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Articles 1231 - 1260 of 1387
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Nf03-571 Aspergillus Flavus And Aflatoxins In Corn, Jim Stack, Michael Carlson
Nf03-571 Aspergillus Flavus And Aflatoxins In Corn, Jim Stack, Michael Carlson
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
The severe weather conditions of the 2002 growing season resulted in an increase in the incidence and severity of aflatoxin contamination of both food grade and feed grade corn in Nebraska.
The mycotoxin called aflatoxin is produced by the grain mold Aspergillus flavus. Not all isolates of A. flavus produced aflatoxin and isolates that are capable of producing aflatoxin do not always synthesize the toxin. Many factors including environmental conditions and host suscepbitility, determine the incidence and severity of grain mold and subsequent mycotoxin contamination.
This NebFact discusses the cause and occurrence of aflatoxin in corn; the effects it has …
Nf03-570 Fumonisins In Corn, Jim Stack, Michael Carlson
Nf03-570 Fumonisins In Corn, Jim Stack, Michael Carlson
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
During the past two years, millers have rejected some Nebraska food grade corn because it was contaminated with the mycotoxin fumonisin. Most of the contaminated samples and the highest levels of contamination were detected in corn from counties in the eastern half of Nebraska.
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the grain molds Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. These fungi are commonly found in corn throughout the United States.
This NebFact discusses the cause and occurrence of fumonisin in corn; the effects it has on plants, animals and humans; and management options to minimize fumonisin contamination.
G03-1501 Prudent Use Of Antibiotics In Companion Animals, Katherine Irwin, David R. Smith, Grasso M. Ebako, Steve Ensley, Dicky D. Griffin, Arden Wohlers
G03-1501 Prudent Use Of Antibiotics In Companion Animals, Katherine Irwin, David R. Smith, Grasso M. Ebako, Steve Ensley, Dicky D. Griffin, Arden Wohlers
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
This NebGuide explains why antibiotics must be used with care and how to prudently use antibiotics to treat companion animals.
Antibiotics are used to improve animal health and performance. You, as the animal owner or caregiver, make important decisions about how antibiotics are finally used in companion animals. Antibiotics should be used prudently to ensure they are effective and will continue to benefit man and animals in the future. Are you prepared to make the best decisions about using antibiotics in animals?
Ccr4-Bearing T Cells Participate In Autoimmune Diabetes., Soon H. Kim, Mary M. Cleary, Howard S. Fox, Icos Coporation, Nora Sarvetnick
Ccr4-Bearing T Cells Participate In Autoimmune Diabetes., Soon H. Kim, Mary M. Cleary, Howard S. Fox, Icos Coporation, Nora Sarvetnick
Journal Articles: Regenerative Medicine
Chemokine receptor expression is exquisitely regulated on T cell subsets during the course of their migration to inflammatory sites. In the present study we demonstrate that CCR4 expression marks a pathogenic population of autoimmune T cells. CCR4 was found exclusively on memory CD4(+) T cells during the progression of disease in NOD mice. Cells expressing the CCR4 ligand TARC (thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine) were detected within infiltrated islets from prediabetic mice. Interestingly, neutralization of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) with Ab caused a significant reduction of CCR4-positive T cells within the pancreatic infiltrates and inhibited the development of insulitis and diabetes. Furthermore, …
The Cd154/Cd40 Interaction Required For Retrovirus-Induced Murine Immunodeficiency Syndrome Is Not Mediated By Upregulation Of The Cd80/Cd86 Costimulatory Molecules, Kathy A. Green, W. James Cook, Arlene H. Sharpe, William R. Green
The Cd154/Cd40 Interaction Required For Retrovirus-Induced Murine Immunodeficiency Syndrome Is Not Mediated By Upregulation Of The Cd80/Cd86 Costimulatory Molecules, Kathy A. Green, W. James Cook, Arlene H. Sharpe, William R. Green
Dartmouth Scholarship
C57BL/6 (B6) mice infected with LP-BM5 retroviruses develop disease, including an immunodeficiency similar to AIDS. This disease, murine AIDS (MAIDS), is inhibited by in vivo anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody treatment. The similar levels of insusceptibility of CD40−/− and CD154−/− B6 mice indicate that CD154/CD40 molecular interactions are required for MAIDS. CD4+ T and B cells, respectively, provide the CD154 and CD40 expression needed for MAIDS induction. Here, the required CD154/CD40 interaction is shown to be independent of CD80 and CD86 expression: CD80/CD86−/− B6 mice develop MAIDS after LP-BM5 infection.
Gag Proteins Of The Two Drosophila Telomeric Retrotransposons Are Targeted To Chromosome Ends, Svetlana Rashkova, Sarah E. Karam, Rebecca Kellum, Mary-Lou Pardue
Gag Proteins Of The Two Drosophila Telomeric Retrotransposons Are Targeted To Chromosome Ends, Svetlana Rashkova, Sarah E. Karam, Rebecca Kellum, Mary-Lou Pardue
Biology Faculty Publications
Drosophila telomeres are formed by two non-LTR retrotransposons, HeT-A and TART, which transpose only to chromosome ends. Successive transpositions of these telomeric elements yield arrays that are functionally equivalent to the arrays generated by telomerase in other organisms. In contrast, other Drosophila non-LTR retrotransposons transpose widely through gene-rich regions, but not to ends. The two telomeric elements encode very similar Gag proteins, suggesting that Gag may be involved in their unique targeting to chromosome ends. To test the intrinsic potential of these Gag proteins for targeting, we tagged the coding sequences with sequence of GFP and expressed the constructs …
Mad2 And Bubr1 Function In A Single Checkpoint Pathway That Responds To A Loss Of Tension, Katie Shannon, Julie C. Canman, Edward D. Salmon
Mad2 And Bubr1 Function In A Single Checkpoint Pathway That Responds To A Loss Of Tension, Katie Shannon, Julie C. Canman, Edward D. Salmon
Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works
The spindle checkpoint monitors microtubule attachment and tension at kinetochores to ensure proper chromosome segregation. Previously, PtK1 cells in hypothermic conditions (23°C) were shown to have a pronounced mitotic delay, despite having normal numbers of kinetochore microtubules. At 23°C, we found that PtK1 cells remained in metaphase for an average of 101 min, compared with 21 min for cells at 37°C. The metaphase delay at 23°C was abrogated by injection of Mad2 inhibitors, showing that Mad2 and the spindle checkpoint were responsible for the prolonged metaphase. Live cell imaging showed that kinetochore Mad2 became undetectable soon after chromosome congression. Measurements …
Meiotic Cohesion Requires Accumulation Of Ord On Chromosomes Before Condensation, Eric M. Balicky, Matthew W. Endres, Cary Lai, Sharon E. Bickel
Meiotic Cohesion Requires Accumulation Of Ord On Chromosomes Before Condensation, Eric M. Balicky, Matthew W. Endres, Cary Lai, Sharon E. Bickel
Dartmouth Scholarship
Cohesion between sister chromatids is a prerequisite for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. To allow chromosome condensation during prophase, the connections that hold sister chromatids together must be maintained but still permit extensive chromatin compaction. In Drosophila, null mutations in the orientation disruptor (ord) gene lead to meiotic nondisjunction in males and females because cohesion is absent by the time that sister kinetochores make stable microtubule attachments. We provide evidence that ORD is concentrated within the extrachromosomal domains of the nuclei ofDrosophila primary spermatocytes during early G2, but accumulates on the meiotic chromosomes by …
Regulation Of Flagellar Dynein By Calcium And A Role For An Axonemal Calmodulin And Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase, Elizabeth F. Smith
Regulation Of Flagellar Dynein By Calcium And A Role For An Axonemal Calmodulin And Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase, Elizabeth F. Smith
Dartmouth Scholarship
Ciliary and flagellar motility is regulated by changes in intraflagellar calcium. However, the molecular mechanism by which calcium controls motility is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that calcium regulates motility by controlling dynein-driven microtubule sliding and that the central pair and radial spokes are involved in this regulation. We isolated axonemes from Chlamydomonasmutants and measured microtubule sliding velocity in buffers containing 1 mM ATP and various concentrations of calcium. In buffers with pCa > 8, microtubule sliding velocity in axonemes lacking the central apparatus (pf18 and pf15) was reduced compared with that of wild-type axonemes. In contrast, at …
Searching For The Middle Ground: Mechanisms Of Chromosome Alignment During Mitosis, Tarun M. Kapoor, Duane A. Compton
Searching For The Middle Ground: Mechanisms Of Chromosome Alignment During Mitosis, Tarun M. Kapoor, Duane A. Compton
Dartmouth Scholarship
The contributions of key molecules predicted to align chromosomes at the center of the mitotic spindle have been recently examined. New results dictate that models for how chromosomes align during the early stages of mitosis must be revised to integrate properties of microtubule-based motor proteins as well as microtubule dynamics.
Analyses Of Diet And Geographic Variation In Leaf-Nosed Snakes, Phyllorhynchus, Stephanie A. Gardner
Analyses Of Diet And Geographic Variation In Leaf-Nosed Snakes, Phyllorhynchus, Stephanie A. Gardner
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023
This study revealed that P. decurtatus primarily eat squamate eggs, and that the diet of P. browni appears to consist entirely of squamate eggs; gecko tails constitute a very small proportion of the diet of P. decurtatus. Feeding in both species occurred throughout their active seasons and both species increased prey consumption in August. The sexes of P. browni, but not P. decurtatus showed different monthly feeding patterns. Desert-of-collection did not affect P. decurtatus monthly feeding patterns. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus collected from the Sonoran Desert and P. browni, which is found only in the Sonoran Desert, showed similar …
Ube1l Is A Retinoid Target That Triggers Pml/Rarα Degradation And Apoptosis In Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, Sutisak Kitareewan, Ian Pitha-Rowe, David Sekula, Christopher H. Lowrey, Michael J. Nemeth, Todd R. Golub, Sarah J. Freemantle, Ethan Dmitrovsky
Ube1l Is A Retinoid Target That Triggers Pml/Rarα Degradation And Apoptosis In Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, Sutisak Kitareewan, Ian Pitha-Rowe, David Sekula, Christopher H. Lowrey, Michael J. Nemeth, Todd R. Golub, Sarah J. Freemantle, Ethan Dmitrovsky
Dartmouth Scholarship
All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) treatment induces remissions in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cases expressing the t(15;17) product, promyelocytic leukemia (PML)/RA receptor α (RARα). Microarray analyses previously revealed induction of UBE1L (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1-like) after RA treatment of NB4 APL cells. We report here that this occurs within 3 h in RA-sensitive but not RA-resistant APL cells, implicating UBE1L as a direct retinoid target. A 1.3-kb fragment of the UBE1L promoter was capable of mediating transcriptional response to RA in a retinoid receptor-selective manner. PML/RARα, a repressor of RA target genes, abolished this UBE1L promoter activity. A hallmark of …
Presented Antigen From Damaged Pancreatic Beta Cells Activates Autoreactive T Cells In Virus-Mediated Autoimmune Diabetes., Marc S. Horwitz, Alex Ilic, Cody Fine, Enrique Rodriguez, Nora Sarvetnick
Presented Antigen From Damaged Pancreatic Beta Cells Activates Autoreactive T Cells In Virus-Mediated Autoimmune Diabetes., Marc S. Horwitz, Alex Ilic, Cody Fine, Enrique Rodriguez, Nora Sarvetnick
Journal Articles: Regenerative Medicine
The induction of autoimmunity by viruses has been attributed to numerous mechanisms. In mice, coxsackievirus B4 (CB4) induces insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) resembling the final step of disease progression in humans. The immune response following the viral insult clearly precipitates IDDM. However, the molecular pathway between viral infection and the subsequent activation of T cells specific for islet antigen has not been elucidated. These T cells could become activated through exposure to sequestered antigens released by damaged beta cells, or they could have responded to factors secreted by the inflammatory response itself. To distinguish between these possibilities, we treated mice …
A Middle Pleistocene Age And Biogeography For The Extinct Rodent Megalomys Curazensis From Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, Donald A. Mcfarlane, Joyce Lundberg
A Middle Pleistocene Age And Biogeography For The Extinct Rodent Megalomys Curazensis From Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, Donald A. Mcfarlane, Joyce Lundberg
WM Keck Science Faculty Papers
The extinct oryzomyine rodent Megalomys curazensis has been known from abundant but fragmentary remains on the island of Curaçao since 1959. Here we demonstrate an age of 130 000 to 400 000 years before present based on geomorphological context, and propose a biogeographical model for the genus.
Algal Blooms Reduce The Uptake Of Toxic Methylmercury In Freshwater Food Webs, Paul C. Pickhardt, Carol L. Folt, Celia Y. Chen, Bjoern Klaue, Joel D. Blum
Algal Blooms Reduce The Uptake Of Toxic Methylmercury In Freshwater Food Webs, Paul C. Pickhardt, Carol L. Folt, Celia Y. Chen, Bjoern Klaue, Joel D. Blum
Dartmouth Scholarship
Mercury accumulation in fish is a global public health concern, because fish are the primary source of toxic methylmercury to humans. Fish from all lakes do not pose the same level of risk to consumers. One of the most intriguing patterns is that potentially dangerous mercury concentrations can be found in fish from clear, oligotrophic lakes whereas fish from greener, eutrophic lakes often carry less mercury. In this study, we experimentally tested the hypothesis that increasing algal biomass reduces mercury accumulation at higher trophic levels through the dilution of mercury in consumed algal cells. Under bloom dilution, as algal biomass …
Nf02-505 Drinking Water: Chloramines Waters Disinfection In Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District, Sharon Skipton, Bruce I. Dvorak
Nf02-505 Drinking Water: Chloramines Waters Disinfection In Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District, Sharon Skipton, Bruce I. Dvorak
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
Bacteria and other disease-causing organisms in drinking water can cause intestinal infections, dysentery, and a variety of other illnesses. Water disinfection reduces disease-causing organisms and prevents the transmission of disease. This publication discusses the disinfection process used by Metropolitan Utilities District and how it will change in 2002.
G02-1445 Understanding Vaccines, Dicky D. Griffin, Steve Ensley, David R. Smith, Grant Dewell
G02-1445 Understanding Vaccines, Dicky D. Griffin, Steve Ensley, David R. Smith, Grant Dewell
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
This NebGuide explains the basics of vaccine value, the differences between types of vaccines used in animals, and discusses vaccine selection and vaccination program development.
Vaccines are an important part of disease prevention and control. Like insurance, vaccines come at a cost, including the price of the vaccine, labor to administer the vaccine, localized tissue damage from vaccine injections, and increased metabolic demand of the animal causing potential performance loss during the time the animal is developing a proper immune response. The increased metabolic demand can cause the animal to look depressed and therefore may be confused with illness. This …
G02-1464 West Nile Virus - Getting Prepared, Grasso M. Ebako, Sheila Scheideler, Wayne Kramer, Ron J. Johnson, David R. Smith, Del Wilmot, David J. Steffen
G02-1464 West Nile Virus - Getting Prepared, Grasso M. Ebako, Sheila Scheideler, Wayne Kramer, Ron J. Johnson, David R. Smith, Del Wilmot, David J. Steffen
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials
This NebGuide provides background information and answers to commonly asked questions about this disease. West Nile Virus is spread by mosquitoes and affects birds (mostly Corvidae such as crows, blue jays and magpies), horses, and people. As West Nile Virus appears in neighboring states, the threat of diagnosing a case in Nebraska becomes more likely.
Puerto Rican Karst - A Vital Resource, Ariel E. Lugo, Leopoldo Miranda Castro, Abel Vale, Tania Del Mar López, Enrique Hernández Prieto, Andrés García Martinó, Alberto R. Puente Rolón, Adrianne G. Tossas, Donald A. Mcfarlane, Tom Miller, Armando Rodríguez, Joyce Lundberg, John Thomlinson, José Colón, Johannes H. Schellekens, Olga Ramos, Eileen Helmer
Puerto Rican Karst - A Vital Resource, Ariel E. Lugo, Leopoldo Miranda Castro, Abel Vale, Tania Del Mar López, Enrique Hernández Prieto, Andrés García Martinó, Alberto R. Puente Rolón, Adrianne G. Tossas, Donald A. Mcfarlane, Tom Miller, Armando Rodríguez, Joyce Lundberg, John Thomlinson, José Colón, Johannes H. Schellekens, Olga Ramos, Eileen Helmer
WM Keck Science Faculty Papers
The limestone region of Puerto Rico covers about 27.5 percent of the island's surface and is subdivided into the northern, southern, and dispersed limestone areas. All limestone areas have karst features. The karst belt is that part of the northern limestone with the most spectacular surficial karst landforms. It covers 142,544 ha or 65 percent of the northern limestone. The karst belt is the focus of this publication, although reference is made to all limestone regions. The northern limestone contains Puerto Rico's most extensive freshwater aquifer, largest continuous expanse of mature forest, and largest coastal wetland, estuary, and underground cave …
The Toxoplasma Gondii Protein Rop2 Mediates Host Organelle Association With The Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane, Anthony P. Sinai, Keith A. Joiner
The Toxoplasma Gondii Protein Rop2 Mediates Host Organelle Association With The Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane, Anthony P. Sinai, Keith A. Joiner
Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications
Toxoplasma gondii replicates within a specialized vacuole surrounded by the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). The PVM forms intimate interactions with host mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a process termed PVM–organelle association. In this study we identify a likely mediator of this process, the parasite protein ROP2. ROP2, which is localized to the PVM, is secreted from anterior organelles termed rhoptries during parasite invasion into host cells. The NH2-terminal domain of ROP2 (ROP2hc) within the PVM is exposed to the host cell cytosol, and has characteristics of a mitochondrial targeting signal. In in vitro assays, ROP2hc is …
Marek's Disease Virus (Mdv) Encodes An Interleukin-8 Homolog (Vil-8): Characterization Of The Vil-8 Protein And A Vil-8 Deletion Mutant Mdv, Mark S. Parcells, Su-Fang Lin, Robert L. Dienglewicz, Vladimir Majerciak, Dan R. Robinson, Hua-Chien Chen, Zining Wu, George R. Dubyak, Peter Brunovskis, Henry D. Hunt
Marek's Disease Virus (Mdv) Encodes An Interleukin-8 Homolog (Vil-8): Characterization Of The Vil-8 Protein And A Vil-8 Deletion Mutant Mdv, Mark S. Parcells, Su-Fang Lin, Robert L. Dienglewicz, Vladimir Majerciak, Dan R. Robinson, Hua-Chien Chen, Zining Wu, George R. Dubyak, Peter Brunovskis, Henry D. Hunt
Dartmouth Scholarship
Chemokines induce chemotaxis, cell migration, and inflammatory responses. We report the identification of an interleukin-8 (IL-8) homolog, termed vIL-8, encoded within the genome of Marek's disease virus (MDV). The 134-amino-acid vIL-8 shares closest homology to mammalian and avian IL-8, molecules representing the prototype CXC chemokine. The gene for vIL-8 consists of three exons which map to the BamHI-L fragment within the repeats flanking the unique long region of the MDV genome. A 0.7-kb transcript encoding vIL-8 was detected in an n-butyrate-treated, MDV-transformed T-lymphoblastoid cell line, MSB-1. This induction is essentially abolished by cycloheximide and herpesvirus DNA polymerase inhibitor phosphonoacetate, indicating …
The Mannose-Sensitive Hemagglutinin Of Vibrio Cholerae Promotes Adherence To Zooplankton, Deborah A. Chiavelli, Jane W. Marsh, Ronald K. Taylor
The Mannose-Sensitive Hemagglutinin Of Vibrio Cholerae Promotes Adherence To Zooplankton, Deborah A. Chiavelli, Jane W. Marsh, Ronald K. Taylor
Dartmouth Scholarship
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, is often found attached to plankton, a property that is thought to contribute to its environmental persistence in aquatic habitats. The V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype and V. cholerae O139 strains produce a surface pilus termed the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA), whereas V. cholerae O1 classical biotype strains do not. Although V. cholerae O1 classical does not elaborate MSHA, the gene is present and expressed at a level comparable to that of the other strains. Since V. cholerae O1 El Tor and V. cholerae O139 have displaced V. cholerae O1 classical …
Cakß/Pyk2 Kinase Is A Signaling Link For Induction Of Long-Term Potentiation In Ca1 Hippocampus, Yueqiao Huang, Wei-Yang Lu, Declan W. Ali, Kenneth A. Pelkey, Graham M. Pitcher, You Ming Lu, Hiroshi Aoto, John C. Roder, Terukatsu Sasaki, Michael W. Salter
Cakß/Pyk2 Kinase Is A Signaling Link For Induction Of Long-Term Potentiation In Ca1 Hippocampus, Yueqiao Huang, Wei-Yang Lu, Declan W. Ali, Kenneth A. Pelkey, Graham M. Pitcher, You Ming Lu, Hiroshi Aoto, John C. Roder, Terukatsu Sasaki, Michael W. Salter
PCOM Scholarly Papers
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic efficacy, considered a model of learning and memory. The biochemical cascade producing LTP requires activation of Src, which upregulates the function of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), but how Src becomes activated is unknown. Here, we show that the focal adhesion kinase CAKß/Pyk2 upregulated NMDAR function by activating Src in CA1 hippocampal neurons. Induction of LTP was prevented by blocking CAKß/Pyk2, and administering CAKß/Pyk2 intracellularly mimicked and occluded LTP. Tyrosine phosphorylation of CAKß/Pyk2 and its association with Src was increased by stimulation that produced LTP. Finally, CAKß/Pyk2-stimulated enhancement of synaptic AMPA responses was …
Impaired Fast-Spiking, Suppressed Cortical Inhibition, And Increased Susceptibility To Seizures In Mice Lacking Kv3.2 K+ Channel Proteins, David Lau, Eleazar Vega-Saenz De Miera, Diego Contreras, Alan Chow, Richard Paylor, Christopher S. Leonard, Bernardo Rudy
Impaired Fast-Spiking, Suppressed Cortical Inhibition, And Increased Susceptibility To Seizures In Mice Lacking Kv3.2 K+ Channel Proteins, David Lau, Eleazar Vega-Saenz De Miera, Diego Contreras, Alan Chow, Richard Paylor, Christopher S. Leonard, Bernardo Rudy
NYMC Faculty Publications
Voltage-gated K(+) channels of the Kv3 subfamily have unusual electrophysiological properties, including activation at very depolarized voltages (positive to -10 mV) and very fast deactivation rates, suggesting special roles in neuronal excitability. In the brain, Kv3 channels are prominently expressed in select neuronal populations, which include fast-spiking (FS) GABAergic interneurons of the neocortex, hippocampus, and caudate, as well as other high-frequency firing neurons. Although evidence points to a key role in high-frequency firing, a definitive understanding of the function of these channels has been hampered by a lack of selective pharmacological tools. We therefore generated mouse lines in which one …
Ryanodine Receptor Adaptation, Michael Fill, A. Zahradníková, Carlos A. Villalba-Galea, I. Zahradník, A. L. Escobar, S. Györke
Ryanodine Receptor Adaptation, Michael Fill, A. Zahradníková, Carlos A. Villalba-Galea, I. Zahradník, A. L. Escobar, S. Györke
School of Pharmacy Faculty Articles
In the heart, depolarization during the action potential activates voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels that mediate a small, localized Ca2+ influx (ICa). This small Ca2+ signal activates specialized Ca2+ release channels, the ryanodine receptors (RyRs), in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). This process is called Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). Intuitively, the CICR process should be self-regenerating because the Ca2+ released from the SR should feedback and activate further SR Ca2+ release. However, the CICR process is precisely controlled in the heart and, consequently, some sort of negative control mechanism(s) must exist to …
The Toxicology Of Aluminum In The Brain: A Review, Robert A. Yokel
The Toxicology Of Aluminum In The Brain: A Review, Robert A. Yokel
Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications
Aluminum is environmentally ubiquitous, providing human exposure. Usual human exposure is primarily dietary. The potential for significant Al absorption from the nasal cavity and direct distribution into the brain should be further investigated. Decreased renal function increases human risk of Al-induced accumulation and toxicity. Brain Al entry from blood may involve transferrin-receptor mediated endocytosis and a more rapid process transporting small molecular weight Al species. There appears to be Al efflux from the brain, probably as Al citrate. There is prolonged retention of a fraction of Al that enters the brain, suggesting the potential for accumulation with repeated exposure. Al …
Prolonged Cyclooxygenase-2 Induction In Neurons And Glia Following Traumatic Brain Injury In The Rat, K I Strauss, M F Barbe, R M Marshall Demarest, R Raghupathi, S Mehta, R K Narayan
Prolonged Cyclooxygenase-2 Induction In Neurons And Glia Following Traumatic Brain Injury In The Rat, K I Strauss, M F Barbe, R M Marshall Demarest, R Raghupathi, S Mehta, R K Narayan
Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Faculty Scholarship
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) is a primary inflammatory mediator that converts arachidonic acid into precursors of vasoactive prostaglandins, producing reactive oxygen species in the process. Under normal conditions COX2 is not detectable, except at low abundance in the brain. This study demonstrates a distinctive pattern of COX2 increases in the brain over time following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Quantitative lysate ribonuclease protection assays indicate acute and sustained increases in COX2 mRNA in two rat models of TBI. In the lateral fluid percussion model, COX2 mRNA is significantly elevated (>twofold, p < 0.05, Dunnett) at 1 day postinjury in the injured cortex and bilaterally in the hippocampus, compared to sham-injured controls. In the lateral cortical impact model (LCI), COX2 mRNA peaks around 6 h postinjury in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex (fivefold induction, p < 0.05, Dunnett) and in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus (two- and six-fold induction, respectively, p < 0.05, Dunnett). Increases are sustained out to 3 days postinjury in the injured cortex in both models. Further analyses use the LCI model to evaluate COX2 induction. Immunoblot analyses confirm increased levels of COX2 protein in the cortex and hippocampus. Profound increases in COX2 protein are observed in the cortex at 1-3 days, that return to sham levels by 7 days postinjury (p < 0.05, Dunnett). The cellular pattern of COX2 induction following TBI has been characterized using immunohistochemistry. COX2-immunoreactivity (-ir) rises acutely (cell numbers and intensity) and remains elevated for several days following TBI. Increases in COX2-ir colocalize with neurons (MAP2-ir) and glia (GFAP-ir). Increases in COX2-ir are observed in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, ipsilateral and contralateral to injury as early as 2 h postinjury. Neurons in the ipsilateral parietal, perirhinal and piriform cortex become intensely COX2-ir from 2 h to at least 3 days postinjury. In agreement with the mRNA and immunoblot results, COX2-ir appears greatest in the contralateral hippocampus. Hippocampal COX2-ir progresses from the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 and CA2 region at 2 h, to the CA3 pyramidal cells and dentate polymorphic and granule cell layers by 24 h postinjury. These increases are distinct from those observed following inflammatory challenge, and correspond to brain areas previously identified with the neurological and cognitive deficits associated with TBI. While COX2 induction following TBI may result in selective beneficial responses, chronic COX2 production may contribute to free radical mediated cellular damage, vascular dysfunction, and alterations in cellular metabolism. These may cause secondary injuries to the brain that promote neuropathology and worsen behavioral outcome.
The Age Of The Woolly Rhino From Dream Cave, Derbyshire, Uk, Donald A. Mcfarlane, Joyce Lundberg, Derek C. Ford
The Age Of The Woolly Rhino From Dream Cave, Derbyshire, Uk, Donald A. Mcfarlane, Joyce Lundberg, Derek C. Ford
WM Keck Science Faculty Papers
The Dream Cave woolly rhinoceros, Coelodonta antiquitatis, is a "classic" specimen of a "cold-stage" fossil fauna from central England. The find was illustrated and described by Dean William Buckland in his seminal tome Reliquiae Diluvianae (1823) during the first half of the 19th century, and made a significant contribution to the development of Buckland's views on the origin of extinct and extirpated fossil vertebrates. The report presents the first, albeit indirect, radiometric dates on the specimen, and argues that the animal fell into the cave just before 37,000 years BP, during the middle of Marine Isotope Stage 3 Interstadial (41 …
Why Animals Die From Eating Poisonous Plants, Usu Extension
Why Animals Die From Eating Poisonous Plants, Usu Extension
All Current Publications
If animals can learn which plants are toxic and which are safe, then why do they eat poisonous plants and die?
Introducing Animals To New Foods, Behave
Introducing Animals To New Foods, Behave
All Current Publications
This publication explains different ways of successfully introducing animals to new foods.