Life Sciences Commons^™

Ec86-1548 Common Insect Pests Of Trees In The Great Plains, Mary Ellen Dix, Judith E. Pasek, Mark O. Harrell, Frederick P. Baxendale

Judith E Pasek

This publication was developed by entomologists on the Pest Management Task Force of the Great Plains Agricultural Council Forestry Committee to provide the public and professionals with information needed to identify and manage common insect pests of trees in the Great Plains. It is designed for those with no formal training in entomology and is not intended to summarize everything known about a particular insect.

Potential Effect Of Anoplophora Glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) On Urban Trees In The United States, David Nowak, Judith Pasek, Ronaldo Sequeira, Daniel Crane, Victor Mastro

Judith E Pasek

Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, a wood borer native to Asia, was recently found in New York City and Chicago. In an attempt to eradicate these beetle populations, thousands of infested city trees have been removed. Field data from nine U.S. cities and national tree cover data were used to estimate the potential effects of A. glabripennis on urban resources through time. For the cities analyzed, the potential tree resources at risk to A. glabripennis attack based on host preferences, ranges from 12 to 61% of the city tree population, with an estimated value of $72 million-$2.3 billion per city. The corresponding …

Pest Risk Assessment For Importation Of Solid Wood Packing Materials Into The United States, Judith E. Pasek, Harold H. Burdsall Jr, Joseph F. Cavey, Andris Eglitis, Robert A. Haack, Dennis A. Haugen, Michael I. Haverty, Charles S. Hodges, Daniel R. Kucera, John D. Lattin, William J. Mattson, David J. Nowak, Joseph G. O'Brien, Richard L. Orr, Ronaldo A. Sequeira, Eugene B. Smalley, Borys M. Tkaxz, William E. Wallner

Judith E Pasek

A wide variety of exotic tree pests can readily be transported into the United States on untreated wooden pallets, crating, bracing, and other solid wood packing materials (SWPM). Recent introductions of forest pests associated with importation of SWPM demonstrate that current United States import regulations are inadequate to exclude such pests. Nearly all (97 percent) of the quarantine-significant tree pests found by port inspectors are associated with SWPM. In spite of current bark-free import requirements, about 9 percent of maritime shipments contain bark, which provides habitat for numerous organisms. A pest risk assessment was conducted for the SWPM pathway to …

Pine Shoot Beetle (Tomicus Piniperda (L.)): Pest-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment For Likelihood And Consequences Of Spread Within The Continental United States, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

This pest risk assessment for pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), was conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (USDA-APHIS, PPQ). A need to reevaluate the appropriateness of current quarantine and compliance management regulations pertaining to the Lake States and northeastern United States was identified considering the high program costs and impacts to affected industries and growers. Questions central to this issue include predictions of what levels of damage or impact might be expected should the pine shoot beetle (PSB) spread to other regions of the United States, and …

Khapra Beetle (Trogoderma Granarium Everts): Pest-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment, Judith Pasek

Judith E Pasek

This pest risk assessment was conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (USDA, APHIS, PPQ). It was initiated in response to a need identified during an agency Program Review for khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts; Coleoptera: Dermestidae), which was requested during the November 1997 meeting of the Plant Protection and Quarantine Strategy Team (PPQST) and the National Plant Board Council. This assessment addresses the likelihood of khapra beetle becoming established in the United States, the economic consequences of khapra beetle infestation in the US, and available information regarding pathways, …

Emergence And Overwintering Brood Of Douglas-Fir Beetle Eight Years After The Clover Mist Fire On The Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Kurt K. Allen

Judith E Pasek

The Douglas-fir beetle outbreak on the Shoshone National Forest is evaluated for the eighth consecutive year. Adult emergence in 1996 showed a single peak. Overwintering brood in 1996 were used to predict population levels for 1997. Brood levels declined from 1995 but 81% of the overwintering brood are adults. Damage levels (number of trees killed) was at its lowest point in the last 7 years, a 4.5 fold decline from 1995. Brood counts indicate a steady or slight increase in beetle populations; however, in most areas suitable host trees are becoming scarce.

Management alternatives include salvage and sanitation, tree baiting, …

Emergence And Overwintering Brood Of Douglas-Fir Beetle Seven Years After The Clover Mist Fire On The Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Emergence patterns and population levels of Douglas-fir beetles (DFB), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, in the seventh year of infestation following the Clover Mist Fire were evaluated on the Clarks Fork Ranger District of the Shoshone National Forest. Adult emergence in 1995 returned to a single peak beginning in mid-June, about a week later than normal likely due to cold, wet spring weather. Adults of both the '93-'94 and '94-'95 generations emerged, demonstrating for the second year in a row that DFB can extend its life cycle up to two years. Almost half of the total emergence of the '93-'94 generation was …

Emergence And Overwintering Brood Of Douglas-Fir Beetle Six Years After The Clover Mist Fire On The Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Judith E. Pasek, Willis C. Schaupp Jr

Judith E Pasek

Two emergence peaks were evident for adult Douglas-fir beetles (DFB), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, collected from caged brood trees in 1994. The June peak resembled emergence patterns observed in previous years; however, an August peak was detected for the first time since monitoring of the outbreak began. The second peak likely resulted from delayed development of brood of the '93-'94 generation that largely overwintered as larvae. A portion of the '92-'93 generation also emerged in 1994, confirming that DFB can extend its life cycle to two years under certain conditions. The '93-'94 generation apparently also has developed an extended life cycle, …

Emergence And Overwintering Brood Of Douglas-Fir Beetle Five Years After The Clover Mist Fire On The Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Willis C. Schaupp Jr, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

The emergence of adult Douglas-fir beetles (DFB), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, from caged brood trees in 1993, occurred from May to September, with a peak in mid- to late June. The 1993 emergence pattern is very similar to that observed in 1990 and 1992. In late fall 1993, live DFB adults were found under the bark of trees from which emergence was presumed to have been complete, because the trees had been attacked during summer of 1992. For the '92-'93 DFB generation, emerging adults were far fewer than overwintering brood, suggesting poor winter survival and/or a shift to a 2-year life …

Rocky Mountain Region Aerial Survey Program, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Summary of a presentation given at the 1994 Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop.

Emergence And Overwintering Brood Of Douglas-Fir Beetle Four Years After The Clover Mist Fire On The Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Willis Schaupp, Jr

Judith E Pasek

The emergence of adult Douglas-fir beetles (DFB), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, from their brood trees in 1992 occurred throughout the summer months with a peak in early July, suggesting that there is one annual flight of new adults in this area. A similar density of DFB emerged from trees as overwintered within them, suggesting excellent winter survival. Females comprised 57% of the adults collected. Emergence patterns were similar for both sexes.

Overwintering brood densities of the '92-'93 Douglas-fir beetle generation averaged 29.6 per 36 sq. in. bark sample in November 1992. Brood densities were far higher than 1991 levels. Atypical for …

Mountain Pine Beetle Emergence From Infested Logs During Hauling, W. Schaupp, J. Pasek, J. Schmid, S. Mata, C. Lister

Judith E Pasek

Trends In Overwintering Egg Populations Of A Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion Autumnalis, On Ponderosa Pine Sampled In January And December 1991 Near Ft. Meade In South Dakota, Judith E. Pasek, Willis C. Schaupp Jr

Judith E Pasek

In 1990 and 1991, a number of outbreaks of the pine sawfly, Neodiprion autumnalis, were reported in western South Dakota and eastern Wyoming. Near Ft. Meade in South Dakota, defoliation in 1990 was heavy at the center of the infestation and decreased to light defoliation at a distance of 1 mile from the center. Defoliation at the same location in 1991 appeared to range from heavy to moderate.

Three sites near Ft. Meade that were sampled in January 1991 were resurveyed in December 1991 to assess changes in overwintering egg populations and degree of defoliation and to determine the potential …

Populations Of Douglas-Fir Beetle In Green Trees Three Years After The Clover Mist Fire On The Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Judith Pasek, Willis Schaupp

Judith E Pasek

Brood densities of Douglas-fir beetle (DFB), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, in green trees adjoining areas burned by the 1988 Clover Mist Fire varied by site, but averaged 8 per 36 sq. in. for bark samples at all sites examined during November 1991. Brood densities were much reduced from 1990 levels, but were similar to densities found in blackened trees in fall 1989. The reduction from 1990 levels was attributed to heavy winter mortality of brood caused by prolonged extreme cold temperatures. Most brood in fall 1991 samples was present in the callow adult stage, similar to 1989 samples, and in contrast …

Status And Trends Of Mountain Pine Beetle Populations In The Bear Mountain And White House Gulch Areas On The Harney Ranger District, Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota, Judith E. Pasek, Willis C. Schaupp Jr

Judith E Pasek

Increasing and epidemic populations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were detected and evaluated in the southcentral Black Hills. Mortality of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., in the area increased each year since 1988 and was six times greater in 1991 than in 1989. Survey results indicate an average of 29 trees killed per acre by this bark beetle from 1989 through 1991 in the Bearhouse project area. Infestation is especially concentrated in the Bear Mountain Basin area, where between 27 and 103 trees per acre have been killed, and a large beetle population …

Incorporating Pest Information Into Forest Planning: Personal Experience From The Black Hills, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Paper presented at the 40th Annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference.

Sampling Windbreaks For Borers And Defoliators, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Development of sampling methods to detect, assess, and study insect populations in windbreaks depends upon knowledge of insect life cycles, habits, and distributions, habitat characteristics, and sampling objectives. Techniques ranging from detection surveys to population estimates have been developed for cankerworms, pine tip moths, carpenterworms, and lilac borers.

Populations Of Douglas-Fir Beetle In Scorched And Green Trees 2 Years Following The Clover Mist Fire On The Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

In 1990, Douglas-fir beetle (DFB), Dedroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins spread from Douglas-firs blackened by the 1988 Clover Mist Fire to partially scorched and green trees on the Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest in northwestern Wyoming. Adult DFB began emerging in early May and peaked during June. Scorched trees were attacked first and green trees were selected generally after mid-June. A mean of 20 DFB emerged per 36 sq. in. of heavily-infested bark surface.

Total brood production in fall bark samples taken at 5-7 ft. was high, averaging 28 DFB per 36 sq. in., and represents a 1.5- to 2-fold …

Verbenone Bubble Caps Ineffective As A Preventive Strategy Against Mountain Pine Beetle Attacks In Ponderosa Pine, C. K. Lister, J. M. Schmid, S. A. Mata, D. Haneman, C. O'Neil, J. E. Pasek, L. Sower

Judith E Pasek

Verbenone capsules were stapled to trees in mountain pine beetle-infested stands of ponderosa pine at densities of 10, 20, 40, and 68 capsules per acre. Mean numbers of infested trees were not significantly different among treatments. Either the verbenone is not effective in repelling attacks or the formulation in the capsules needs to be modified to enhance its effectiveness. Verbenone capsules were not effective enough to be used in a preventive strategy.

Douglas-Fir Beetle Infestation Following The Clover Mist Fire On The Clarks Fork Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Judith Pasek

Judith E Pasek

In 1989, Douglas-fir beetle (DFB), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, was detected on the Clarks Fork Ranger District in large-diameter Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, trees blackened by the 1988 Clover Mist Fire. At Cathedral Cliffs and Squaw Creek, respectively, 22% and 32% of charred Douglas-firs greater than 10 in. DBH were infested; approximately 9 and 16 Douglas-fir trees per acre were infested, respectively. Although half the bark samples (6 in. by 6 in.) from infested trees contained no DFB brood, average brood production was high -- 9 and 7 callow adults per sample, respectively, at Cathedral Cliffs and Squaw Creek. Approximately …

Life History Of A Ponderosa Pine Coneworm, Dioryctria Auranticella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Judith E. Pasek, Mary Ellen Dix

Judith E Pasek

Dioryctria auranticella (Grote), a coneworm that infests ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex. P. Lawson and Lawson, and Austrian pine, P. nigra Arnold, in southeastern Nebraska is univoltine. Head capsule measurements indicate five instars. First instars apparently overwinter in hibernaculae. Second and third instars feed in male and female pine flowers during early May. Fourth and fifth instars tunnel in second-year cones for about 2-3 wk between mid-May and mid-June and often require two cones to complete development. Larvae pupate within cones during June, and adults are active from mid-June to late July. at 26C, eggs hatch in 6-9 d. …

Influence Of Wind And Windbreaks On Local Dispersal Of Insects, Judith Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Insect dispersal is affected by the wind and as a result, influenced by the presence of windbreaks. Wind reductions, microclimate modifications and vegetative diversity, influence insect distribution in sheltered areas.

Wingless insects and very small insects generally depend on air currents to carry them to new sites, but they tend to settle in areas with low windspeeds. It is often more advantageous for a flying insect to remain within its boundary layer where windspeeds are lower than the insect's flight speed. Flying insects tend to accumulate in areas of reduced windspeed where they have greater control of flight; however, distribution …

Insect Damage To Conelets, Second-Year Cones, And Seeds Of Ponderosa Pine In Southeastern Nebraska, Judith Pasek, Mary Dix

Judith E Pasek

Rhyacionia spp. and Retinia metallica (Busck) annually caused conelet losses of 8.2% and 5.4%, respectively. Abortion and disappearance of conelets caused by Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann or physiological dysfunction averaged 65.7% and were reduced by 13% when conelets were protected with screen cages. Survival of conelets averaged 19.5%. Of those remaining, 76.8% appeared healthy after the second growing season. Dioryctria spp. annually damaged an average of 14.2% of the second-year cones. Mean annual seed potentials ranged from 77.4 to 127.1 seeds per cone, but mean annual seed yields ranged from only 0.4 to 8.1 filled seeds per cone. Caging cones to …

Mountain Pine Beetle In Ponderosa Pine: Effects Of Phloem Thickness And Egg Gallery Density, Gene D. Amman, Judith E. Pasek

Judith E Pasek

Effects of phloem thickness in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) on mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) were determined in a laboratory study. Brood production, beetle size, sex ratio, and rate of emergence were significantly related to phloem thickness, egg gallery density, and attack density.

Larval Parasitism Of Psilocorsis Spp. (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), Leaftiers Of Central Missouri Oaks, J. Pasek, W. Kearby

Judith E Pasek

Larval parasitism of 3 Psilocorsis species in central Missouri forests averaged 22% for the years 1977-1979. Twenty-three species of parasitoids were reared in the laboratory from the larvae collected. Seventeen species emerged from P. reflexella Clemens, 14 from P. quercicella Clemens, and 10 from P. cryptolechiella (Chambers). The most abundant parasitoids were the braconids Apanteles n. sp., Agathis calcarata (Cresson), and A. cincta (Cresson); the eulophid Elachertus proteoteratis Howard; the ichneumonid Diadegma psilocorsis Walley; and the 3 closely related pteromalids, Perilampus fulvicornis Ashmead, P. prothoracicus Smulyan, and P. n. sp. Elachertus proteoteratis was reared only from P. reflexella. Twenty-three new …