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Articles 1 - 30 of 259

Full-Text Articles in Microbiology

Igg Antibodies To Sars-Cov-2 In Asymptomatic Blood Donors At Two Time Points In Karachi, Muhammad Hasan, Bushra Moiz, Shama Qaiser, Kiran I. Masood, Zara Ghous, Areeba Hussain, Natasha Bahadur Ali, Syed Hani Abidi, Kulsoom Ghias, Erum Khan, Zahra Hasan Aug 2022

Igg Antibodies To Sars-Cov-2 In Asymptomatic Blood Donors At Two Time Points In Karachi, Muhammad Hasan, Bushra Moiz, Shama Qaiser, Kiran I. Masood, Zara Ghous, Areeba Hussain, Natasha Bahadur Ali, Syed Hani Abidi, Kulsoom Ghias, Erum Khan, Zahra Hasan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Introduction: An estimated 1.5 million cases were reported in Pakistan until 23 March, 2022. However, SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing capacity has been limited and the incidence of COVID-19 infections is unknown. Volunteer healthy blood donors can be a control population for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in the population. We determined COVID-19 seroprevalence during the second pandemic wave in Karachi in donors without known infections or symptoms in 4 weeks prior to enrollment.
Materials and methods: We enrolled 558 healthy blood donors at the Aga Khan University Hospital between December 2020 and February 2021. ABO blood groups were determined. Serum IgG reactivity …

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Distribution Of Serotypes And Antibiotic Resistance Of Invasive Pseudomonas Aeruginosa In A Multi-Country Collection, Shamima Nasrin, Nicolas Hegerle, Shaichi Sen, Joseph Nkeze, Sunil Sen, Jasnehta Permala-Booth, Myeongjin Choi, James Sinclair, Milagritos D. Tapia, Sadia Shakoor Jan 2022

Distribution Of Serotypes And Antibiotic Resistance Of Invasive Pseudomonas Aeruginosa In A Multi-Country Collection, Shamima Nasrin, Nicolas Hegerle, Shaichi Sen, Joseph Nkeze, Sunil Sen, Jasnehta Permala-Booth, Myeongjin Choi, James Sinclair, Milagritos D. Tapia, Sadia Shakoor

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of acute and chronic infections and is frequently associated with healthcare-associated infections. Because of its ability to rapidly acquire resistance to antibiotics, P. aeruginosa infections are difficult to treat. Alternative strategies, such as a vaccine, are needed to prevent infections. We collected a total of 413 P. aeruginosa isolates from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients from 10 countries located on 4 continents during 2005-2017 and characterized these isolates to inform vaccine development efforts. We determined the diversity and distribution of O antigen and flagellin types and …

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Role Of Gut Microbiome In Covid-19: An Insight Into Pathogenesis And Therapeutic Potential, Ikram Hussain, Gabriel Liu Yuan Cher, Muhammad Abbas Abid, Muhammad Bilal Abid Oct 2021

Role Of Gut Microbiome In Covid-19: An Insight Into Pathogenesis And Therapeutic Potential, Ikram Hussain, Gabriel Liu Yuan Cher, Muhammad Abbas Abid, Muhammad Bilal Abid

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in an unprecedented global crisis. Although primarily a respiratory illness, dysregulated immune responses may lead to multi-organ dysfunction. Prior data showed that the resident microbial communities of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts act as modulators of local and systemic inflammatory activity (the gut-lung axis). Evolving evidence now signals an alteration in the gut microbiome, brought upon either by cytokines from the infected respiratory tract or from direct infection of the gut, or both. Dysbiosis leads to a "leaky gut". The intestinal permeability then allows access to …

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Higher Entropy Observed In Sars-Cov-2 Genomes From The First Covid-19 Wave In Pakistan, Najia Karim Ghanchi, Asghar Nasir, Kiran I. Masood, Syed Hani Abidi, Syed Faisal Mahmood, Akber Kanji, Safina Abdul Razzak, Waqasuddin Khan, Saba Shahid, Maliha Yameen, Ali Raza, Javaria Ashraf, Zeeshan Ansar Ahmed, Mohammad Buksh Dharejo, Nazneen Islam, Zahra Hasan, Rumina Hasan Aug 2021

Higher Entropy Observed In Sars-Cov-2 Genomes From The First Covid-19 Wave In Pakistan, Najia Karim Ghanchi, Asghar Nasir, Kiran I. Masood, Syed Hani Abidi, Syed Faisal Mahmood, Akber Kanji, Safina Abdul Razzak, Waqasuddin Khan, Saba Shahid, Maliha Yameen, Ali Raza, Javaria Ashraf, Zeeshan Ansar Ahmed, Mohammad Buksh Dharejo, Nazneen Islam, Zahra Hasan, Rumina Hasan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: We investigated the genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the early COVID-19 period to investigate evolution of the virus in Pakistan.
Materials and methods: We studied ninety SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated between March and October 2020. Whole genome sequences from our laboratory and available genomes were used to investigate phylogeny, genetic variantion and mutation rates of SARS-CoV-2 strains in Pakistan. Site specific entropy analysis compared mutation rates between strains isolated before and after June 2020.
Results: In March, strains belonging to L, S, V and GH clades were observed but by October, only L and GH strains were present. The …

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Investigating The Role Of Bladder Epithelial Stem Cells In Bladder Mucosal Remodeling And Defense Against Infection, Seongmi Kim Russell Aug 2021

Investigating The Role Of Bladder Epithelial Stem Cells In Bladder Mucosal Remodeling And Defense Against Infection, Seongmi Kim Russell

Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be highly recurrent, and the mechanism(s) governing recurrence susceptibility are mostly unknown. Here I demonstrate bladder epithelial (urothelial)-intrinsic trained immunity as part of a differential mucosal remodeling response to an initial UTI. I established urothelial stem cell (USC) lines from isogenic mice with different UTI histories (naïve, chronic, or self-resolving) and discovered 2880 differential genome-accessible regions, indicating differential epigenetic reprogramming dependent on infection history. Differentiation of USC lines in vitro resulted in polarized urothelial cultures that recapitulated distinct remodeling morphologies seen in vivo and exhibited altered gene expression, including genes involved in cell death pathways. …

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The Role Of Interspecies Recombination In The Evolution Of Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci, Joshua C. D'Aeth, Mark Pg Van Der Linden, Lesley Mcgee, Herminia De Lencastre, Paul Turner, Jae-Hoon Song, Stephanie W. Lo, Rebecca A. Gladstone, Gps Consortium, Sadia Shakoor Jul 2021

The Role Of Interspecies Recombination In The Evolution Of Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci, Joshua C. D'Aeth, Mark Pg Van Der Linden, Lesley Mcgee, Herminia De Lencastre, Paul Turner, Jae-Hoon Song, Stephanie W. Lo, Rebecca A. Gladstone, Gps Consortium, Sadia Shakoor

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae emerge through the modification of core genome loci by interspecies homologous recombinations, and acquisition of gene cassettes. Both occurred in the otherwise contrasting histories of the antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae lineages PMEN3 and PMEN9. A single PMEN3 clade spread globally, evading vaccine-induced immunity through frequent serotype switching, whereas locally circulating PMEN9 clades independently gained resistance. Both lineages repeatedly integrated Tn916-type and Tn1207.1-type elements, conferring tetracycline and macrolide resistance, respectively, through homologous recombination importing sequences originating in other species. A species-wide dataset found over 100 instances of such interspecific acquisitions of resistance cassettes and flanking …

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Prevalence And Risk Factors Associated With Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (Mdro) Carriage Among Pediatric Patients At The Time Of Admission In A Tertiary Care Hospital Of A Developing Country. A Cross-Sectional Study, Sonia Qureshi, Noshi Maria, Mohammad Zeeshan, Seema Irfan, Farah Naz Qamar Jun 2021

Prevalence And Risk Factors Associated With Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (Mdro) Carriage Among Pediatric Patients At The Time Of Admission In A Tertiary Care Hospital Of A Developing Country. A Cross-Sectional Study, Sonia Qureshi, Noshi Maria, Mohammad Zeeshan, Seema Irfan, Farah Naz Qamar

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: The rise of Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) poses a considerable burden on the healthcare systems, particularly in low-middle income countries like Pakistan. There is a scarcity of data on the carriage of MDRO particularly in the pediatrics population therefore, we aimed to determine MDRO carriage in pediatric patients at the time of admission to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, and to identify the risk factors associated with it.
Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at the pediatric department of Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) from May to September 2019 on 347 children aged 1-18 years. For identification of MDRO …

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Respiratory Pathogens In Patients With Acute Exacerbation Of Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis From A Developing Country, Shayan Shahid, Kausar Jabeen, Nousheen Iqbal, Joveria Farooqi, Muhammad Irfan Apr 2021

Respiratory Pathogens In Patients With Acute Exacerbation Of Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis From A Developing Country, Shayan Shahid, Kausar Jabeen, Nousheen Iqbal, Joveria Farooqi, Muhammad Irfan

Medical College Documents

Bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis (non-CF bronchiectasis) has become a major respiratory disease in developing nations. The dilated mucus filled airways promote bacterial overgrowth followed by chronic infection, bronchial inflammation, lung injury and re-infection Accurate pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility allowing appropriate treatment, in turn, may break this vicious cycle. To study the spectrum and antimicrobial spectrum of pathogen yielded from respiratory specimens in adult patients with acute exacerbation of non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis. This cross-sectional study was performed at the pulmonology clinics of the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan from 2016-2019. Respiratory specimens were collected from adult patients with …

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Molecular Surveillance Of Drug Resistance: Plasmodium Falciparum Artemisinin Resistance Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms In Kelch Protein Propeller (K13) Domain From Southern Pakistan, Najia Karim Ghanchi, Bushra Qurashi, Hadiqa Raees, Mohammad Asim Beg Apr 2021

Molecular Surveillance Of Drug Resistance: Plasmodium Falciparum Artemisinin Resistance Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms In Kelch Protein Propeller (K13) Domain From Southern Pakistan, Najia Karim Ghanchi, Bushra Qurashi, Hadiqa Raees, Mohammad Asim Beg

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: K13 propeller (k13) polymorphism are useful molecular markers for tracking the emergence and spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Polymorphisms are reported from Cambodia with rapid invasion of the population and almost near fixation in south East Asia. The study describes single nucleotide polymorphisms in Kelch protein propeller domain of P. falciparum associated with artemisinin resistance from Southern Pakistan.
Methods: Two hundred and forty-nine samples were collected from patients with microscopy confirmed P. falciparum malaria attending Aga Khan University Hospital during September 2015-April 2018. DNA was isolated using the whole blood protocol for the QIAmp DNA Blood Kit. …

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Female Genital Tuberculosis In Pakistan - A Retrospective Review Of 10-Year Laboratory Data And Analysis Of 32 Cases, Tazeen Fatima, Rumina Hasan, Faisal Malik, Imran Ahmed, Linda Alice Bartlett, Michael G. Gravett, Sadia Shakoor Mar 2021

Female Genital Tuberculosis In Pakistan - A Retrospective Review Of 10-Year Laboratory Data And Analysis Of 32 Cases, Tazeen Fatima, Rumina Hasan, Faisal Malik, Imran Ahmed, Linda Alice Bartlett, Michael G. Gravett, Sadia Shakoor

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is an underobserved clinical entity owing to diagnostic challenges stemming from difficulty of obtaining diagnostic specimens and paucibacillary nature of the disease. Yet, FGTB is a cause of infertility, pelvic pain, or menstrual irregularities in high-burden countries. To assess laboratory and microbiology diagnostic utilization for FGTB in Pakistan, we have collected data from 2007 to 2016 to inform the need for improved laboratory diagnostics. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of FGTB as culture-confirmed extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and to describe the characteristics of women with culture-confirmed FGTB in a nationwide laboratory …

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The Association Of Chest Radiographic Findings And Severity Scoring With Clinical Outcomes In Patients With Covid-19 Presenting To The Emergency Department Of A Tertiary Care Hospital In Pakistan, Raima Kaleemi, Kiran Hilal, Ainan Arshad, Russell S. Martins, Avinash Nankani, Tanveer Ul Haq, Sundas Basharat, Zeeshan Ansar Jan 2021

The Association Of Chest Radiographic Findings And Severity Scoring With Clinical Outcomes In Patients With Covid-19 Presenting To The Emergency Department Of A Tertiary Care Hospital In Pakistan, Raima Kaleemi, Kiran Hilal, Ainan Arshad, Russell S. Martins, Avinash Nankani, Tanveer Ul Haq, Sundas Basharat, Zeeshan Ansar

Department of Radiology

Introduction: While chest x-rays (CXRs) represent a cost-effective imaging modality for developing countries like Pakistan, their utility for the prognostication of COVID-19 has been minimally explored. Thus, we describe the frequency and distribution of CXR findings, and their association with clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19.
Methods: All adult (≥ 18 years) patients presenting between 28th February-31st May to the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan, who were COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR with CXR done on presentation, were included. A CXR Severity Score (CXR-SS) of 0-8 was used to quantify the extent of pulmonary infection on CXR, …

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Evaluation Of Semi-Quantitative Compared To Quantitative Cultures Of Tracheal Aspirates For The Yield Of Culturable Respiratory Pathogens - A Cross-Sectional Study, Salima Rattani, Joveria Farooqi, Ghazala Jabeen, Saeeda Chandio, Qaiser Kash, Aijaz Khan, Kauser Jabeen Oct 2020

Evaluation Of Semi-Quantitative Compared To Quantitative Cultures Of Tracheal Aspirates For The Yield Of Culturable Respiratory Pathogens - A Cross-Sectional Study, Salima Rattani, Joveria Farooqi, Ghazala Jabeen, Saeeda Chandio, Qaiser Kash, Aijaz Khan, Kauser Jabeen

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) depends on the presence of clinical, radiological and microbiological findings. Endotracheal suction aspirate (ETSA) is the commonest respiratory sample sent for culture from intubated patients. Very few studies have compared quantitative and semi-quantitative processing of ETSA cultures for LRTI diagnosis. We determined the diagnostic accuracy of quantitative and semi-quantitative ETSA culture for LRTI diagnosis, agreement between the quantitative and semi quantitative culture techniques and the yield of respiratory pathogens with both methods.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Aga Khan University clinical laboratory, Karachi, Pakistan. One hundred and seventy-eight …

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Development, Expansion And Role Of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells In Post-Sepsis Immune Suppression, Tuqa Alkhateeb Aug 2020

Development, Expansion And Role Of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells In Post-Sepsis Immune Suppression, Tuqa Alkhateeb

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) numbers increase significantly in sepsis and are associated with high mortality rates. These myeloid cell precursors promote immunosuppression, especially in the late (post sepsis) stage. However, the mechanisms that underlie MDSC expansion and programming are not completely understood. To investigate these mechanisms, we used a cecal-ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis that progresses from an early/acute proinflammatory phase to a late/chronic immunosuppressive phase. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that microRNA (miR)-21 and miR-181b elevate levels of the transcription factor nuclear factor 1 (NFI-A) that promotes MDSC expansion. We report here that miR-21 …

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The Clinical Features Of Co-Circulating Dengue Viruses And The Absence Of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever In Pakistan, Erum Khan, Dhani Prakoso, Kehkashan Imtiaz, Faisal Malik, Joveria Farooqi, Maureen T. Long, Kelli L. Barr Jun 2020

The Clinical Features Of Co-Circulating Dengue Viruses And The Absence Of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever In Pakistan, Erum Khan, Dhani Prakoso, Kehkashan Imtiaz, Faisal Malik, Joveria Farooqi, Maureen T. Long, Kelli L. Barr

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common and widespread arboviral infection worldwide. Though all four DENV serotypes cocirculate in nature, the clinicopathological framework of these serotypes is undefined in Pakistan. A cross-sectional, observational study was performed to document the circulation of various arboviruses in the Sindh region of Pakistan. Here we describe a population of patients diagnosed with DENV spanning a 2-year period. This study used an orthogonal system of NS1 antigen ELISA followed by RT-PCR for DENV detection and subtyping. A total of 168 NS1 positive patients were evaluated of which 91 patients were serotyped via RT-PCR. There was …

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Eggerthella Lenta Bacteraemia In Endometrial Adenocarcinoma - A Case Report From Pakistan, Tazeen Fatima, Rumina Hasan, Samia Tariq Jun 2020

Eggerthella Lenta Bacteraemia In Endometrial Adenocarcinoma - A Case Report From Pakistan, Tazeen Fatima, Rumina Hasan, Samia Tariq

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

We report a case of Eggerthella lenta bacteraemia. An elderly lady with metastasised endometrial adenocarcinoma presented with complaints of fever nausea vomiting and abdominal pain. CT scan of the abdomen showed enlarged liver with multiple metastatic lesions raising suspicion of small-bowel obstruction. Due to multiple comorbid conditions, surgery was contraindicated and she was treated empirically with meropenem and vancomycin. Blood culture received on admission grew Eggerthela lenta.

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Draft Genome Sequences Of Two Extensively Drug-Resistant Strains Of Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolated From Clinical Samples In Pakistan, Sara Lomonaco, Matthew A. Crawford, Christine Lascols, Debra J. Fisher, Kevin Anderson, David R. Hodge, Segaran P. Pillai, Stephen A. Morse, Erum Khan, Molly A. Hughes, Marc W. Allard, Shashi K. Sharma May 2020

Draft Genome Sequences Of Two Extensively Drug-Resistant Strains Of Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolated From Clinical Samples In Pakistan, Sara Lomonaco, Matthew A. Crawford, Christine Lascols, Debra J. Fisher, Kevin Anderson, David R. Hodge, Segaran P. Pillai, Stephen A. Morse, Erum Khan, Molly A. Hughes, Marc W. Allard, Shashi K. Sharma

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Infections in immunocompromised patients that are caused by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii strains have been increasingly reported worldwide. In particular, carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains are a prominent cause of health care-associated infections. Here, we report draft genome assemblies for two clinical XDR A. baumannii isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in Pakistan.

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Oral Localization Of Scardovia Wiggsiae, Graydon Ramos Carr May 2020

Oral Localization Of Scardovia Wiggsiae, Graydon Ramos Carr

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Early childhood caries is one of the most prevalent diseases in the United States among children. The formation of caries is a complex, multifactorial process that is still being studied. Researchers have thought for years that Streptococcus mutans was the primary causative agent of early childhood caries. The recent discovery of a novel cariogenic pathogen, Scardovia wiggsiae and its significant contribution to the etiology of early childhood caries has led oral health researchers to re-evaluate this microorganism and its link to this disease. While there have been several projects undertaken within the University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Dental …

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Expression Of Her-2/Neu In Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Sana Mirza, Naila Hadi, Shahid Pervez, Sultan Zeb Khan, Sameer A. Mokeem, Tariq Abduljabbar, Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi, Fahim Vohra May 2020

Expression Of Her-2/Neu In Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Sana Mirza, Naila Hadi, Shahid Pervez, Sultan Zeb Khan, Sameer A. Mokeem, Tariq Abduljabbar, Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi, Fahim Vohra

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: HER-2/neu is a member of the human epidermal growth factor (HER) family of transmembrane tyrosine kinases, which is significantly associated with the pathogenesis of various cancer types. The aim was to evaluate the expression of HER-2/neu in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as a potential biomarker to target antigens for specific immunotherapy in OSCC.
Methods: One hundred and forty histologically diagnosed OSCC cases were identified. Four to five-micrometer thick formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E). Histological grade was assessed according to WHO/Broders classification, while tumors were staged according to the American Joint …

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Efforts To Improve Diagnosis Of Bacteraemia By Reducing Blood Culture Contamination In An Emergency Department: Strategies And Outcome, Najma Shaheen, Mohammad Zeeshan, Naima Fasih, Joveria Farooqi, Kausar Jabeen, Seema Irfan May 2020

Efforts To Improve Diagnosis Of Bacteraemia By Reducing Blood Culture Contamination In An Emergency Department: Strategies And Outcome, Najma Shaheen, Mohammad Zeeshan, Naima Fasih, Joveria Farooqi, Kausar Jabeen, Seema Irfan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Objective: To assess the strategies and outcome for reducing blood culture contamination in order to improve the diagnosis of bacteraemia.
Methods: The interventional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2016. The blood culture contamination data related to the first year of the study was taken as the baseline pre-intervention data. Strategies were planned as intervention for improvement by consolidating training and education in the form of dedicated lectures, practising on mannequins and developing in-house video, replacing povidone with 2% chlorhexidine preparation spray plus 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs and inducting …

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Exosomes In Transmission And Blocking Of Arthropod-Borne Flaviviral Infection And Pathogenesis, Wenshuo Zhou Apr 2020

Exosomes In Transmission And Blocking Of Arthropod-Borne Flaviviral Infection And Pathogenesis, Wenshuo Zhou

Biomedical Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are human illnesses that are transmitted by vectors such as ticks, mosquitoes, and fleas. These arthropods transmit infectious pathogens such as viruses, protozoa, and bacteria, to humans during their blood-feeding. According to the estimation of the WHO, billions of people are affected by VBDs worldwide, and about 700,000 deaths are reported annually. Currently, very few reliable VBDs control approaches and vaccines available to treat various VBDs. Additionally, approaches to control arthropod’ proliferation and migration are difficult to develop. Furthermore, molecular determinants and mechanisms for the transmission are poorly understood. This work describes two studies identifying the novel …

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Compliance Of Hand Written Transfusion Requisition Form And Improvement After Online Request - A Clinical Audit, Nadia Nasir, Mohammad Usman Shaikh, Natasha Ali, Shabneez Hussain Apr 2020

Compliance Of Hand Written Transfusion Requisition Form And Improvement After Online Request - A Clinical Audit, Nadia Nasir, Mohammad Usman Shaikh, Natasha Ali, Shabneez Hussain

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Objective: To assess the compliance of healthcare personnel with regard to sending completely filled transfusion requisition forms.
Methods: The audit was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised requisition slips received at the hospital blood bank from September 2014 to February 2015. The British Committee for Standards in Haematology guidelines was used as the standard. Percentage of each variable on the proforma was analsyed. Rating Results: The audit and the re-audit both comprised 1000 transfusion requisition forms each. In the audit, The sum of total scores of all the transfusion requisition forms was 4911, indicating a compliance rate …

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Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections-A Neglected And Emerging Problem, Imran Ahmed, Simon Tiberi, Joveria Farooqi, Kauser Jabeen, Dorothy Yeboah-Manu, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rumina Hasan Mar 2020

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections-A Neglected And Emerging Problem, Imran Ahmed, Simon Tiberi, Joveria Farooqi, Kauser Jabeen, Dorothy Yeboah-Manu, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rumina Hasan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous dwellers of environmental niches and are an established cause of natural and nosocomial infections. The incidence of NTM infections is rising owing to a growing population of immunocompromised and vulnerable individuals, complex medical and surgical procedures, as well as increased awareness and diagnostic capabilities. The prevalence of different NTM varies between continents, regions, and countries. The true global burden of pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease is unknown and estimates are subject to under and/or over-estimation. Diagnosis requires confirmation by isolation of NTM along with clinical and radiological criteria, which may be suboptimal at all levels. Susceptibility …

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Tick-Borne Infections In New Hampshire: An Evaluation Of The Diagnostic Process In A Local Patient Population, Katherine Anderson Jan 2020

Tick-Borne Infections In New Hampshire: An Evaluation Of The Diagnostic Process In A Local Patient Population, Katherine Anderson

Honors Theses and Capstones

Overall, approximately 95 percent of reported cases of vector-borne disease were associated with ticks, making these the most medically important group of arthropods in the United States.1 Despite the prevalence of tick-borne infections, the process for the diagnosis of this condition is not well studied. This study aims to analyze data from a pool of 100 patients who underwent testing for tick-borne disease in the same institution in Dover, New Hampshire during the most recent peak tick season of 2019. Information utilized in this study included: patient age, sex, location of testing (inpatient versus outpatient), diagnostic testing methods used …

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Use Of Pefloxacin As A Surrogate Marker To Detect Ciprofloxacin Susceptibility In Salmonella Enterica Serotypes Typhi And Paratyphi A, Safia Moin, Mohammad Zeeshan, Sidra Laiq, Ahmed Raheem, Afia Zafar Jan 2020

Use Of Pefloxacin As A Surrogate Marker To Detect Ciprofloxacin Susceptibility In Salmonella Enterica Serotypes Typhi And Paratyphi A, Safia Moin, Mohammad Zeeshan, Sidra Laiq, Ahmed Raheem, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Objective: To determine the use of pefloxacin as a surrogate marker to detect fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) susceptibility against Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A.
Methods: The prospective, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from September 2016 to March 2018, and comprised Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates of blood cultures. Disk susceptibility tests and broth microdilution to test minimum inhibitory concentration were performed as per standard guidelines. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.
Results: Of the 138 isolates, 91(66%) were intermediate resistant to ciprofloxacin but were resistant to pefloxacin, 42(30%) were resistant to both …

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Perceptions Of Health Professionals Regarding Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling (Mits) To Identify The Cause Of Death In Stillbirths And Neonates: Results From A Qualitative Study, Anam Shahil Feroz, Anum Shiraz Ali, Mohsina Noor Ibrahim, Elizabeth M. Mcclure, Shiyam Sunder Tikmani, Sayyeda Reza, Zahid Abbasi, Afia Zafar, Sameen Siddiqi, Sarah Saleem Oct 2019

Perceptions Of Health Professionals Regarding Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling (Mits) To Identify The Cause Of Death In Stillbirths And Neonates: Results From A Qualitative Study, Anam Shahil Feroz, Anum Shiraz Ali, Mohsina Noor Ibrahim, Elizabeth M. Mcclure, Shiyam Sunder Tikmani, Sayyeda Reza, Zahid Abbasi, Afia Zafar, Sameen Siddiqi, Sarah Saleem

Community Health Sciences

Background: Pakistan is considered to be one of the riskiest places in the world for childbirth as measured by its high stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates. Complete diagnostic autopsy remains the gold standard to determine the cause of death (CoD); however, it is not routinely implemented due to religious objections, sociocultural beliefs, limited resources and low demand from physicians and families. Recently, minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) using needle biopsies of multiple tissues to obtain tissue for histological examination and organism identification with PCR has been developed and promoted to determine CoD in low-resource areas. To ensure successful implementation of …

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Vitamin D Status And Risk Of Incident Tuberculosis Disease: A Nested Case-Control Study, Systematic Review, And Individual-Participant Data Meta-Analysis, Omowunmi Aibana, Chuan-Chin Huang, Said Aboud, Alberto Arnedo-Pena, Mercedes C. Becerra, Juan Bautista Bellido-Blasco, Ramesh Bhosale, Roger Calderon, Rabia Hussain, Najeeha Talat Iqbal Sep 2019

Vitamin D Status And Risk Of Incident Tuberculosis Disease: A Nested Case-Control Study, Systematic Review, And Individual-Participant Data Meta-Analysis, Omowunmi Aibana, Chuan-Chin Huang, Said Aboud, Alberto Arnedo-Pena, Mercedes C. Becerra, Juan Bautista Bellido-Blasco, Ramesh Bhosale, Roger Calderon, Rabia Hussain, Najeeha Talat Iqbal

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Few studies have evaluated the association between preexisting vitamin D deficiency and incident tuberculosis (TB). We assessed the impact of baseline vitamins D levels on TB disease risk.
Methods and Findings: We assessed the association between baseline vitamin D and incident TB in a prospective cohort of 6,751 HIV-negative household contacts of TB patients enrolled between September 1, 2009, and August 29, 2012, in Lima, Peru. We screened for TB disease at 2, 6, and 12 months after enrollment. We defined cases as household contacts who developed TB disease at least 15 days after enrollment of the index patient. …

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Against Metronidazole And Carbapenem In Clinical Anaerobic Isolates From Pakistan, Kauser Jabeen, Yusra Shafquat, Joveria Farooqi, Kiran Mehmood, Seema Irfan, Rumina Hasan, Afia Zafar Jun 2019

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Against Metronidazole And Carbapenem In Clinical Anaerobic Isolates From Pakistan, Kauser Jabeen, Yusra Shafquat, Joveria Farooqi, Kiran Mehmood, Seema Irfan, Rumina Hasan, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Globally metronidazole and carbapenem resistance in anaerobic organisms is increasing necessitating continuous surveillance to guide selection of empirical treatment. In this study we have determined metronidazole resistance in anaerobes using MIC Evaluator strips (M.I.C.E strips). Carbapenem resistance was evaluated only in metronidazole resistant isolates.
Material and methods: The study was conducted at the Aga Khan University (AKU) Hospital laboratory, Karachi, Pakistan (2014–2017). Metronidazole and imipenem resistance was evaluated using M.I.C.E strips and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were interpreted using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Clinical details including demographics, prolonged hospital stay, malignancy, transplant, dialysis, diabetes, site of infection …

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Incidentally Found Metastatic Prostatic Carcinoma In A Therapeutic Orchiectomy Specimen, Zeeshan Uddin, Muhammad Bilal, Mohammad Ayaz Khan Jan 2019

Incidentally Found Metastatic Prostatic Carcinoma In A Therapeutic Orchiectomy Specimen, Zeeshan Uddin, Muhammad Bilal, Mohammad Ayaz Khan

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Metastatic tumour involving the testis is a rare event. Incidental discovery of metastatic cancer in a therapeutic orchiectomy is even rarer. We report a case of metastatic adenocarcinoma prostate found incidentally in one of the bilateral therapeutic orchiectomy specimens. The patient was a 55-year-old man presenting with back ache and generalized body aches. Clinical examination showed malignant feel of prostate. Bone scan revealed metastatic disease and a serum PSA level of >100 ng/ml. Clinical diagnosis of carcinoma prostate was established and subsequent bilateral orchiectomy for hormonal deprivation was performed. On gross examination of left testis, there was a small 0.7 …

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Value Of Dedicated Research Time For Imgs In Obtaining Surgical Residency Training Positions: A 10-Year Review Of Applicants From A Medical College In Pakistan, Mohammad Raheel Jajja, Marvi Tariq, Salila Shoaib Hashmi, Thomas F. Dodson, Rashida Ahmed Jan 2019

Value Of Dedicated Research Time For Imgs In Obtaining Surgical Residency Training Positions: A 10-Year Review Of Applicants From A Medical College In Pakistan, Mohammad Raheel Jajja, Marvi Tariq, Salila Shoaib Hashmi, Thomas F. Dodson, Rashida Ahmed

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Objective: International Medical Graduates (IMGs) secured greater than 10% of all general surgery (GS) residency positions in the US during the past decade. The Match process remains competitive, with a significant number of IMGs performing dedicated research before residency application. The impact of such research remains largely unknown. We aimed to provide an objective analysis of the impact of dedicated research time on obtaining a categorical GS residency position.
Design: Data for National Resident Matching Program Match results from 2008-2017 was compiled from annual Match lists of the Aga Khan University, Medical College (Karachi, Pakistan). Medical graduates provided this information …

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Expression Analysis Of Cyclooxygenase-2 In Patients Suffering From Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Shahida Tasneem, Muhammad Tahir Sarwa, Muhammad Rizwan Bashi, Hamid Hussain, Jawad Ahmed, Shahid Pervez Oct 2018

Expression Analysis Of Cyclooxygenase-2 In Patients Suffering From Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Shahida Tasneem, Muhammad Tahir Sarwa, Muhammad Rizwan Bashi, Hamid Hussain, Jawad Ahmed, Shahid Pervez

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the aggressive malignancies and mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme system plays a crucial role in many gastrointestinal malignancies and is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and transformation. More precise outcome of COX-2 in ESCC is less investigated. In this study we investigated the risk factors of ESCC and expression of COX-2 in Carcinoma in situ (CIS) and ESCC compared to normal esophageal mucosa. ESCC relationship to clinico-pathological parameters using immunohistochemistry was also part of this investigation. Current study was conducted in the Institute of …

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