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Articles 1 - 29 of 29
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
The Detection Of Putative Recessive Lethal Haplotypes In Irish Sheep Populations, Rory Mcauley
The Detection Of Putative Recessive Lethal Haplotypes In Irish Sheep Populations, Rory Mcauley
ORBioM (Open Research BioSciences Meeting)
In livestock populations, recessive lethal alleles are a known contributor to poor reproductive performance due to embryonic death in homozygous individuals. Despite their lethal effect in the recessive form, these alleles may be maintained at high frequencies among carrier animals because of their positive pleiotropic effects on economically important traits. Although several such recessive alleles have been identified in cattle and pig populations, limited studies have been completed in sheep, and none within Irish sheep populations. Genotype data for 69,034 animals from five major Irish sheep breeds genotyped on a variety of panels was available for this study. Only animals …
Genetic Characteristics Required In Dairy And Beef Cattle For Temperate Grazing Systems, F. Buckley, C. Holmes, M. G. Keane
Genetic Characteristics Required In Dairy And Beef Cattle For Temperate Grazing Systems, F. Buckley, C. Holmes, M. G. Keane
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Key points
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Only about 10% of the world’s milk is produced from grazing systems. Consequently the majority of dairy cattle have not been selected under grazing, nor on seasonal systems. This is not true for beef cattle, for which the majority, especially the dams, are managed under seasonal grazing systems.
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In grazing systems daily feed intake is limited to lower levels than are achievable on concentrate plus conserved forage rations. Consequently, cows most suited to grazing environments are likely to have a lower genetic potential for milk production than cows selected in high concentrate systems, to minimise their relative energy …
Investigation Of Neurotransmitter’S Knockdown Effect On Drosophila Melanogaster Female Aggression, Asil N. El Galad
Investigation Of Neurotransmitter’S Knockdown Effect On Drosophila Melanogaster Female Aggression, Asil N. El Galad
Undergraduate Student Research Internships Conference
Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) is a popular model organism in neurobiology. While aggression has been studied heavily in male drosophila, there's minimal research on aggression in female drosophila. Neurotransmitters influencing aggressive behaviour in female D. melanogaster are poorly understood. Various neurotransmitters such as dopamine, octopamine, and serotonin influence aggression in D. melanogaster Further investigation of the role of neurotransmitters on aggression is thus important. The purpose of our experiment is to observe the effect of the knockdown of dopamine, octopamine and glutamate on aggression in female D. melanogaster.
My Summer Working With Two-Spotted Spider Mites, Renée A. Smith
My Summer Working With Two-Spotted Spider Mites, Renée A. Smith
Undergraduate Student Research Internships Conference
Two-spotted spider mites are a polyphagous pest, capable of eating a magnitude of food crops which causes a large problem for Canadian agriculture. Their ability to consume various crops stems from their ability to adapt to various chemical defence mechanisms. This ability allows them to acquire resistance to many commonly used pesticides. This has resulted in large infections in Canadian farms with few options to prevent the pests from affecting crop yields. Take a look at my project if you'd like to see how the Grbic lab is working to combat this issue using genetic engineering techniques!
Rna-Interference As A Topical Pesticide, Eleanor Khochaba
Rna-Interference As A Topical Pesticide, Eleanor Khochaba
Undergraduate Student Research Internships Conference
Tetranychus urticae are a species of pests that are very problematic in agricultural environments, as they cause lots of damage to a wide variety of crops. One step in figuring out a solution to this problem is through the use of RNA interference. After synchronizing the spider mites, they are treated with the dsRNA solution. The dsRNA is cleavage inside the mite, and the siRNA fragments then bind to a target gene in hopes of homologous sequence recognition leading to knockout/deregulation of the target gene. After treatment, the mites are observed for multiple variables, primarily fecundity and survival. If a …
Clearing The Air Between Methane And Commercial Beef Cattle In Ireland, Clodagh V. Ryan
Clearing The Air Between Methane And Commercial Beef Cattle In Ireland, Clodagh V. Ryan
ORBioM (Open Research BioSciences Meeting)
Background
Rumen methanogenesis is the single most significant source of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions. This research aimed to analyse CH4 data recorded by GreenFeed systems by assessing the repeatability of such phenotypic measures, estimating the heritability of CH4, and generating CH4 estimated breeding values (EBVs) for inclusion in the national breeding index.
Methods
CH4 measurements were recorded on 979 cattle for 20 to 83 days using GreenFeed machines, resulting in 211,136 individual CH4 observations. The phenotypic repeatability of CH4 was estimated for six different averaging periods using a linear mixed …
Genetic Diversity In Helianthus Annuus: Selective Breeding And Induced Mutagenesis, Dillon Holton
Genetic Diversity In Helianthus Annuus: Selective Breeding And Induced Mutagenesis, Dillon Holton
Thinking Matters Symposium
H. annuus, more commonly known as the sunflower, is a single species that has many different variations. Traits have been selectively bred for hundreds of years in order to produce a beautiful flower as well as essential agricultural products. Recently interest in the sunflower as a food and fuel crop has led to selective breeding of seeds that produce high yields of sunflower oil. To further push the limits of this plant's genome, researchers have used mutagenesis to force mutations in hopes of developing novel modifications that could increase yield. With the entire genome mapped, the goal for many research …
Phenotype Characterization Of Sas-7(Or1945) C. Elegans, Chase Reinert
Phenotype Characterization Of Sas-7(Or1945) C. Elegans, Chase Reinert
Student Symposium
The ability to form a bipolar spindle is crucial for accurate cell division. In the nematode C. elegans several genes have been described with roles in spindle assembly including sas-7. The centriole is a key organizer of mitotic spindles. The sas-7 protein is a centriole component that regulates centriole duplication, elongation, and assembly. To date, most work on sas-7 was using a conditional non-null allele. In this study, phenotypes associated with the loss-of-function sas-7(or1945) null allele were characterized. Homozygous sas-7(or1945) hermaphrodites have reduced brood sizes with no viable embryos compared to wild-type and heterozygotes. When they do produce embryos, they …
Dairy Cattle Genetics By Environment Interaction Mismatch Contributes To Poor Mitigation And Adaptation Of Grazing Systems To Climate Change Actions In The Peruvian High Andes: A Review, V. M. Velez Marroquin, J. Manhire, R. Garcia Ticllacuri, J. L. Bernal Madrid, C. S. Pinares-Patino
Dairy Cattle Genetics By Environment Interaction Mismatch Contributes To Poor Mitigation And Adaptation Of Grazing Systems To Climate Change Actions In The Peruvian High Andes: A Review, V. M. Velez Marroquin, J. Manhire, R. Garcia Ticllacuri, J. L. Bernal Madrid, C. S. Pinares-Patino
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
The high Andes of Peru includes fragile ecosystems. Nevertheless, it plays important ecosystem functions (e.g., biodiversity, water supply for the lowlands, CO2 sinks in soil, etc). More than 80% of the livestock population of Peru is farmed in this area, supporting the livelihood of approximately 1’400,000 poor families, who are vulnerable to climate change (CC). Climate change in the high Andes is occurring at accelerated rates, compared to lowlands regions. Prevalent factors in the high Andes, such as hypoxia, high UV radiation, climatic extremes, large variation between maximum and minimum temperatures, seasonality in rainfall (determining highly seasonal forage growth) …
Achievements And Perspectives In The Breeding Of Tropical Grasses And Legumes, John W. Miles
Achievements And Perspectives In The Breeding Of Tropical Grasses And Legumes, John W. Miles
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Pasture and forage plant breeding is complicated by the perennial nature of the plants, the diversity of environments in which improved cultivars will be used, and the complex criteria of merit involved, criteria that necessarily include some measure of impact on the efficiency of animal production. While pasture plant breeding in the temperate zone is a demonstrably productive activity, the record of success for the tropical species -- "success" measured by release and adoption of bred cultivars -- is less convincing, in spite of four decades of activity in numerous public sector breeding programs and a large published literature. The …
Alfalfa, J. H. Bouton
Alfalfa, J. H. Bouton
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Cultivated alfalfa or lucerne (Medicago sativa spp. sativa) is the most important forage legume in the world with approximately 32 million hectares cultivated mainly in the temperate regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres. Intensive research has been conducted on the management and physiology of the crop and a major seed industry has developed world wide. Since insect and disease pests are numerous in alfalfa, development of cultivars with the proper fall dormancy and a broad genetic base for pest resistance has been pursued in order to provide increased adaptation, persistence, and yield. There has been a …
Changes In Gene Sequence That Cause Discordances Involving Disease In Monozygotic Twins, Kacie Jacques
Changes In Gene Sequence That Cause Discordances Involving Disease In Monozygotic Twins, Kacie Jacques
Thinking Matters Symposium
Identical twins or, monozygotic twins, occur when the egg in a mother is fertilized, but one zygote divides into two separate embryos. Monozygotic twins are considered to be genetically identical, but most twins often display discordances, some involving diseases or disorders. Some of these differences are due to environmental factors. For example, one twin may have diabetes due to diet. Recent literature has shown that some differences in monozygotic twins may be due to changes in gene sequence, as opposed to random, environmental or epigenetic factors. Identical twins from pedigrees with familial disease often show discordances. When looking at schizophrenia …
The Evolution Of Mimicry; The Doublesex Gene, Aisha Hill
The Evolution Of Mimicry; The Doublesex Gene, Aisha Hill
Thinking Matters Symposium
Many butterfly species use mimicry in order to increase their chance of survival. In Batesian mimicry, non toxic butterflies mimic the wing patterns, colors, and shapes of another species that is toxic to predators. Swallowtail butterflies (Papilio polytes) are well-known Batesian mimics, and also display sexual dimorphism with distinct differences between the sexes. Sex limited mimicry is common. The female butterfly may mimic an inedible red-bodied swallowtail, such as the common rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae), or she may be non-mimetic. The male butterfly is non-mimetic. This is a review of recent research into the origin and evolution …
Understanding The Genetics Of Schizophrenia, Matthew Toohey
Understanding The Genetics Of Schizophrenia, Matthew Toohey
Thinking Matters Symposium
Schizophrenia has been considered heritable for a long time, but only with the advent of new technologies such as whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide association studies can we begin to identify specific molecular causes of schizophrenia. This poster will review some of the genetic variants that research groups have associated with schizophrenia. Current research has indicated that schizophrenia is a polygenic disease and has been linked to many genes. Some of these common risk variants are in protein coding sections of the DNA. These proteins are often linked to neurological development or immune system function. Other variants that have been associated …
Importance Of Understanding Genetic Predisposition, Andrew Carter
Importance Of Understanding Genetic Predisposition, Andrew Carter
Thinking Matters Symposium
Hypersensitivity reactions can be sudden and are often fatal. Many of these reactions occur as a result of allergies to prescribed medication. Adverse drug reactions or (ADR’s) were show in a recent study to affect over 6% of hospitalized patients and resulted in over 100,000 deaths a year in the US alone. This poster will review the importance of understanding genetic predisposition, through articles about possible genetic causes of allergies to penicillin and other beta-lactams. Changes in a specific HLA gene located on chromosome 6 showed a correlation to penicillin reactions in over 600,000 participants. Another study found a conclusive …
Using Active Learning To Build A Foundation For Bioinformatics Training., Stacey E. Wahl Ph.D., Amy L. Olex Ms
Using Active Learning To Build A Foundation For Bioinformatics Training., Stacey E. Wahl Ph.D., Amy L. Olex Ms
Transforming Libraries for Graduate Students
As Health Sciences Libraries evolve, the support they offer graduate students has evolved to incorporate many aspects of the research life cycle. At Tompkins-McCaw Library for the Health Sciences, we have partnered with the Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research to offer training workshops for graduate students who are interested in using bioinformatics to plan, analyze, or execute scientific experiments. We offer two series: 1) an 8-week, 1-hour per week seminar series providing a general overview of available techniques and 2) a week-long intensive, two hours per session, series on utilizing free databases from the National Center for Biotechnology …
Genetic Sequencing For Measuring Biodiversity In Recent And Ancient Marine Sediments, Lauren Judge
Genetic Sequencing For Measuring Biodiversity In Recent And Ancient Marine Sediments, Lauren Judge
Celebration of Learning
Taxonomic biodiversity, measured by counting the number of species present in a given area, is the most common method of capturing ecosystem biodiversity in recent and ancient environments. While this method is widely accepted, it is limited by poor preservation and identification of many individuals, making it impossible to include every species within an ecosystem and resulting in the loss of some diversity information. To address this issue, we measured the genetic biodiversity (in which species are determined based on sequencing of their DNA) of shallow marine ecosystems by extracting and sequencing the 18S ribosomal gene from bulk carbonate sediment …
Effects Of Evolution On Laboratory Sublines Of Myxococcus Xanthus Dk1622, Mackenzie Ryan, Francesca Scribano, Kimberly Murphy
Effects Of Evolution On Laboratory Sublines Of Myxococcus Xanthus Dk1622, Mackenzie Ryan, Francesca Scribano, Kimberly Murphy
Celebration of Learning
Microbes have served as effective models for studying evolution because of their ability to be easily replicated, stored, and manipulated. Myxococcus xanthus is a soil bacterium that has served as a model organism in many laboratories. The unique social and motile behaviors exhibited by this bacterium make it ideal for phenotypic assays. A wild-type strain of M. xanthus, DK1622, has been distributed to laboratories across the United States and therefore we now have DK1622 sublines. The genomes of a number of these sublines have been sequenced and their social and motile phenotypes have been analyzed. When nine of these sublines …
Genome Analysis Of Multiple Mycobacteriophage, Emily Kerstiens, Kari Clase, Yi Li, Gillian Smith, Sarah Bell
Genome Analysis Of Multiple Mycobacteriophage, Emily Kerstiens, Kari Clase, Yi Li, Gillian Smith, Sarah Bell
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Bacteriophage are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. They can be used as treatments for antibiotic resistant bacterial infections, but more knowledge is needed about phage and how they interact with bacteria in order to develop safe and effective phage therapy treatments. This study examines the genomes of eighteen mycobacteriophage that were isolated from the environment on and surrounding Purdue University. Phage genomes were annotated using several bioinformatics software, including DNA Master, GeneMark, and PECAAN. Evidence was examined to determine the correct location within the genome and the potential function. Approximately two thousand genes were annotated in this study. A …
The Role Of Reproductive Timing As A Driver Of Genetic Differentiation In Populations Of Pacific Herring, Eleni L. Petrou, Todd Sandell, Dayv Lowry, Lorenz Hauser
The Role Of Reproductive Timing As A Driver Of Genetic Differentiation In Populations Of Pacific Herring, Eleni L. Petrou, Todd Sandell, Dayv Lowry, Lorenz Hauser
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
There is growing recognition that maintaining diversity in life history traits contributes to the sustainable management of wild populations. One important life history characteristic is reproductive phenology, and it has been shown that differences in the timing of reproduction can act as a barrier to gene flow between populations. If the difference in reproductive timing determines the level of connectivity, one would expect that genetic differentiation between populations would increase as a function of difference in reproductive date. This pattern, known as “isolation by time” (IBT), has been observed in wild populations of salmonids containing early and late runs. Pacific …
Establishing A Lung Model For Evaluation Of Engineered Lung Microbiome Therapies, Kathryn F. Atherton, Stephen Miloro, Jenna Rickus
Establishing A Lung Model For Evaluation Of Engineered Lung Microbiome Therapies, Kathryn F. Atherton, Stephen Miloro, Jenna Rickus
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
Benzene, a toxin and carcinogen found in air polluted by cigarette smoke, car exhaust, and industrial processes, is associated with the development of leukemia and lymphoma. Other than avoiding exposure, there is no current method to deter the effects of benzene. One potential strategy to prevent these effects is to engineer the bacteria of the human lung microbiome to degrade benzene. To evaluate this novel approach, we must verify that the bacteria remain viable within the lung microenvironment. To do so, lungs were harvested from rats and swabbed to determine the contents of the original lung microbiome. Then green fluorescent …
Software Development For Genome Sequence Analysis, David Farr
Software Development For Genome Sequence Analysis, David Farr
Symposium Of University Research and Creative Expression (SOURCE)
The cost of genome sequencing has decreased rapidly, expanding availability for many biological applications (Muir 2016). For example, researchers can now obtain genome sequences from multiple populations under different types of selection. Comparison of these sequences allows for identification of chromosome regions and specific genes associated with adaptive evolution (Kelly 2013). As an increasing number of researchers engage in this type of inquiry, many have created in-house computer scripts to analyze the raw sequence data (e.g., Kelly 2013), creating a gap in both continuity and standardization.
Using a test dataset and preliminary results from an ongoing artificial selection experiment in …
Regulation Of Ampa-Type Glutamate Receptor Homolog Glr-1 By Erad Ubiquitin Ligases In C. Elegans, Sam Witus
Regulation Of Ampa-Type Glutamate Receptor Homolog Glr-1 By Erad Ubiquitin Ligases In C. Elegans, Sam Witus
Scholars Week
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) maintains cellular health by removing misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ERAD is ubiquitin-dependent, and ubiquitination of target proteins can be catalyzed by ER-resident E3 ubiquitin ligases. In C. elegans, genes for three putative ERAD E3 ubiquitin ligases have been identified: hrd-1, hrdl-1, and marc-6 (HRD-1, GP78/AMFR, and MARCH-6 in mammalian systems). In C. elegans, these three genes cooperate to maintain the overall health of animals during ER stress. We are testing the roles of hrd-1, hrdl-1, and marc-6 in the neurons of C. elegans. GLR-1 is a glutamate receptor that is expressed in a …
Regulation Of The Ampa Glutamate Receptor Homolog Glr-1 At The Endoplasmic Reticulum In C. Elegans., Sam Witus, Lina Dahlberg
Regulation Of The Ampa Glutamate Receptor Homolog Glr-1 At The Endoplasmic Reticulum In C. Elegans., Sam Witus, Lina Dahlberg
Scholars Week
In C. elegans, the glutamate receptor GLR-1 functions in the nervous system to decode environmental stimuli and sensory experiences, and to regulate locomotion and the formation of long-term memory. C. elegans GLR-1 is homologous to mammalian glutamate receptors, and we can use this simple organism as a system to better understand the life cycle of human receptors (1). Because GLR-1 is a membrane protein, it is first assembled in the interior of a neuron, and then it is transported to the membrane at the surface of the cell so that it can receive chemical signals (glutamate) from the environment. Currently, …
Impact Of Market Forces On Product Quality And Grassland Condition, David L. Michalk, Jianping Wu, Warwick B. Badgery, David R. Kemp
Impact Of Market Forces On Product Quality And Grassland Condition, David L. Michalk, Jianping Wu, Warwick B. Badgery, David R. Kemp
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Meeting demands for livestock products which are predicted to more than double during the next 20 years, is central to the challenge of feeding the world sustainably. Smallholders will play a key role in achieving global security in animal protein. However, this requires a shift from subsistence to market-oriented farming where production efficiency not the number of livestock is the key focus with the aim of producing ‘more from less’. For grassland-based ruminant production, reducing stocking rate from current unsustainable levels under subsistence management is an essential first step to producing more production and profit from fewer animals. This is …
Recent Trends In Breeding Of Tropical Grass And Forage Species, J. S. Sandhu, Dinesh Kumar, Vijay Kumar Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, Auji Radhakrishna
Recent Trends In Breeding Of Tropical Grass And Forage Species, J. S. Sandhu, Dinesh Kumar, Vijay Kumar Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, Auji Radhakrishna
IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)
Germplasm enrichment in major tropical grasses and their characterization for emerging environmental challenges have been major focussed area in the recent past. Breeding efforts in tropical grasses are still limited to few selected species viz. Panicum spp, Cenchrus spp, Pennisetum spp and Bracharia spp and all other grasses use of land races for varietal development through selection have been major source of improvement. The pace of breeding efforts in the tropical grasses have been slowed because of many inherent characteristics viz. apomixis, poor seed set, high photo and thermo sensitivity often creating problem in designing and implementing an effective breeding …
Does Baylisascaris Procyonis Impact Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Genetics?, Matthew E. Ingle, Stephen G. Dunbar, Jaynee L. Bartsch, Kyle J. Culbertson, Taylor A. Fulton, Katherine R. Guffey, Aubrey J. Juris, Ashlie N. Nolan, Daniel P. Nordquist, Carrie E. Rowlands, Joshua A. Sitler
Does Baylisascaris Procyonis Impact Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Genetics?, Matthew E. Ingle, Stephen G. Dunbar, Jaynee L. Bartsch, Kyle J. Culbertson, Taylor A. Fulton, Katherine R. Guffey, Aubrey J. Juris, Ashlie N. Nolan, Daniel P. Nordquist, Carrie E. Rowlands, Joshua A. Sitler
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are the final host for raccoon roundworms (Baylisascaris procyonis). Raccoon roundworm is the leading cause of a dangerous neurological disease, known as larva migrans encephalopathy. Phylogenetic trees illustrate co-evolutionary events between species living in a symbiotic relationship with each other. Throughout the coevolution of host and parasite, many aspects of a population affect the way the members interact with one another and with symbiotic species. In order to evaluate the relationship between host and parasite in regards to diet, we isolated DNA from intestinal wall tissue, amplified a portion of exon 2 from …
Does Baylisascaris Procyonis Phylogeny Correlate With That Of The Raccoon (Procyon Lotor), Matthew E. Ingle, Stephen G. Dunbar, Jaynee L. Bartsch, Kyle J. Culbertson, Taylor A. Fulton, Katherine R. Guffey, Aubrey J. Juris, Ashlie N. Nolan, Daniel P. Nordquist, Carrie E. Rowlands, Joshua A. Sitler
Does Baylisascaris Procyonis Phylogeny Correlate With That Of The Raccoon (Procyon Lotor), Matthew E. Ingle, Stephen G. Dunbar, Jaynee L. Bartsch, Kyle J. Culbertson, Taylor A. Fulton, Katherine R. Guffey, Aubrey J. Juris, Ashlie N. Nolan, Daniel P. Nordquist, Carrie E. Rowlands, Joshua A. Sitler
The Research and Scholarship Symposium (2013-2019)
Baylisacaris procyonis, commonly known as the raccoon roundworm, is a parasite that inhabits the small intestine of the North American raccoon (Procyon lotor). Although humans do not typically become the definitive host, humans can become infected through handling soil containing eggs. B. procyonis can induce serious health complications in cases of human infection, including degenerative retinal and behavioral changes, coma, and even death. High prevalence of B. procyonis in a raccoon population increases the probability of transference to human hosts. In our study, we analyzed the genetic structure of B. procyonis harvested from raccoons of southwestern Ohio, …
Identification Of Set1 Target Genes, William Beyer, Scott D. Briggs
Identification Of Set1 Target Genes, William Beyer, Scott D. Briggs
The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium
The Set1 complex, a histone methyltransferase complex found in S. cerevisiae (budding yeast), is the only histone methyltransferase responsible for catalyzing methylation of histone H3 at Lysine 4. It possesses homologues in other species, humans included. While yeast only have the Set1 complex, the human homologues of the yeast Set1 complex include mixed-lineage leukemia family (MLL1-4), Set1 A, Set1 B, among others. MLL1-4 has been shown to play a role in transcription, cell type specification, and the development of leukemia. One application of characterizing the role of a protein is that the information gained can provide insight into the function …