neurotoxin N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-Ethyl-2-Bromobenzylamine (Dsp-4), Hewlet Mcfarlane

Hewlet McFarlane

Male CD-1 mice between postnatal days 60 and 90 were injected intraperitoneally (i.p) with either water vehicle (controls) or 50$\mu$g/g of the norepinephrine neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4). They were tested 3 to 6 days later on the odors of adult males in a four-trial habituation/dishabituation paradigm. There were four groups: group CSS were water injected and exposed to the same male on all four trials; group CSN were water injected and exposed to the same male on the first three trials and a novel one on the fourth; group DSN were DSP-4 treated and exposed the same male on the first …


Probabilistic Atlases For Face And Biological Motion Perception: An Analysis Of Their Reliability And Overlap, Andrew Engell Jun 2015

Probabilistic Atlases For Face And Biological Motion Perception: An Analysis Of Their Reliability And Overlap, Andrew Engell

Andrew Engell

Neuroimaging research has identified several category-selective regions in visual cortex that respond most strongly when viewing an exemplar image from a preferred category, such as faces. Recent studies, however, have suggested a more complex pattern of activation that has been heretofore unrecognized, e.g., the presence of additional patches of activation to faces beyond the well-studied fusiform face area, and the activation of ostensible face selective regions by animate motion of non-biological forms. Here, we characterize the spatial pattern of brain activity evoked by viewing faces or biological motion in large fMRI samples (N > 120). We create probabilistic atlases for both …


Common Neural Mechanisms For The Evaluation Of Facial Trustworthiness And Emotional Expressions As Revealed By Behavioral Adaptation, Andrew Engell Jun 2015

Common Neural Mechanisms For The Evaluation Of Facial Trustworthiness And Emotional Expressions As Revealed By Behavioral Adaptation, Andrew Engell

Andrew Engell

People rapidly and automatically evaluate faces along many social dimensions. Here,we focus on judgments of trustworthiness, which approximate basic valence evaluation of faces, and test whether these judgments are an overgeneralization of the perception of emotional expressions. We used a behavioral adaptation paradigm to investigate whether the previously noted perceptual similarities between trustworthiness and emotional expressions of anger and happiness extend to their underlying neural representations. We found that adapting to angry or happy facial expressions causes trustworthiness evaluations of subsequently rated neutral faces to increase or decrease, respectively. Further, we found no such modulation of trustworthiness evaluations after participants …


Differential Activation Of Frontoparietal Attention Networks By Social And Symbolic Spatial Cues, Andrew Engell Jun 2015

Differential Activation Of Frontoparietal Attention Networks By Social And Symbolic Spatial Cues, Andrew Engell

Andrew Engell

Perception of both gaze-direction and symbolic directional cues (e.g. arrows) orient an observer’s attention toward the indicated location. It is unclear, however, whether these similar behavioral effects are examples of the same attentional phenomenon and, therefore, subserved by the same neural substrate. It has been proposed that gaze, given its evolutionary significance, constitutes a ‘special’ category of spatial cue. As such, it is predicted that the neural systems supporting spatial reorienting will be different for gaze than for non-biological symbols. We tested this prediction using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the brain’s response during target localization in which laterally …


The Fmri Bold Signal Tracks Electrophysiological Spectral Perturbations, Not Event-Related Potentials., Andrew Engell Jun 2015

The Fmri Bold Signal Tracks Electrophysiological Spectral Perturbations, Not Event-Related Potentials., Andrew Engell

Andrew Engell

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are primary tools of the psychological neurosciences. It is therefore important to understand the relationship between hemodynamic and electrophysiological responses. An early study by Huettel and colleagues found that the coupling of fMRI blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal (BOLD) and subdurally-recorded signal-averaged event-related potentials (ERPs) was not consistent across brain regions. Instead, a growing body of evidence now indicates that hemodynamic changes measured by fMRI reflect non-phase-locked changes in high frequency power rather than the phase-locked ERP. Here, we revisit the data from Huettel and colleagues and measure event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) to examine the …


Selective Attention Modulates Face-Specific Induced Gamma Oscillations Recorded From Ventral Occipitotemporal Cortex, Andrew Engell Jun 2015

Selective Attention Modulates Face-Specific Induced Gamma Oscillations Recorded From Ventral Occipitotemporal Cortex, Andrew Engell

Andrew Engell

EEG studies from subdural electrodes have demonstrated a face-specific event-related potential (face-N200) recorded from human ventral occipitotemporal cortex. The insensitivity of face-N200 to task manipulations has supported the proposal that face-N200 reflects an initial obligatory response to faces. This result stands in striking contrast to results of neuroimaging studies that have demonstrated strong task sensitivity of the fusiform hemodynamic response evoked by faces, and thus has created a paradox in the face perception literature. We recorded field potentials directly from the cortical surface of 16 patients while they selectively attended to faces or houses. Here we report that face-specific gamma …


Facial Expression And Gaze-Direction In Human Superior Temporal Sulcus, Andrew Engell Jun 2015

Facial Expression And Gaze-Direction In Human Superior Temporal Sulcus, Andrew Engell

Andrew Engell

The perception of facial expression and gaze-direction are important aspects of non-verbal communication. Expressions communicate the internal emotional state of others while gaze-direction offers clues to their attentional focus and future intentions. Cortical regions in the superior temporal sulcus(STS) play a central role in the perception of expression and gaze, but the extent to which the neural representations of these facial gestures are overlapping is unknown. In the current study 12 subjects observed neutral faces with direct-gaze, neutral faces with averted-gaze, or emotionally expressive faces with direct-gaze while we scanned their brains with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), allowing a …


Implicit Trustworthiness Decisions: Automatic Coding Of Face Properties In Human Amygdala, Andrew Engell Jun 2015

Implicit Trustworthiness Decisions: Automatic Coding Of Face Properties In Human Amygdala, Andrew Engell

Andrew Engell

Deciding whether an unfamiliar person is trustworthy is one of the most important decisions in social environments. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that the amygdala is involved in implicit evaluations of trustworthiness of faces, consistent with prior findings. The amygdala response increased as perceived trustworthiness decreased in a task that did not demand person evaluation. More importantly, we tested whether this response is due to an individual’s idiosyncratic perception or to face properties that are perceived as untrustworthy across individuals. The amygdala response was better predicted by consensus ratings of trustworthiness than by an individual’s own judgments. …


The Neurobiology Of Semantic Memory, J. Binder, Rutvik Desai Jun 2015

The Neurobiology Of Semantic Memory, J. Binder, Rutvik Desai

Rutvik Desai

No abstract provided.


A Model Of Frame And Verb Compliance In Language Acquisition, Rutvik Desai Jun 2015

A Model Of Frame And Verb Compliance In Language Acquisition, Rutvik Desai

Rutvik Desai

No abstract provided.


Volumetric Vs. Surface-Based Alignment For Localization Of Auditory Cortex Activation, Rutvik Desai, E. Liebenthal, E. Possing, E. Waldron, J. Binder Jun 2015

Volumetric Vs. Surface-Based Alignment For Localization Of Auditory Cortex Activation, Rutvik Desai, E. Liebenthal, E. Possing, E. Waldron, J. Binder

Rutvik Desai

No abstract provided.


Neural Systems For Reading Aloud: A Multiparametric Approach, W. Graves, Rutvik Desai, C. Humphries, M. Seidenberg, J. Binder Jun 2015

Neural Systems For Reading Aloud: A Multiparametric Approach, W. Graves, Rutvik Desai, C. Humphries, M. Seidenberg, J. Binder

Rutvik Desai

No abstract provided.


Left Posterior Temporal Regions Are Sensitive To Auditory Categorization, Rutvik Desai, E. Liebenthal, E. Waldron, J. Binder Jun 2015

Left Posterior Temporal Regions Are Sensitive To Auditory Categorization, Rutvik Desai, E. Liebenthal, E. Waldron, J. Binder

Rutvik Desai

No abstract provided.


Parkinson’S Disease Disrupts Both Automatic And Controlled Processing Of Action Verbs, L. Fernandino, L. Conant, J. Binder, K. Blindauer, B. Hiner, K. Spangler, Rutvik Desai Jun 2015

Parkinson’S Disease Disrupts Both Automatic And Controlled Processing Of Action Verbs, L. Fernandino, L. Conant, J. Binder, K. Blindauer, B. Hiner, K. Spangler, Rutvik Desai

Rutvik Desai

No abstract provided.


The Neural Career Of Sensory-Motor Metaphors, Rutvik Desai, J. Binder, L. Conant, Q. Mano, M. Seidenberg Jun 2015

The Neural Career Of Sensory-Motor Metaphors, Rutvik Desai, J. Binder, L. Conant, Q. Mano, M. Seidenberg

Rutvik Desai

No abstract provided.


The Functional Organization Of The Left Sts: A Large Scale Meta-Analysis Of Pet And Fmri Studies Of Healthy Adults, E. Liebenthal, Rutvik Desai, C. Humphries, M. Sabri, A. Desai Jun 2015

The Functional Organization Of The Left Sts: A Large Scale Meta-Analysis Of Pet And Fmri Studies Of Healthy Adults, E. Liebenthal, Rutvik Desai, C. Humphries, M. Sabri, A. Desai

Rutvik Desai

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) in the left hemisphere is functionally diverse, with sub-areas implicated in both linguistic and non-linguistic functions. However, the number and boundaries of distinct functional regions remain to be determined. Here, we present new evidence, from meta-analysis of a large number of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, of different functional specificity in the left STS supporting a division of its middle to terminal extent into at least three functional areas. The middle portion of the left STS stem (fmSTS) is highly specialized for speech perception and the processing …


Neural Correlates Of Implicit And Explicit Combinatorial Semantic Processing, W. Graves, J. Binder, Rutvik Desai, L. Conant, M. Seidenberg Jun 2015

Neural Correlates Of Implicit And Explicit Combinatorial Semantic Processing, W. Graves, J. Binder, Rutvik Desai, L. Conant, M. Seidenberg

Rutvik Desai

No abstract provided.