The Effect Of An Acute Bout Of Exercise On Postprandial Metabolic Responses In Younger And Older Adults, Hannah Frick

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Over 370,000 Americans, primarily between the ages of 60 and 79, die annually as a result of cardiovascular disease caused by physical inactivity and a diet that is calorically dense and high in fat. Current findings in young and middle-aged adults suggest that acute exercise with energy expenditure in excess of 500 kcals, may attenuate the deleterious health effects caused by consuming the typical American meal. Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute exercise and aging on postprandial lipemia (PPL) and postprandial glycemia (PPG). We hypothesized that aerobic exercise performed prior to the consumption …

Effects Of A 12-Week Vigorous Interval Training Intervention On Pro-Inflammatory Markers In Post-Operative Bariatric And Obese Participants, Brittany Rood

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Increase prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases linked to inflammation has led to research on pro-inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-α) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂), in attempt to define the relationship between chronic disease, inflammation, and obesity. PURPOSE: Examine the effect of twelve weeks of vigorous intensity interval training on pro-inflammatory markers in post-operative bariatric and obese participants. METHODS: 9 post-operative bariatric individuals [1 man, 8 women; Body mass index (BMI) = 34.23 ± 2.54 kg/m²], 12 obese individuals [5 men, 7 women; BMI=35.77 ± 1.67 kg/m^{2 …}

Influence Of Post-Exercise Nutrient Intake On Recovery And Subsequent Exercise Performance In Youth Cyclists, Andrew Law

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if chocolate milk (CM) consumption after high-intensity cycling exercise affects post-exercise recovery and subsequent exercise performance in youth cyclists, compared to a carbohydrate-only (CHO) and a placebo (PL) beverage. Methods: Eight youth cyclists (15-18 y, VO_2peak = 61.8 ± 7.7 mL·kg^-1·min^-1) performed an exercise/recovery protocol consisting of 2 bouts of exercise, on 3 separate occasions, in a randomly counterbalanced crossover design. The first exercise bout (EX1) consisted of 30 min of constant-load cycling (40-60% W_max), and 60 min of high-intensity intervals (alternating 2 min …

Expiratory Flow Limitation In Elite Youth Cyclists, Katherine R. Smith

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) has been reported in pre-pubescent adolescents and elite, adult endurance athletes; however, the occurrence of EFL in elite adolescent endurance athletes has not been determined. Purpose: To determine incidence and severity of EFL in elite youth male cyclists of adolescent age. We hypothesized that elite, endurance trained youth will experience a higher prevalence and severity of EFL and dyspnea compared to an untrained control group. Pulmonary function will be similar pre- to post-exercise with bronchodilation occurring in both groups. Methods: 12 elite endurance- trained (ET) youth male cyclists (16.3 ± 1.0 years; 176.5 ± …

Does Acute Preprandial Exercise Modify Postprandial Inflammation After A High Fat Meal In Young And Older Adults?, William Wisseman

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

A single high-fat meal (HFM) can increase systemic inflammation (postprandial inflammation; PPI) and may be attenuated by recent exercise. However, the effect of preprandial exercise on PPI in older adults (OA) is not clear. Purpose: To determine if preprandial exercise attenuates PPI in YA and OA. Methods: 12 YA (23.3±3.9 years n= 5 M/7 F) and 12 OA (67.7±6 years, n= 8 M/4 F) completed two HFM challenges in a randomized order. During HFM alone, participants abstained from exercise 48 hours prior to the HFM session (except for the exercise session) and adhered to a 12 hour overnight …

How Successful High School Boys Soccer Coaches Perceive And Develop Cultural Competency: A Grounded Theory Approach, Lauren Jefferson

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

The purpose of this study was to examine how high school athletics coaches conceptualize the knowledge, values, and skills of cultural competence, with specific attention to learning processes and influences. In order to serve the increasingly diverse U.S. student population equitably and to the full holistic potential of extracurricular programming, high school coaches must develop a greater comfort with and capacity for exercising cultural competency. A qualitative approach using a grounded theory was applied. Seven coaches and one athletic director were recruited by purposive sampling. The research suggests a process-oriented, chronological model of how experienced coaches begin to work with …

Physiological And Anthropometric Profiles Of Elite Teen-Age Cyclists, David Lenzi

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Lenzi D. N., N. D. Luden, C. J. Womack, and M. J. Saunders. Physiological and anthropometric profiles of elite teen-age cyclists. Purpose: Previous research has demonstrated that maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), lactate threshold (LT), aerobic/anaerobic power output, and several anthropometric characteristics are related to elite cycling performance in adults. These values also improve during maturation in children. However, there is little research examining how these values differ between elite teen-age cyclists and their adult counterparts. Previous literature has also reported low bone mineral density (BMD) in adult cyclists when compared to recreationally active controls. This study sought to characterize the …

Circulating Microrna Following High Intensity Interval Cycling With And Without Post-Exercise Nutrient Consumption, Jeremy Via

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Introduction: MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, non-coding RNA that act post-transcriptionally to regulate gene expression. miRNA levels are modulated by acute aerobic exercise, yet little is known about how miRNA levels may change in response to high-intensity interval exercise. Further, almost nothing is known about the impact of post-exercise nutrition (carbohydrate and/or protein) on miRNA levels. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of high-intensity interval cycling and different post-exercise nutrients on ci-miRNA levels. Methods: Nine recreationally active males (age 21.9 ± 2.0yrs; VO_2max 49.6 ± 4.0mL/kg/min) competed three trials, each including identical exercise protocols. Protocol …

The Effects Of Coffee Ingestion On The Acute Testosterone Response To Exercise, Taylor Landry

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of coffee ingestion (COF) on serum testosterone responses to exercise in recreationally weight-trained males. Subjects ingested either 12 ounces of 6mg/kg caffeinated coffee (COF), decaffeinated coffee (DEC), or water (PLA) one hour prior to exercise in a randomized, within-subject, crossover design. The exercise session consisted of 21 minutes of high intensity interval cycling (alternating intensities corresponding to two minutes at power outputs associated with 2.0 mmol/L lactate and 4.0 mmol/L lactate) followed by resistance exercise (7 exercises, 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 65% 1RM, 1-minute rest periods). Subjects also completed repetitions to fatigue tests …

Impact Of Pre-Exercise Feedings With A Low Or High Glycemic Index On The Ergogenic Effects Of Carbohydrate Mouth-Rinsing During Cycling, Nikolai J. Hladick

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Purpose: Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during exercise enhances performance in short endurance events (~ 1 hr) due to neural influences, as demonstrated by the efficacy of CHO mouth-rinsing during cycling. However, the magnitude of these neural effects may be blunted following pre-exercise CHO feedings. This study examined whether the glycemic index (GI) of a pre-exercise meal affected time-trial (TT) performance in cyclists using a CHO mouth-rinse during exercise. Methods: Eight cyclists (age: 24 ± 6 yr; VO_2max: 61 ± 8 ml×kg^-1×min^-1) completed 4 exercise trials, consisting of 15 min of constant-load cycling followed by a …

The Impact Of Freedson Bout Vs. Non-Freedson Bout Physical Activity On Metabolic Syndrome Risk In College Students, Valerie Olijar

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Purpose The aim of this study is to examine moderate to vigorous physical activity in Freedson bouts compared to non-Freedson bouts and their association with Metabolic Syndrome risk factors in college students.

Methods 72 subjects aged 18-26 were recruited from James Madison University. Subjects height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and body composition were assessed on visit 1. Blood pressure, fasted blood glucose, and lipid profile were assessed on visit 2. Subjects wore an Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer, which measured physical activity and sleep for 7 days and nights. Univariate Pearson correlation analyses were performed to determine the relationship physical activity …

The Effect Of Menstrual Phase And Oral Contraceptive Steroids On Caffeine During Cycling Performance, Annette M. Lemanski

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

PURPOSE: There is evidence that female sex hormones impact caffeine metabolism, with decreased CYP1A2 activity and diminished caffeine clearance in women with higher estrogen levels. Therefore, the objectives of this project were to determine the effects of oral contraceptives and menstrual cycle on the benefits of caffeine supplementation for cycling performance. METHODS: Sixteen recreationally trained female cyclists, oral contraceptive steroid (OCS) users (n=8, age = 21.4 ± 1.4 years, height = 168.4 ± 3.6 cm, weight = 63.6 ± 7.2kg, VO_2max = 48.0 ± 4.0 ml/kg/min), and non-users (n=8, age = 20.9 ± 2.1 years, height = 161.0 ± …

A 16-Week Run Sprint Interval Training Does Not Have An Effect On Cardiovascular Risk Measured By Framingham Risk Score On Prediabetic Women, Joan A. Mandelson

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

The Framingham risk score (FRS) was developed to determine the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the next 10 years using an individual’s age, gender, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), smoking habits, and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Run-sprint interval training (R-SIT) has shown improvements in various health and blood markers while reducing total exercise time. To date there has not been a study that examines the effects of R-SIT and moderate intensity training (MIT) on framingham risk. The purpose of this study was to determine if a reduction of the 10-year risk of CVD (determined by …

A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet Combined With Six Weeks Of Crossfit Training Improves Body Composition And Performance, Rachel M. Gregory

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) is a popular approach to weight and fat loss. CrossFit is a high-intensity power training (HIPT) type exercise for all levels of age and fitness that has gained recognition as one of the fasting growing sports in America. No previous research has been found which examines body composition changes or performance in individuals consuming a LCKD and participating in CrossFit training. PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of a 6-week LCKD and CrossFit program on body composition and performance. METHODS: Twenty-seven non-elite CrossFit subjects (mean ± SD age = …

A Single Night Of Sleep Restriction Impairs Recovery From Heavy Exercise, John D. Chase

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

We examined the effects of one night of sleep restriction (Sleep-; 2.5 hrs) on subsequent 3-km cycling performance and skeletal muscle recovery from heavy exercise compared to a full night of rest (Sleep+; 7 hrs). Seven recreational cyclists (n=6 male, n=1 female; age = 24.4 ± 7 yrs; height = 170 ± 10 cm; weight = 68 ± 13 kg VO_2max = 61.5 ± 4.4 ml/kg/min) completed four simulated 3-km time trials (TT) and six peak isokinetic torque trials at different speeds (30 and 120°/sec) under both conditions. The first exercise trial (EX1) consisted …

The Effect Of Sleep Restriction On Coagulation And Fibrinolysis After Heavy Exercise, Paul A. Roberson

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Introduction: Research has shown exercise elicits a hemostatic response affecting coagulation and fibrinolysis. Furthermore, prior research has determined circadian fluctuations exist where clotting potential increases in the morning as a result of increased PAI-1 and decreased tPA which is further exacerbated by exercise. These circadian fluctuations and exercise responses have the potential to be accentuated by poor sleep. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of sleep restriction on tPA activity, PAI-1 activity, and Factor VIII antigen activity (FVIII) while resting and after exercise.

Methods: 7 Subjects underwent two similar exercises sessions (EX). EX1 occurred in the …

The Influence Of Time-Of-Day Consumption And Training Status On The Ergogenic Properties Of Caffeine, James C. Boyett

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Purpose: The objectives were to determine the effects of time-of-day consumption and training status on the benefits of caffeine supplementation for cycling performance and peak muscle strength. METHODS: Twenty untrained and trained subjects completed four trials consisting of isokinetic peak torque testing and 3-km time trials (TT). Subjects ingested either 6 mg/kg of caffeine or a placebo one hour prior to each trial. Treatments were: morning + placebo, morning + caffeine, evening + placebo, evening + caffeine. Magnitude based inferences were used to evaluate treatment differences. RESULTS: Caffeine (‘very likely’ and ‘likely’) improved 3-km TT performance in the morning and …

The Effect Of Run Sprint Interval Training On Diabetic Metabolic Markers In Prediabetic Adults, Kathryn L. Hilovsky

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Abstract

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an 8-week run-sprint interval training (R-SIT) and continuous moderate-intensity training (MIT) on fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function in sedentary, prediabetic adults. Secondary outcomes of the study included anthropometric, body composition variables, and aerobic capacity.

Methods: Sedentary, physician diagnosed prediabetic individuals were randomized into R-SIT (n=7, BMI 36.76 ± 9.79) or MIT (n=8, BMI 40.59 ± 12.49) interventions. Subjects participated in supervised exercise three times a week and attended a Diabetes Prevention Program course, once weekly. R-SIT participants performed 4-6 x 30-second …

Satellite Cell Behavior In Cyclists Following Intensified Training With And Without Protein Supplementation, Alec I. Mckenzie

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

PURPOSE: The objectives were to determine the satellite cell (SC) response among endurance-trained cyclists (n=8; VO_2max: 63.1 ± 8.4 mL/Kg/min)to a period of intensified training (ICT) (10 days) and 10 days of recovery (RVT), with and without protein supplementation. METHODS: Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis prior to- and immediately following ICT and RVT. Fluorescent microscopy was used to analyze SCs and myosin heavy chain I and IIa (MHC I and IIa). Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. RESULTS: MHC I SCs were exceptionally abundant at baseline (38 ± 20 SCs/100 fibers). MHC I SC count …

The Effect Of Run Sprint Interval Training On Prediabetic Adults: Health Related Quality Of Life, Perceived Enjoyment, And Exercise Adherence, Nicole M. Gilbertson

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine if Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and perceived exercise enjoyment are greater in a run sprint interval training (RSIT) group compared to a moderate intensity training (MIT) group in sedentary, prediabetic adults after an 8-week intervention.

Methods: Over 8-weeks, subjects in the RSIT group progressed from 4 to 6 30-second sprints per session, and the MIT group progressed from 30 to 60 minutes of continuous moderate intensity exercise. Participants in both groups completed 8-weeks of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Diabetes Prevention Program educational classes. HRQOL …

The Association Between Sleep Quality, Physical Inactivity, And Risk Of Developing Metabolic Syndrome, Matthew Scott

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Abstract

Purpose The aim of this study is to assess the independent effects of sedentary time, sleep quality, and physical activity on risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in college students.

Methods 40 college aged students were recruited from James Madison University. Height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, and body composition were assessed on visit 1. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid profile were assessed on visit 2. Subjects were required to wear an Actigraph GT3x accelerometer, which measured physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep quality for 7 days and nights. Univariate Pearson correlation analyses were performed to determine the …

Exercise And Time Of Day: Influence On Hunger And Caloric Intake Among Overweight/Obese Adults, Molly C. Weber

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the time of day at which exercise was performed, morning compared to evening, influences acute daily caloric intake and hunger in overweight/obese sedentary adults. 8 overweight/obese (Age: 40 ± 4 yrs, Height: 170 ± 4 cm, Weight: 85.7 ± 6.4 kg, BMI: 29 ± 2 kg/m2) sedentary adults completed 3 trials: control, morning, evening in a randomly counterbalanced cross over design. Caloric intake was assessed over three 4-day periods with subjects consuming ad libitum diets. Hunger was measured 15 minutes before exercise and 15 and 30 minutes following exercise. …

The Influence Of A Cyp1a2 Polymorphism On The Hemostatic Response To Caffeine, Joseph James Aiello

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Research has continued to provide conflicting results of caffeine’s effect on acute coronary events; although it is now apparent that a single nucleotide polymorphism at intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2) gene may explain these equivocal findings. Despite the fact that markers of coagulation potential and fibrinolytic potential are associated with risk for myocardial infarction, the extent to which caffeine affects these markers is unknown. The purposes of this study were to determine the acute effects of caffeine on coagulation and fibrinolytic potential at rest and following maximal exercise and to determine if hemostatic responses engendered by caffeine are …

Muscle Physiology And Performance During Intensified Cycle Training: Impact Of Carbohydrate-Protein Supplementation, Andrew Christian D'Lugos

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Previous studies show that carbohydrate-protein (CP) ingestion can enhance short-term recovery following exercise, thereby benefiting subsequent exercise performance and compounding physiological parameters, when compared to carbohydrate (CHO) alone. Less is known about the influence that CP supplementation may have over a long-term intervention (several days/weeks). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether CP supplementation was effective in improving tolerance to a period of intensified training (IT), compared to CHO. Additionally, the influence of CP on recovery/ adaptation to a period of IT followed by a period of reduced volume training (RVT) was examined. Eight endurance-trained cyclists (age: 24.9±7.3 …

The Effects Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea On Autonomic Function During Steady-State Exercise, Courtney Sutton

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess autonomic function by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and during submaximal exercise in OSA patients and a non-OSA control group. Methods: Subjects were classified as OSA (n=10) or non-OSA (n=16) based on results from an at-home sleep assessment. Height, weight, waist and neck circumferences, and body composition were collected during the first visit for each subject. Physical activity during the day and nocturnal movement were assessed over a period of 4 days, including 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day, using accelerometers. HRV and blood pressure were recorded at …

Run Sprint Interval Training Perceived As Highly Enjoyable Despite High Session Rpe In Sedentary, Overweight/Obese Women, Taylor K. Wenos

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Purpose: The present study compared the effect of a 12-week run-sprint interval training (R-SIT) and moderate intensity training (MIT) on perceived enjoyment and exercise adherence in sedentary, overweight/obese women (n=15; age 25-45). Methods: Over 12-weeks, subjects in the R-SIT group progressed from 4 to 10 thirty second sprints each session, and the MIT group progressed from 30 to 60 minutes of continuous moderate intensity cardiovascular exercise. PACES, session RPE, intentions to modify activity behavior, attendance, VO2max, and body fat percentage were recorded in both groups. Results: There was a significant difference in session RPE between groups, and within the R-SIT …

An Exploration Of A Sport Club President’S Experience, Megan Lynn Flosdorf

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

This constructivist case study explored how sport club presidents at an institution describe their experience. Eleven sport club presidents, five females and six males, participated. They shared their experience through reflective journals and 30 minute semi-structured interviews. Document analysis was conducted for triangulation of the data. Four themes were constructed from the analysis: social competence, vocational competence, practical competence, and involvement. These findings suggest that leadership opportunities within sport club programs, through campus recreation, offer developmental experiences for students. Practical implications are given for sport club professionals and students interested in holding leadership positions.

Association Of Habitual Snoring With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness In Young Men, Sarah C. Jacoby

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Purpose: The primary aims of this study are to: 1) compare carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) of young males who are habitual snorers compared to those who do not snore; 2) to compare CIMT between snorers and non-snorers to the intima media thickness (IMT) of the brachial artery, the control, that is not exposed to the vibrations from snoring; and 3) to determine the risk for developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in snorers compared to non-snorers through the use of validated questionnaires. Methods: Subjects were classified as snorers (n=17) or non-snorers (n=6) according to the prescreening questionnaire. Height, weight, neck …

The Ergogenic Effects Of Glucose And Fructose Coingestion During Prolonged Cycling, Daniel A. Baur

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of glucose and fructose coingestion on cycling time trial performance and physiological responses to exercise. Eight trained male cyclists (age: 25 ± 6.2 yrs, height: 180.2 ± 4.3 cm, weight: 76.9 ± 9.2 kg, and VO2max: 61.9 ± 6.2 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) completed the study. Subjects ingested either an artificially-sweetened placebo (PL), a moderate-glucose beverage (MG: 1.0 g•min-1), a high-glucose beverage (HG: 1.5 g•min-1), or a glucose and fructose beverage (GF: 1.5 g•min-1; 2:1 ratio) during ~3 hrs of exercise; consisting of 2 hours of constant load cycling (55% Wmax, 195 ± …

Effects Of Carbohydrate + Protein Co-Ingestion During And Following Exercise On Cardiovascular Adaptations And Exercise Tolerance During Intensified Cycle Training, Justin Faller

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Introduction: This study investigated the effects of carbohydrate and protein (CHO+Pro) supplementation during intensified training on cardiovascular adaptations and cycling performance. Methods: Five cyclists (VO2peak = 62.6 ± 10.7 ml/kg/min) performed two 27-day training protocols while receiving either CHO or CHO+Pro supplements. The exercise protocols consisted of 7 days of normal training (NT), 10 days of intensified cycle training (ICT; 100% increase in average training duration versus NT), and 10 days of reduced volume training (RVT; reduction in training duration to 60% of NT). Performance was assessed by a 30-km time trial following 120 min of constant-load cycling and VO2peak …